Lolium Explained

Lolium is a genus of tufted grasses in the bluegrass subfamily (Pooideae).^[1] It is often called ryegrass, but this term is sometimes used to refer to grasses in other genera.

They are characterized by bunch-like growth habits. Lolium is native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa, as well as being cultivated and naturalized in Australia, the Americas, and various oceanic islands. Ryegrasses are naturally diploid, with 2n=14, and are closely related to the fescues (Festuca).^{[2] [3]}

Ryegrass should not be confused with rye, which is a grain crop.

Species

the species of Lolium listed by Plants of the World Online include:^[4]

Formerly includedSeveral former Lolium species now regarded as part of other genera: Castellia, Enteropogon, × Festulolium, Hainardia, Lepturus, Melica, and Vulpia.

Cultivation and uses

Lolium contains some species which are important grasses for lawns, and as pasture and for grazing and hay for livestock, being a highly nutritious stock feed. Ryegrasses are also used in soil erosion control programs. It is the principal grazing grass in New Zealand where some 10 million kilograms of certified seed are produced every year. There is a large range of cultivars. The primary species found worldwide and used both for lawns and as a forage crop is perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Like many cool-season grasses of the Poaceae, it harbors a symbiotic fungal endophyte, either Epichloë or its close relative Neotyphodium, both of which are members of the fungal family Clavicipitaceae.^{[5] [6]}

Some species, particularly L. temulentum, are weeds which can have a severe impact on the production of wheat and other crops. Annual ryegrass (L. rigidum) is one of the most serious and costly weeds of cropping systems in southern Australia, and herbicide resistance is a frequent problem.^[7] Ryegrass pollen is also one of the major causes of hay fever. Tennis courts, including those at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, the venue for Wimbledon, are planted with ryegrass.^{[8] [9]} Glyphosate-resistant Lolium has been reported from Mississippi in 2006.^[10]

Notes and References

1. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358102#page/95/mode/1up Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 83
2. http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Lolium&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=Flora Europaea: Lolium
3. http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Lolium Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Lolium
4. 18423-1 . Lolium L. . 9 February 2024.
5. Schardl CL, Leuchtmann A, Spiering MJ . 2004. Symbioses of grasses with seedborne fungal endophytes. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 55. 315–340. 15377223. 10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141735.
6. Cheplick GP. 2011. Endosymbiosis and population differentiation in wild and cultivated Lolium perenne (Poaceae). American Journal of Botany. 21613060. 10.3732/ajb.1000226. 98. 5. 829–38. free.
7. https://grass-killer.com/blog/when-does-annual-ryegrass-die When Does Annual Ryegrass Die
8. Web site: The Wonders of Wimbledon Fortnight . Bletchly . Rachael . People . 24 June 2007 . 8 July 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120218084822/http://www.people.co.uk/news/tm_headline%3Dthe-wonders-of-wimbledon-fortnight%26method%3Dfull%26objectid%3D19348144%26siteid%3D93463-name_page.html . 18 February 2012 . dmy-all . .
9. Book: 2009 . http://aeltc2009.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/infosheets/grasscourts_2009.pdf . The Championships . Grass Courts . Wimbledon . 15 July 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120224154523/http://aeltc2009.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/infosheets/grasscourts_2009.pdf . 24 February 2012 . dmy-all .
10. Nandula VK, Poston DH, Eubank TW, Koger CH and Reddy KN, Differential response to glyphosate in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) populations from Mississippi. Weed Tech 21: 477–482 (2006).doi 10.1614/WT-06-168.1 . 10.1614/WT-06-168.1 . 86123045 .