Ruthenium red explained

The inorganic dye ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride, also known as ruthenium red, is used in histology to stain aldehyde fixed mucopolysaccharides.

Ruthenium red (RR) has also been used as a pharmacological tool to study specific cellular mechanisms. Selectivity is a significant issue in such studies as RR is known to interact with many proteins.[1] These include mammalian ion channels (CatSper1, TASK, RyR1, RyR2, RyR3, TRPM6, TRPM8, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPV5, TRPV6, TRPA1, mCa1, mCa2, CALHM1[2] [3]) TRPP3,[4] a plant ion channel, Ca2+-ATPase, mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter,[5] tubulin, myosin light-chain phosphatase, and Ca2+ binding proteins such as calmodulin. Ruthenium red displays nanomolar potency against several of its binding partners (e.g. TRPV4, ryanodine receptors,...). For example, it is a potent inhibitor of intracellular calcium release by ryanodine receptors (Kd ~20 nM).[6] As a TRPA1 blocker, it assists in reducing the airway inflammation caused by pepper spray.

RR has been used on plant material since 1890 for staining pectins, mucilages, and gums. RR is a stereoselective stain for pectic acid, insofar as the staining site occurs between each monomer unit and the next adjacent neighbor.[7]

References

  1. 21671873 . 11 . 17 . TRPV4 agonists and antagonists . 2011 . Curr Top Med Chem . 2216–26 . Vincent . F . Duncton . MA . 10.2174/156802611796904861.
  2. Ma . Z . Siebert . AP . Cheung . KH . Lee . RJ . Johnson . B . Cohen . AS . Vingtdeux . V . Marambaud . P . Foskett . JK . 2012 . Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) is the pore-forming subunit of an ion channel that mediates extracellular Ca2+ regulation of neuronal excitability . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 109 . 28. E1963–71 . 22711817 . 10.1073/pnas.1204023109 . 3396471. 2012PNAS..109E1963M . free .
  3. Dreses-Werringloer . U . Vingtdeux . V . Zhao . H . Chandakkar . P . Davies . P . Marambaud . P . 2013 . CALHM1 controls Ca2+-dependent MEK/ERK/RSK/MSK signaling in neurons . J Cell Sci . 126. Pt 5. 1199–206. 23345406 . 10.1242/jcs.117135 . 4481642 .
  4. Decaen . P. G. . Delling . M. . Vien . T. N. . Clapham . D. E. . Direct recording and molecular identification of the calcium channel of primary cilia . 10.1038/nature12832 . Nature . 504 . 7479 . 315–318 . 2013 . 24336289 . 4073646. 2013Natur.504..315D .
  5. Hajnóczky . G . Csordás . G . Das . S . Garcia-Perez . C . Saotome . M . Sinha Roy . S . Yi . M . 2006 . Mitochondrial calcium signalling and cell death: approaches for assessing the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in apoptosis . Cell Calcium . 40 . 5–6. 553–60 . 10.1016/j.ceca.2006.08.016 . 17074387 . 2692319.
  6. Tripathy . Le Xu Ashutosh . Pasek . Daniel A. . Meissner . Gerhard . 1998 . Potential for Pharmacology of Ryanodine Receptor/Calcium Release Channels . Ann NY Acad Sci . 853 . 1 . 130–148 . 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08262.x . 10603942 . 1998NYASA.853..130T . 86436194 . 2006-10-22 . 2008-04-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080423065203/http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/853/1/130 . dead .
  7. Mariani Colombo P, Rascio N. "Ruthenium red staining for electron microscopy of plant material". Journal of Ultrastructure Research Volume 60, Issue 2, August 1977, Pages 135–139

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