Russian mafia explained

Russian mafia should not be confused with Gopnik.

Russian mafia
Founding Location:Soviet Union
Years Active:Late 1980s–present[1]
Ethnicity:Primarily Russians but also from other Post-Soviet states and Jews.[2] [3]
Territory:Post-Soviet states, European Union, United States, Israel, Australia
Criminal Activities:Human trafficking, racketeering, drug trafficking, extortion, murder, robbery, smuggling, arms trafficking, gambling, prostitution, pornography, money laundering, fraud, financial crime, terrorism

The Russian mafia (pronounced as /[ˈruskəjə ˈmafʲɪjə]/ or pronounced as /[rɐˈsʲijskəjə ˈmafʲɪjə]/),[4] otherwise referred to as bratva (pronounced as /[brɐtˈva]/,), is a collective of various organized crime related elements originating in the former Soviet Union (FSU). Any of the mafia's groups may be referred to as an "Organized Criminal Group" (OPG, from Russian Russian: [[:ru:Организованная преступная группа|"организованная преступная группа"]]). This is sometimes modified to include a specific name, such as the Orekhovskaya OPG. Sometimes, the Russian word is dropped in favour of a full translation, and OCG is used instead of OPG.

In 2012, there were as many as 6,000 groups, with more than 200 of them having a global reach. Criminals of these various groups are either former prison members, corrupt officials and business leaders, people with ethnic ties, or people from the same region with shared criminal experiences and leaders. In December 2009, Timur Lakhonin, the head of the National Central Bureau of Interpol within Russia, stated "Certainly, there is crime involving our former compatriots abroad, but there is no data suggesting that an organized structure of criminal groups comprising former Russians exists abroad" on the topic of international Russian criminal gangs. In August 2010, Alain Bauer, a criminologist from France, said that the Russian mafia "is one of the best structured criminal organizations in Europe, with a quasi-military operation" in their international activities.

The Russian mafia is similar to the Italian crime groups in many ways, in that the groups' organizations and structures follow a similar model. The two groups also share a similar portfolio of criminal activity. The highly publicized Sicilian Mafia is believed to have inspired early criminal groups in Russia to form mafia-like organizations, eventually spawning their own version. The Russian mafia, however, differed from the Sicilians due to their environment. The level of political corruption and arms sales in post-Soviet Russia allowed for their massive expansion, as well as the incorporation of many government officials into the crime syndicates. Russian mafia groups have also been involved in uranium trading, stolen from the Soviet nuclear program, and human trafficking, among other serious activities.[5]

History

Origins

Today's Russian organized crime can be traced back to the Russian Empire, in the form of banditry and thievery, but it was not until after the establishment of the Soviet Union that certain Russian: [[Thief in law|vory v zakone]] emerged as the leaders of prison groups throughout forced labour camps with a generally well-defined code of honour. In the aftermath of World War II in 1945, the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, more gangs emerged in a flourishing black market that exploited the unstable governments of the FSU. American attorney Louis Freeh, who headed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) between 1993 and 2001, said that the Russian mafia posed the greatest threat to the United States in the mid-1990s.

When the Bolshevik Revolution came around in 1917, the Thieves' World was alive and active. Vladimir Lenin attempted to wipe them out, but it failed, and the criminals survived into Joseph Stalin's reign.

1917–1991: Soviet era

During Stalin's reign as ruler, millions of people were sent to gulags (Soviet labor camps), where powerful criminals worked their way up to become vorami v zakone ("thieves-in-law"). These criminal elites often conveyed their status through complicated tattoos, symbols still used by Russian mobsters.

After Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, Stalin recruited more men to fight for the nation, offering prisoners freedom if they joined the army. Many flocked to help out in the war, but this act betrayed the codes of the Thieves' World that one must not ally with the government. Those who chose not to fight in the war referred to the traitors as suka ("bitch"), and the traitors landed at the bottom of the "hierarchy." Outcasts, the suki separated from the others and formed their own groups and power bases by collaborating with prison officials, eventually gaining the luxury of comfortable positions. Bitterness between the groups erupted into a series of Bitch Wars from 1945 to 1953, with many killed every day. The prison officials encouraged the violence, seeing it as a way to rid the prisons of criminals.[6]

Then, in the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev loosened restrictions on private businesses, allowing them to grow legally, but by then, the Soviet Union was already beginning to collapse.

Also during the 1970s and 1980s, the United States expanded its immigration policies, allowing Soviet Jews, with most settling in a southern Brooklyn area known as Brighton Beach (sometimes nicknamed "Little Odessa"). Here is where Russian organized crime began in the US. The earliest known case of Russian crime in the area was in the mid-1970s by the "Potato Bag Gang," a group of con artists disguised as merchants that told customers that they were selling antique gold rubles for cheap, but in fact, gave them bags of potatoes when bought in thousands. By 1983, the head of Russian organized crime in Brighton Beach was Evsei Agron.

Pauol Mirzoyan was a prime target among other mobsters, including rival Boris Goldberg and his organization, and in May 1985, Agron was assassinated. Boris "Biba" Nayfeld, his bodyguard, moved on to employ under Marat Balagula, who was believed to have succeeded Agron's authority. In the following year, Balagula fled the country after he was convicted in a fraud scheme of Merrill Lynch customers and was found in Frankfurt, West Germany, in 1989, where he was extradited back to the US and sentenced to eight years in prison.

Balagula would later be convicted on a separate $360,000 credit card fraud in 1992. Nayfield took Balagula's place, partnering with the "Polish Al Capone", Ricardo Fanchiniin, in an import-export business and setting up a heroin business. In 1990, his former friend, Monya Elson, back from a six-year prison sentence in Israel, returned to America and set up a rival heroin business, culminating in a mafia turf war.

1992–2000: Growth and internationalization

When the USSR collapsed and a free market economy emerged, organized criminal groups began to take over Russia's economy, with many ex-KGB agents and veterans of the Afghan war offering their skills to the crime bosses.[7] Gangster summit meetings had taken place in hotels and restaurants shortly before the Soviet's dissolution, so that top vory v zakone could agree on who would rule what, and set plans on how to take over the post-communist states.

In the 1990s, in Russia and other post-Soviet countries, vast deposits of natural resources and businesses that the state had owned for decades were privatized. Former Soviet bureaucrats, factory directors, aggressive businessmen, and criminal organizations used insider deals, bribery, and simple brute force to grab lucrative assets. Businesses began building their own private armies of security agents, bodyguards, and commercial spies. They often bought the people and weapons of the former Soviet state or even those of the current Russian police. Russia's new capitalists spent millions of dollars for protection, buying armor-plated cars, bomb sensors, hidden cameras, bulletproof vests, anti-wiretapping gear, and weapons, recruiting veterans of the Afghan and Chechen wars as their bodyguards. However, almost every business in Russia, from curbside vendors to huge oil and gas companies, made payments to organized crime for protection ("krysha"). Businessmen said that they needed the "krysha" because the laws and the court system were not functioning properly in Russia. The only way for them to enforce a contract was to turn to a criminal "krysha". They also used it to intimidate competitors, enforce contracts, collect debts, or take over new markets. It was also becoming increasingly common for Russian businesses to turn to the "red krysha" (the corrupt police who doubled as a paid protection racket). Contract killings were common.[8]

It was the period of internationalization of Russian organized crime. It was agreed that Vyacheslav "Yaponchik" Ivankov would be sent to Brighton Beach in 1992, allegedly because he was killing too many people in Russia and also to take control of Russian organized crime in North America. Within a year, he built an international operation that included but was not limited to narcotics, money laundering, and prostitution and made ties with the American Mafia and Colombian drug cartels, eventually extending to Miami, Los Angeles, and Boston.

Prior to Ivankov's arrival, Balagula's downfall left a void for America's next vory v zakone. Monya Elson, leader of Monya's Brigada (a gang that similarly operated from Russia to Los Angeles to New York), was in a feud with Boris Nayfeld, with bodies dropping on both sides. Ivankov's arrival virtually ended the feud, although Elson would later challenge his power as well, and a number of attempts were made to end the former's life. Nayfield and Elson would eventually be arrested in January 1994 (released in 1998) and in Italy in 1995, respectively.

According to FBI reports, the crime boss Semion Mogilevich had alliances with the Camorra, in particular with Salvatore DeFalco, a lower-echelon member of the Giuliano clan. Mogilevich and DeFalco would have held meetings in Prague in 1993.[9] [10] Semion Mogilevich's net worth is estimated to be 10 billion dollars.[11]

Ivankov's reign also ended in June 1995 when a $3.5 million extortion attempt on two Russian businessmen, Alexander Volkov and Vladimir Voloshin, ended in an FBI arrest that resulted in a ten-year maximum security prison sentence. Before his arrest and besides his operations in America, Ivankov regularly flew around Europe and Asia to maintain ties with his fellow mobsters (like members of the Solntsevskaya Bratva), as well as reinforce ties with others. This did not stop other people from denying his growing power. In one instance, Ivankov attempted to buy out Georgian boss Valeri "Globus" Glugech's drug importation business. When the latter refused the offer, he and his top associates were shot dead. A summit held in May 1994 in Vienna rewarded him with what was left of Glugech's business. Two months later, Ivankov got into another altercation with drug kingpin and head of the Orekhovskaya gang, Segei "Sylvester" Timofeyev, ending with the latter murdered a month later.

In 1995, the Camorra cooperated with the Russian mafia in a scheme in which the Camorra would bleach out US$1 bills and reprint them as $100s. These bills would then be transported to the Russian mafia for distribution in 29 post-Eastern Bloc countries and former Soviet republics. In return, the Russian mafia paid the Camorra with property (including a Russian bank) and firearms, smuggled into Eastern Europe and Italy.[12]

A report by the United Nations in 1995 placed the number of individuals involved in organized crime in Russia at 3 million, employed in about 5,700 gangs.[13]

Back in Eastern Europe in May 1995, Semion Mogilevich held a summit meeting of Russian mafia bosses in his U Holubu restaurant in Anděl, a neighborhood of Prague. The excuse to bring them together was that it was a birthday party for Victor Averin, the second-in-command of the Solntsevskaya Bratva. However, Major Tomas Machacek of the Czech police got wind of an anonymous tip-off that claimed that the Solntsevskaya were planning to assassinate Mogilevich at the location (it was rumored that Mogilevich and Solntsevskaya leader Sergei Mikhailov had a dispute over $5 million), and the police successfully raided the meeting. 200 guests were arrested, but no charges were put against them; only key Russian mafia members were banned from the country, most of whom moved to Hungary.

One person who was not there was Mogilevich himself. He claimed that "[b]y the time I arrived at U Holubu, everything was already in full swing, so I went into a neighboring hotel and sat in the bar there until about five or six in the morning." Mikhailov would later be arrested in Switzerland in October 1996 on numerous charges, including that he was the head of a powerful Russian mafia group, but was exonerated and released two years later after evidence was not enough to prove much.

The global extent of Russian organized crime was not realized until Ludwig "Tarzan" Fainberg was arrested in January 1997, primarily because of arms dealing. In 1990, Fainberg moved from Brighton Beach to Miami and opened up a strip club called Porky's, which soon became a popular hangout for underworld criminals. Fainberg himself gained a reputation as an ambassador among international crime groups, becoming especially close to Juan Almeida, a Colombian cocaine dealer. Planning to expand his cocaine business, Fainberg acted as an intermediary between Almeida and the corrupt Russian military. He helped him get six Russian military helicopters in 1993, and in the following year, helped arrange to buy a submarine for cocaine smuggling. Unfortunately for the two of them, federal agents had been keeping a close eye on Fainberg for months. Alexander Yasevich, an associate of the Russian military contact and an undercover DEA agent, was sent to verify the illegal dealing, and in 1997, Fainberg was finally arrested in Miami. Facing the possibility of life imprisonment, the latter agreed to testify against Almeida in exchange for a shorter sentence, which ended up being 33 months.

The published a website in 2000 containing Philipp Bobkov's MOST Group Security Database along with files from RUOP and other departments and special services.[14]

Vanuatu was a preferred location for Russian mafia laundering money.[15]

2001–present

As the 21st century dawned, the Russian mafia remained after the death of Aslan Usoyan. New mafia bosses sprang up, while imprisoned ones were released. Among the released were Marat Balagula and Vyacheslav Ivankov, both in 2004. The latter was extradited to Russia, but was jailed once more for his alleged murders of two Turks in a Moscow restaurant in 1992; he was cleared of all charges and released in 2005. Four years later, he was assassinated by a shot in the stomach from a sniper. Meanwhile, Monya Elson and Leonid Roytman were arrested in March 2006 for an unsuccessful murder plot against two Kyiv-based businessmen.

In 2009, FBI agents in Moscow targeted two suspected mafia leaders and two other corrupt businessmen. One of the leaders is Yevgeny Dvoskin, a criminal who had been in prison with Ivankov in 1995 and was deported in 2001 for breaking immigration regulations; the other is Konstantin "Gizya" Ginzburg, who was reportedly the current "big boss" of Russian organized crime in America before his reported assassination in 2009,[16] it being suspected that Ivankov handed over control to him.[17]

In the same year, Semion Mogilevich was placed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list for his involvement in a complex multimillion-dollar scheme that defrauded investors in the stock of his company YBM Magnex International, swindling them out of $150 million. He was indicted in 2003 and arrested in 2008 in Russia on tax fraud charges, but because the US does not have an extradition treaty with Russia, he was released on bail. Monya Elson said, in 1998, that Mogilevich is the most powerful mobster in the world.

Around the world, Russian mafia groups have popped up as dominating particular areas. Russian organized crime has a rather large stronghold in the city of Atlanta where members are distinguished by their tattoos. Russian organized crime was reported to have a stronger grip in the French Riviera region and Spain in 2010; and Russia was branded as a virtual "mafia state" according to the WikiLeaks cables.

According to recordings released in 2015, Alexander Litvinenko, shortly before he was assassinated, claimed that Semion Mogilevich has had a "good relationship" with Vladimir Putin since the 1990s.[18]

On 7 June 2017, 33 Russian mafia affiliates and members were arrested and charged by the FBI, US Customs and Border Protection and NYPD for extortion, racketeering, illegal gambling, firearm offenses, narcotics trafficking, wire fraud, credit card fraud, identity theft, fraud on casino slot machines using electronic hacking devices; based in Atlantic City and Philadelphia, murder-for-hire conspiracy and cigarette trafficking.[19] They were also accused of operating secret and underground gambling dens based in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, and using violence against those who owed gambling debts, establishing nightclubs to sell drugs, plotting to force women associates to rob male strangers by seducing and drugging them with chloroform, and trafficking over 10,000 pounds of stolen chocolate confectionery; the chocolate was stolen from shipment containers.[20] [21] It is believed that 27 of the arrested are connected to the Russian mafia Shulaya clan which are largely based in New York.[22]

On 26 September 2017, as part of a 4-year investigation, 100 Spanish Civil Guard officers carried out 18 searches in different areas of Malaga, Spain related to Russian mafia large scale money laundering.[23] The raids resulted in the arrests of 11 members and associates of the Solntsevskaya and Izmailovskaya clans. Money, firearms and 23 high-end vehicles were also seized. The owner of Marbella FC, Alexander Grinberg, and manager of AFK Sistema, a Spanish football club in Malaga, were among those arrested.[24]

On 19 February 2018, 18 defendants were accused of laundering over $62 million through real estate, including with the help of Vladislav Reznik, former chairman of Rosgosstrakh, one of Russia's largest insurance companies. The accused stood trial in Spain.[25] The Tambov and Malyshev Russian mafia organisations were involved.[26]

Alexander Torshin is allegedly a high ranking Russian mafia boss.[27] [28]

Structure and composition

In the Russian mafia, "Vor" (plural: Vory) (literally, "Thief") is an honorary title analogous to a made man in the Sicilian and Italian-American mafia. The honor of becoming a Vor is given only when the recruit shows considerable leadership skills, personal ability, intellect, and charisma. A Pakhan or another high-ranking member of an organization can decide if the recruit will receive such title. When you become a member of the Vor-world you have to accept the code of the Vor v Zakone ("Thief in law").[29] [30] [31]

Notable Russian mafia bosses

Notable individual groups

Groups based in and around the City of Moscow:

Groups based in other parts of Russia and the former Soviet Union:

Groups based in other areas:

See also

Sources

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. The 'Russian Mafia' as an organized crime group started in the late 1980s, as we can see in the creation of the most powerful gangs from the country such as the Solntsevskaya Bratva, Tambovskaya Bratva, Orekhovskaya gang and Uralmash gang
  2. Web site: Перекрест . Владимир . 2010-03-16 . Русская мафия попала на еврозону . 2024-05-02 . Известия . ru.
  3. Web site: Самые известные мафиозные кланы в СССР . 2024-05-02 . www.factroom.ru . ru-RU.
  4. Web site: 16 June 2008 . В Испании ликвидирована "российская мафия" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161009045639/https://rg.ru/2008/06/16/spain-mafia-anons.html . 9 October 2016 . 24 October 2016 . . ru.
  5. Cyrille . Fijnaut . Organized crime: a comparison between the United States of America and Western Europe . The British Journal of Criminology . 30 . 3 . Summer 1990 . 321–340 . 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048024.
  6. Web site: 2022-07-04 . Bratva: The Emergence and Growth of the Russian Mafia . 2022-09-25 . Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas . en-US.
  7. News: БРАТВА убийственная война "славян" с "лаврушниками" и "зверями": Наиболее полная база данных в Интернете о становлении организованной преступности в России за период с середины 80-х до 1997 года (по справкам РУОП, ФСНП и прочих "силовых" ведомств и спецслужб) . BROOTHERHOOD The Murderous War of the "Slavs" with the "Lavrushniki" and "Beasts": The most complete database on the Internet on the formation of organized crime in Russia for the period from the mid-80s to 1997 (according to the information of the RUOP, the Federal Tax Service and other "power" agencies and special services) . ru . Агентство федеральных расследований "FreeLance Bureau" (FLB) (flb.ru) . 29 December 1999 . 27 October 2023 . 7 December 2000 . https://web.archive.org/web/20001207162700/http://www.flb.ru/bd0001.html.
  8. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/63/067.html Banditry Threatens the New Russia. By David Hoffman, The Washington Post, 12 May 1997
  9. Book: Federal Bureau of Investigation. SEMION MOGILEVICH ORGANIZATION EURASIAN ORGANIZED CRIME (1996). 1996.
  10. Book: C. Williams, Robert. Useful Assets. Dorrance Publishing Co. Inc.. 2019. 25.
  11. Web site: Top 10 Richest Gangster of All Time! . 7 February 2021 .
  12. Book: Richards, James R.. Transnational Criminal Organizations, Cybercrime, and Money Laundering. 7. CRC Press. 1998. 9781420048728.
  13. Web site: Russian Mafia: The Explanatory Power of Rational Choice Theory. Shvarts. Alexander. 26. University of Toronto. 2002.
  14. News: БРАТВАубийственная война "славян" с "лаврушниками" и "зверями". Наиболее полная база данных в Интернете о становлении организованной преступности в России за период с середины 80-х до 1997 года (по справкам РУОП, ФСНП и прочих "силовых" ведомств и спецслужб) . BROTHER The murderous war of the "Slavs" with the "Lavrushniki" and "Beasts". The most complete database on the Internet on the formation of organized crime in Russia for the period from the mid-80s to 1997 (according to the RUOP, FSNP and other "power" departments and special services) . ru . Журналистское агентство Free Lance Bureau (FLB) (flb.ru) . 18 August 2000 . 9 March 2021 . 18 August 2001 . https://web.archive.org/web/20010818101924/http://www.flb.ru/bd0001.html.
  15. News: Behar . Richard . Richard Behar . Capitalism in a cold climate . ru . . 12 June 2000 . 19 August 2021 . 19 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141019043548/https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2000/06/12/281972/index.htm . The story of Trans World's aluminum empire is filled with bribes, shell companies, profiteers, and more than a few corpses. Then again, in today's Russia, that's pretty much par for the course.. Archived as Капитализм в холодном климате in Russian at compromat.ru on 21 June 2000.
  16. Web site: Russian mob boss laid to rest . 14 October 2009 . 10 May 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160801234831/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/europe/russian-mob-boss-laid-to-rest . 1 August 2016 . live .
  17. News: In a River Raid, a Glimpse of Russia's Criminal Elite . Michael . Schwirtz . . 30 July 2008 . 29 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130604012721/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/world/europe/30russia.html . 4 June 2013 . live .
  18. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/11364900/Listen-Alexander-Litvinenkos-apparent-warning-before-his-death.html Listen: Alexander Litvinenko's apparent warning before his death
  19. News: More Than 30 Alleged Russian Mobsters Indicted in Odd Case Involving 10,000 Pounds of Chocolate. 9 January 2018. NBC News. Joe Valiquette. 7 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181006/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Russian-Mob-Bust-Chocolate-Pounds-FBI-Racketeering-New-York-City-Indict-427024801.html. 9 January 2018. live.
  20. Web site: Busted Russian casino hackers had an appetite for drugs and chocolate. The Register. 9 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181228/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/06/08/busted_russian_casino_hackers_had_an_appetite_for_drugs_and_chocolate/. 9 January 2018. live.
  21. Web site: Russian mobsters arrested for peddling stolen chocolate. The New York Post. 8 June 2017. 9 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180109121914/https://nypost.com/2017/06/07/russian-mobsters-arrested-for-peddling-stolen-chocolate/. 9 January 2018. live.
  22. Web site: Members And Associates Of Russian Crime Syndicate Arrested For Racketeering, Extortion, Robbery, Murder-For-Hire Conspiracy, Fraud, Narcotics, And Firearms Offenses. The United States Department of Justice. 7 June 2017. 9 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20171202153011/https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/members-and-associates-russian-crime-syndicate-arrested-racketeering-extortion-robbery. 2 December 2017. live.
  23. Web site: TWO MAIN RUSSIAN MAFIA GROUPS DISMANTLED IN SPAIN WITH EUROPOL'S SUPPORT. Europol. 8 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180109063752/https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/two-main-russian-mafia-groups-dismantled-in-spain-europol%E2%80%99s-support. 9 January 2018. live.
  24. News: Police arrest 11 Russians in Marbella for money laundering. The Local Spain. 27 September 2017. 8 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180109121845/https://www.thelocal.es/20170927/police-arrest-11-russians-in-marbella-for-money-laundering. 9 January 2018. live.
  25. Web site: Spain Demands Prison Terms for 18 Gangsters linked to Russian Mafia. The Moscow Times. 19 February 2018. 21 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20190128012130/https://themoscowtimes.com/news/spain-demands-prison-terms-18-gangsters-linked-russian-mafia-60560. 28 January 2019. live.
  26. Web site: BBC: Major Russian mafia trial opens in Spain. UNIAN. 21 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180220023920/https://www.unian.info/world/10013405-bbc-major-russian-mafia-trial-opens-in-spain.html. 20 February 2018. live.
  27. News: What's the Truth About the NRA's Man in Moscow? . . 23 February 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181207190518/https://www.thedailybeast.com/whats-the-truth-about-the-nras-man-in-moscow . 7 December 2018 . live . Nemtsova . Anna .
  28. Web site: Russian Politician Who Reportedly Sent Millions to NRA… — ProPublica . 19 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181207214628/https://www.propublica.org/article/russian-politician-who-reportedly-sent-millions-to-nra-has-long-history-in-spain . 7 December 2018 . live .
  29. James O. Finckenauer and Elin Waring. "Challenging the Russian Mafia Mystique" . National Institute of Justice Journal. April 2001.
  30. Stephen L. Mallory. Understanding Organized Crime. 2007. pp. 76–78.
  31. https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/rusorg3.htm Russian Organized Crime: Organization and Structure
  32. Web site: Waal . Thomas de . 2010-12-22 . Mafiosi in the Caucasus . 2024-05-02 . The National Interest . en.
  33. Anderson . Julie . The Chekist Takeover of the Russian State . International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence . en . 19 . 2 . 237–288 . 10.1080/08850600500483699 . 0885-0607.
  34. Web site: 2017-10-15 . Новости Руспрес - Показать содержимое по тегу: Кумарин:Барсуков Владимир Сергеевич "Кум" . https://web.archive.org/web/20171015205840/https://www.rospres.org/kk/tag/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%20%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%20%22%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%22/ . dead . 2017-10-15 . 2024-05-02 .
  35. News: Шрек . Карл . Шароградский . Андрей . 2014-10-02 . Михась похвастался президентскими часами . 2024-05-02 . Радио Свобода . ru.
  36. Web site: 2015-07-25 . Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20150725015518/https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/semion-mogilevich/mogilevich-russian . dead . 2015-07-25 . 2024-05-02 .
  37. Web site: Усоян, Аслан Криминальный авторитет . 2024-05-02 . lenta.ru.
  38. Web site: 2009-10-05 . Вор в загоне . 2024-05-02 . www.kommersant.ru . ru.
  39. News: Иванидзе . Владимир (Ivanidze, Vladimir) . Шихаб . Софи (Shihab, Sophie) . Владимир Путин в окружении мафии . Vladimir Putin surrounded by the mafia . ru . . 28 November 2002 . 29 November 2023 . Alt URL This is a Russian translation of a French article in Le Monde.
  40. News: Волчек . Дмитрий (Volchek, Dmitry) . Гексогеновые годы. Владимир Путин во главе ФСБ . Hexogen years. Vladimir Putin heads the FSB . ru . Радио Свобода (svoboda.org) . 25 July 2018 . 29 November 2023.
  41. News: Антон Малевский и Измайловская ОПГ 1990-х годов. . Anton Malevsky and the Izmailovskaya organized crime group of the 1990s. . ru . cs9.pikabu.ru . 30 October 2017 . 29 November 2023 . 29 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231129231625/https://cs9.pikabu.ru/post_img/2017/10/30/9/15093744851115900.png.
  42. News: Подольская ОПГ: Славянские оргпреступные группировки в Московской области . Podolsk organized crime group: Slavic organized crime groups in the Moscow region . ru . "FreeLance Bureau" (flb.ru) . 18 November 2000 . 10 June 2021 . 29 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233402/https://flb.ru/info/32177.html.
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  46. https://web.archive.org/web/20171202092743/http://rubakhin.org/?page_id=867 Показания Хайдарова: Измайловская преступная группировка, Махмудов, Черный, Малевский, Козицын, Бокарев.
  47. News: Кириленко . Анастасия (Kirilenko, Anastasia) . Мафия на госзаказе - 2. Что связывает Кремль с измайловской группировкой . Mafia on state order - 2. What connects the Kremlin with the Izmailovo group . . 1 October 2015 . 20 December 2020 . 4 October 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151004122030/https://theins.ru/korrupciya/13846.
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  49. News: NEWSWEEK DETAILS PUTIN'S ALLEGED ORGANIZED CRIME TIES…. 2021-10-25. Jamestown. en-US.
  50. Web site: Five arrested in Liechtenstein on money laundering charges. 2021-10-25. SWI swissinfo.ch. 13 May 2000 . en.
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  52. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/121220 Криминальное чтиво: В Подольске не считаются с авторитетами, а сводят с ними счеты
  53. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/15866 Новая власть
  54. https://archive.today/20210611023937/https://lenta.ru/articles/2018/02/17/opg/ Неуловимый мясникПодмосковные бандиты оставили горы трупов и награбили миллионы долларов
  55. News: Иванидзе . Владимир (Ivanidze, Vladimir) . Кому Нева дала шанс: Игорный бизнес в Санкт-Петербурге начинали российские ОПГ и японские якудза. Под контролем мэрии. Уникальное свидетельство непосредственного участника событий . To whom the Neva gave a chance: The gambling business in St. Petersburg was started by Russian organized crime groups and Japanese yakuza. Under the control of the city hall. Unique evidence of a direct participant in the events . . 8 February 2012 . 20 December 2020 . 9 February 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120209210941/https://novayagazeta.ru/society/50920.html.
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  59. News: Канев . Сергей (Kanev, Sergey) . "Бандитский Ротенберг", или За кого не стыдно Владимиру Путину . "Gangster Rothenberg", or for whom Vladimir Putin is not ashamed . ru . . 7 October 2019 . 25 September 2021 . 8 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191208142755/https://mbk-news.appspot.com/suzhet/banditskij-rotenberg/ . The author Sergey Kanev is from Центр «Досье» (dossier.center).. Archived on compromat.ru on 9 October 2019 as Как расцвел "Путус" Вовы-Однорукого и Лени-Спортсмена: История питерского "авторитета" Владимира Путырского и бывшего тренера Путина дзюдоиста-рецидивиста Леонида Усвяцова (How Vova-One-Armed and Leni-Sportsman's "Putus" blossomed: The story of the St. Petersburg "authority" Vladimir Putyrsky and the former coach of Putin, the judoka-recidivist Leonid Usvyatsov).
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  63. News: Кириленко . Анастасия (Kirilenko, Anastasia) . Путин на "личной службе" у князя Альбера . Putin on "personal service" with Prince Albert . Радио Свобода (Radio Svoboda) . 16 December 2013 . 20 December 2020 . 9 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161009133222/https://www.svoboda.org/a/25183494.html.
  64. Web site: Bonner . Raymond . 1 November 1993. Georgian Fighter Wields Guns, Money and Charm . New York Times . 6 May 2020 .

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