List of wars involving Russia explained

This is a list of wars and armed conflicts involving Russia and its predecessors in chronological order, from the 9th to the 21st century.

The Russian military and troops of its predecessor states in Russia took part in a large number of wars and armed clashes in various parts of the world: starting from the princely squads, opposing the raids of nomads, and fighting for the expansion of the territory of Kievan Rus'. Following the disintegration of Kievan Rus', the emergence of the Principality of Moscow and then the centralized Russian state saw a period of significant territorial growth of the state centred in Moscow and then St. Petersburg during the 15th to 20th centuries, marked by wars of conquest in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Volga region, Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East, the world wars of the early 20th century, the proxy wars of the Cold War, and today.

The list includes:

external wars
foreign intervention in domestic conflicts
anti-colonial uprisings of the peoples conquered during the Russian expansion
princely feuds
peasant uprisings
revolutions

Legend of results:

Kievan Rus'

See main article: List of wars involving Kievan Rus'.

Date	Conflict	Rus and its allies	Opponent(s)	Result
830s	Paphlagonian expedition of the Rusʹ	Rus' Khaganate		Victory
860	Siege of Constantinople (860)	Rus' Khaganate		Victory
907	Rus'–Byzantine War (907)	Kievan Rus'		Victory^[1]
920–1036	Rus'–Pecheneg campaigns	Kievan Rus'	Pechenegs	Various results; eventually victory
941	Rus'–Byzantine War (941)	Kievan Rus'		Defeat
944/945	Rus'-Byzantine War (944/945)	Kievan Rus'		Victory^[2]
964–965	Sviatoslav's campaign against Khazars	Kievan Rus'	Khazar Khaganate	Victory Destruction of the Khazar Khaganate
967/968–971	Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria	Kievan Rus'		Defeat
981	Vladimir the Great's campaign on Cherven Cities	Kievan Rus'	Duchy of Poland	Victory
985	Vladimir the Great's campaign against Volga Bulgaria	Kievan Rus'	Volga Bulgaria	Military victory, then agreement
987	Rus'–Byzantine War (987)	Kievan Rus'		Military victory and agreement Baptism of Vladimir and further Christianization of Kievan Rus'
1022	Yaroslav the Wise's attack on Brest	Kievan Rus'	Duchy of Poland	Defeat
1024	Rus'–Byzantine War (1024)	Kievan Rus'		Defeat
1030	Yaroslav the Wise's campaign against Chud	Kievan Rus'	Chud	Victory Estonian tribes start to pay tribute to Rus'
1030–1031	Yaroslav the Wise's campaign on Cherven Cities	Kievan Rus'	Duchy of Poland	Victory
1042–1228	Finnish–Novgorodian wars	Kievan Rus' (until 1136) Novgorod Republic	Baltic Finnic peoples of Fennoscandia (Yem people)	Various results, mostly victories The wars' effect on the Finns' society contributed to the eventual Swedish conquest of western Finland circa 1249
1043	Rus'–Byzantine War (1043)	Kievan Rus'		Defeat
1055–1223	Rus'–Cuman campaigns	Kievan Rus'	Cumans	Various results, mostly victories
1061	Sosols raid against Pskov	Kievan Rus'	Sosols	Defeat Yaroslav the Wise's conquests in Estonia are lost
1132–1445	Swedish–Novgorodian Wars	Kievan Rus' (until 1136) Novgorod Republic	Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Norway (from 1319)	Stalemate after the Black Death
1147	Bolesław IV the Curly's raid on Old Prussians	Bolesław IV the Curly Kievan Rus'	Old Prussians	Victory
1203–1234	Campaigns of Rus princes against the Order of the Sword	Kievan Rus' Vladimir-Suzdal Principality of Polotsk Principality of Smolensk Novgorod Republic Grand Duchy of Lithuania Baltic peoples Baltic Finnic peoples	Livonian Brothers of the Sword Baltic Germans	Defeat The crusaders capture Baltic lands up to the borders of Kievan Rus' and Lithuania
1223–1240	Mongol invasion of Rus'		Mongol Empire	Decisive defeat The principalities of the Kievan Rus' became vassals of the Mongol Empire
1240–1242		Kievan Rus' Vladimir-Suzdal Pskov Republic Novgorod Republic	Teutonic Order Livonian Order Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Denmark Duchy of Estonia	Victory Defeat of the Germans Peace with Prince Alexander Nevsky The waiving of claims on northern Rus'
1268	Battle of Wesenberg		Denmark Duchy of Estonia Teutonic Order Livonian Order	Both sides claim victory

Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)

Date	Conflict	Location	Russia and its allies	Opponent(s)	Result
1552	Siege of Kazan	Tatarstan	Russia	Khanate of Kazan	Victory The annexation of Kazan into Russia
1552–1556	Tatar Rebellion	Tatarstan	Russia	Tatar rebels	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1554–1557	Ivan the Terrible's Swedish War	Karelia	Russia	Sweden	Inconclusive Treaty of Novgorod
1556	Russian conquest of Astrakhan	Astrakhan	Russia	Astrakhan Khanate	Victory The annexation of Astrakhan into Russia
1558-1562	Ivan the Terrible's Livonian Campaign	Livonia	Russia	Livonian Confederation	Victory Destruction of the Livonian state Truce with Poland and Lithuania
1562-1570	Russo-Lithuanian War	Northern Europe	Russia	Polish–Lithuanian union	Victory
1558–1583	Livonian War	Northern Europe			Defeat Truce of Jam Zapolski Treaty of Plussa
1568–1570	Astrakhan Expedition	Astrakhan and Azov	Russia		Victory Treaty of Constantinople (1570)
1570–1572	Ivan the Terrible's Crimean War	European Russia	Russia	Crimean Khanate	Victory The Crimean Tatars burn Moscow in 1571 The Russians defeat the Crimean Tatars at the Battle of Molodi in 1572 The independence of Russia and its conquests in the Volga region preserved
1580–1762		Siberia	Russia Cossacks Pro-Russian native Siberians	Khanate of Sibir (until 1598)Native Siberians	Victory The start of Russian annexation of Siberia
1590–1595	Boris Godunov's Swedish War	Northern Europe	Russia	Sweden	Inconclusive Treaty of Teusina Мutual territorial concessions
1605–1618		Russia		Poland–Lithuania	Inconclusive Russia's independence preserved Russia loses Smolensk Vladislav Zhigimondovich remains a contender for the Russian throne Truce of Deulino
1606–1607	Bolotnikov Rebellion	Russia	Russia	Rebels under Ivan Bolotnikov	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1610–1617		Russia	Russia	Sweden	Defeat Treaty of Stolbovo
1632–1634		Smolensk	Russia	Poland–Lithuania	Defeat Treaty of Polyanovka
1651–1653	Alexis I's Persian War	North Caucasus	Russia	Persia	Defeat
1652–1689	Sino–Russian border conflicts	Heilongjiang and Amur			Defeat Treaty of Nerchinsk
1654–1667	First Northern War	Eastern Europe	Russia Cossack Hetmanate		Victory Truce of Andrusovo
1656–1658	Second Northern War	Northern Europe	Russia	Sweden	Inconclusive Treaty of Valiesar Treaty of Cardis
1662–1664	First Bashkir Rebellion	Bashkortostan	Russia	Bashkir rebels	Inconclusive; political defeat The Russian government was forced to accept Bashkir demands
1670–1671	Razin's Rebellion	Russia	Russia	Cossacks under Stepan Razin	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1676–1681	Feodor III's Turkish War	Ukraine	Russia		Indecisive^[3] Treaty of Bakhchisarai
1683–1700		Eastern Europe			Victory Treaty of Constantinople Russia stops paying regular tribute to Crimea
1700–1721	Great Northern War	Europe			Victory against Sweden Treaty of Nystad
1700–1721	Great Northern War	Europe			Defeat by Ottoman Empire Treaty of the Pruth
1704–1711	Third Bashkir Rebellion	Bashkortostan and Tatarstan	Russia	Bashkir rebels	Military victory, political defeat Russian government forced to accept some Bashkir demands
1707–1708	Bulavin Rebellion	Southern Russia	Russia	Don Cossack rebels	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1717	Peter the Great's Khivan War	Khanate of Khiva	Russia	Khanate of Khiva	Defeat Russian invasion repelled
1717–1847	Kazakh-Russian conflicts	Kazakhstan			Victory Annexation of the Kazakh Khanate into Russia

Russian Empire (1721–1917)

Date	Conflict	Location	Russia and its allies	Opponent(s)	Result
1722–1723	Persian Expedition of Peter the Great	Caucasus and northern Iran		Persia	Victory Treaty of Saint Petersburg
1733–1738	War of the Polish Succession Rhineland	Poland			Indecisive Treaty of Vienna
1735–1739	Russo-Austro-Turkish War	Eastern Europe	Cossack Hetmanate Austria	Crimea	Victory Russian victory Austrian defeat Treaty of Niš
1735–1740	Fourth Bashkir Rebellion	Bashkortostan	pro-Russian Bashkirs	Bashkir rebels	Victory The rebellion is crushed Establishment of Orenburg
1740–1748	War of the Austrian Succession	Europe			Inconclusive Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
1740–1748	War of the Austrian Succession	Europe			Victory against Sweden Treaty of Åbo
1756–1763		Europe and North America			White peace Treaty of Saint Petersburg Defeat of Russia's former allies
1768–1769	Koliivshchyna Rebellion	Ukraine	Poland-Lithuania	Haidamaky	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1768–1772		Poland			Victory Treaty of Kuçuk Kainarji First Partition of Poland
1768–1774	Catherine the Great's First Turkish War	Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Mediterranean		Crimea	Victory Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1773–1775		Russia			Victory The rebellion is crushed
1787–1792		Eastern Europe			Victory Treaty of Jassy
1788–1790	Catherine the Great's Swedish War	Finland, western Sweden, and the Baltic Sea		Sweden	Inconclusive
1792	Catherine the Great's Polish War	Poland	Targowica Confederation	Poland–Lithuania	Victory Second Partition of Poland
1794		Poland		Poland–Lithuania	Victory The uprising is crushed Third Partition of Poland; Poland ceases to exist as an independent country
1796	Persian Expedition of Catherine the Great	North Caucasus and South Caucasus		Persia	Victory
1799–1802		Europe			Withdrawal in 1799 French victory in 1802
1803–1806	War of the Third Coalition	Europe			Defeat Peace of Pressburg
1804–1813		North Caucasus, South Caucasus and northern Iran		Persia	Victory Treaty of Gulistan
1806–1807		Eastern and Central Europe	Sweden Naples	France French client states Spain Confederation of the Rhine Italy Naples Polish Legions	Defeat Treaties of Tilsit
1806–1812	Alexander I's Turkish War	Romania, Moldova, Caucasus and Black Sea		Ottoman Empire	Victory Treaty of Bucharest
1807–1812	Anglo-Russian War	Baltic Sea and Barents Sea			Inconclusive Treaty of Orebro
1808–1809		Finland and Sweden		Sweden	Victory Treaty of Fredrikshamn
1809	War of the Fifth Coalition	Central Europe			Victory (limited involvement) Treaty of Schönbrunn
1812	French invasion of Russia	Russia			Victory The French invasion is repelled Napoleon's Grand Army is destroyed and forced to retreat
1813–1814		Europe			Victory Treaty of Fontainebleau Treaty of Paris
1815	War of the Seventh Coalition	Europe			Victory Treaty of Paris
1817–1864		Caucasus			Victory Annexation of North Caucasus into Russia Surrender of Imam Shamil
1825		Saint Petersburg		Decembrist rebels	Victory The revolt is crushed
1826–1828		South Caucasus and northern Iran		Persia	Victory Treaty of Turkmenchay
1827	Greek War of Independence	Greece	France		Victory
1828–1829		Balkans and Caucasus			Victory Treaty of Adrianople
1830–1831		Poland		Poland	Victory The uprising is crushed
1839–1841	Second Turko-Egyptian War	Syria and Lebanon			Victory Egypt renounces its claim to Syria
1839–1895	Russian conquest of Central Asia	Central Asia			Victory The annexation of Central Asia into Russia
1841	Gurian rebellion	Georgia		Gurian rebels	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1842	Shoorcha rebellion	Tatarstan and Ulyanovsk		Tatar, Mari and Chuvash peasants	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1848–1849		Hungary	Austria Croatia Serbian Vojvodina Serbian volunteers Pro-Habsburg Hungarians Slovak National Council Transylvanian Romanians Czech volunteers Bohemian and Moravian volunteers Transylvanian Saxons	Hungary Hungarian Slovenes Pro-Hungarian Slovaks Rusyns Zipser Germans Hungarian Germans Croats from Western Hungary and Međimurje Šokac and Bunjevac people Banat Bulgarians Polish legions German legion Viennese legion Italian legion	Victory The revolution is crushed
1853–1856	Crimean War	Crimea, Balkans, Caucasus, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, White Sea and Far East			Defeat Treaty of Paris
1858	Mahtra Rebellion	Estonia		Estonian peasants	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1861	Bezdna Revolt	Tatarstan	Russia	Peasants	Victory The revolt is crushed
1863–1864	January Uprising	Poland	Russia	Polish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian insurgents	Victory The uprising is crushed
1866	Polish rebellion in Siberia	Siberia	Russia	Polish political exiles	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1877–1878		Balkans and Caucasus		Ottoman Empire	Victory Treaty of San Stefano Treaty of Berlin Reestablishment of the Bulgarian state De jure independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire The annexation of Kars and Batum into Russia
1897–1898	Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)	Crete		Ottoman Empire	Victory Establishment of the Cretan State Withdrawal of Ottoman forces from Crete
1899–1901		China	Eight-Nation Alliance		Victory
1902–1906	Rebellion in Guria	Georgia		Gurian Republic	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1904–1905		Manchuria, Korean Peninsula and Yellow Sea			Defeat Treaty of Portsmouth
1905–1907		Russia		Revolutionaries Supported by: Saint Petersburg Soviet Moscow City Duma Chita Republic Party of Socialist Revolutionaries Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Kagal	Victory Revolutionaries defeated Nicholas II retains the throne October Manifesto Constitution enacted Establishment of the State Duma
1905–1911		Iran		Iranian constitutionalists	Victory Russian occupation of Northern Iran until 1917
1914–1917		Europe and Asia	Allied Powers (see list)	Central Powers	Defeat, later allied victory^[4] ^[5] Separate peace at Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Russian Civil War Paris Peace Conference
1917	February Revolution	Russia		Republicans: Kadets Octobrists Progressive Party ---- Socialists: Socialist Revolutionary Party Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Mensheviks Bolsheviks	Revolution succeeds Tsar Nicholas II abdicates Period of dual power between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet Proclamation of the Russian Republic October Revolution and start of the Russian Civil War

Russian SFSR (1917–1922)

Date	Conflict	Opponent(s)	Result
1917–1922	Russian Civil War		Victory of Bolshevik forces in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, South Caucasus, Central Asia, Tuva, and Mongolia; incorporation of those territories into the Soviet Union Victory for independence movements in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland; expulsion of Bolshevik forces from those territories
1917–1921	Ukrainian-Soviet War (Ukrainian War of Independence)		Victory Formation of the Ukrainian SSR and its incorporation into the Soviet Union Destruction of the Ukrainian People's Republic
1917–1920	Kazakhstan Campaign	Alash Autonomy White Movement	Victory Overthrow of the Alash Autonomy; incorporation of Kazakhstan into the Soviet Union
1918	Finnish Civil War		Defeat Victory of the White Guard in Finland; expulsion of Bolshevik forces and Finnish independence
1918–1919	Sochi conflict	Georgia	Indecisive Sochi and Tuapse transferred to the Russian SFSR Gagra transferred to Georgia
1918–1920	Latvian War of Independence	Supported by the Allied Powers VI Reserve Corps: Baltische Landeswehr Freikorps merged into the West Russian Volunteer Army in September 1919	Defeat Expulsion of Bolshevik forces from Latvia; Latvian independence
1918–1920	Estonian War of Independence		Defeat Expulsion of Bolshevik forces from Estonia; Estonian independence Treaty of Tartu
1918–1919	Lithuanian–Soviet War		Defeat Expulsion of Bolshevik forces from Lithuania; Lithuanian independence
1918–1920	Georgian-Ossetian Conflict		Defeat The Ossetian rebellion is crushed
1919–1921	Polish–Soviet War		Defeat Bolshevik forces expelled from Poland Peace of Riga Destruction of the Ukrainian People's Republic
1919–1923	Turkish War of Independence		Victory Overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate Establishment of the Republic of Turkey
1920	Invasion of Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan	Victory Overthrow of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic government; incorporation of Azerbaijan into the Soviet Union
1920	Invasion of Armenia	Armenia	Victory Overthrow of the First Republic of Armenia; incorporation of Armenia into the Soviet Union
1921	Invasion of Georgia	Georgia	Victory Overthrow of the Democratic Republic of Georgia; incorporation of Georgia into the Soviet Union
1921	Soviet intervention in Mongolia	Mongolia	Victory Provisional People's Republic of Mongolia established as a protectorate
1921–1922	East Karelian Uprising		Victory The uprising is crushed

Russian Federation (1991–present)

Date	Conflict	Location	Russia and its allies	Opponent(s)	Result for Russia
1991–1993	Georgian Civil War	Georgia	Government of Georgia Supported by	Zviad Gamsakhurdia's government in exile Zviadists	Victory Zviadist revolt crushed
1991–1992	South Ossetian War	South Ossetia		Georgia	Victory South Ossetia gains de facto independence
1992–1993	War in Abkhazia	Abkhazia			Victory Abkhazia gained de facto independence
1992		Transnistria	14th Guards Army ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[9] Don Cossacks^[10] Kuban Cossacks Ukrainian volunteers UNA-UNSO.^[11] ^[12]		Victory Transnistria gains de facto independence
1992–1997		Tajikistan	Supported by / Belarus^[13] (weapons supplies)	Supported by	Victory United Nations-sponsored armistice
1994–1996		Chechnya			Defeat^[14] Withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya Khasav-Yurt Accord De facto independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, but de jure it remains a part of the Russian Federation
1999	War of Dagestan	Dagestan		IIPB	Victory Start of the Second Chechen War
1999–2009		Chechnya			Victory Russia regains control over Chechnya
2008		Georgia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia		Georgia	Victory Occupation of Abkhazia and South Ossetia
2014–present		Ukraine	Supported by Belarus (since 2022)	Ukraine Supported by: see List of foreign aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War	Ongoing 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea War in Donbas Minsk Protocol, an un-implemented ceasefire agreement 2021–22 Russo-Ukrainian crisis 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine
2015–present	Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War	Syria			Ongoing Preservation of the Syrian government headed by Bashar al-Assad^[15] Syrian Armed Forces recapture more than 30,000 square kilometres of area, including Latakia, Aleppo and Palmyra, break the three-year-long siege of Deir ez-Zor and take control of that city^[16] ^[17]
2018–present	Central African Republic Civil War	Central African Republic		Coalition of Patriots for Change	Ongoing
2021–present^[18]	Mali War	Mali			Ongoing
2024–present^[19]	Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso	Burkina Faso			Ongoing

Sources

Book: Виталий, Пенской . Ливонская война: Забытые победы Ивана Грозного 1558-1561 гг. . Moscow . Москва . 2020 . 978-5-00155-260-4 .
Book: Гумилев, Лев . От Руси к России . Moscow . Москва . 2023. 978-5-17-153845-3 .
Book: Alef . Gustave . 1983 . Rulers and nobles in fifteenth century Muscovy. Part II . The Battle of Suzdal' in 1445. An Episode in the Muscovite War of Succession (1978) . London . Variorum Reprints . 11–20 . 9780860781202. (first published in Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte 25 (1978) Berlin.)
Book: Halperin, Charles J.. 1987. Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History . 222 . 9781850430575. (e-book).
Book: Katchanovski . Ivan . Ivan Katchanovski . Kohut . Zenon E. . Zenon Kohut . Nesebio . Bohdan Y. . Yurkevich . Myroslav . 2013 . Historical Dictionary of Ukraine . Lanham, Maryland. Scarecrow Press . 992 . 9780810878471 . 24 January 2023.
Book: Kohn, George Childs . 2013 . Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition . Londen/New York . Routledge . 9781135954949.
Book: Logan . F. Donald . F. Donald Logan . 2005 . The Vikings in History . New York . Routledge (Taylor & Francis) . 205 . 9780415327565 . 26 January 2023 . 23 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152845/https://books.google.com/books?id=7K2ywwGox6IC . live. (third edition)
Book: Martin, Janet . Medieval Russia: 980–1584 . 1995 . Cambridge University Press . New York . 0521362768 .
Book: Martin, Janet . Medieval Russia: 980–1584 . Second . E-book . 2007 . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge . 978-0-511-36800-4.
Book: Martin, Janet . Freeze . Gregory . Russia: A History . From Kiev to Muscovy: The Beginnings to 1450 . Oxford . Oxford University Press . 2009b . 1–30 . 978-0-19-150121-0 . 27 January 2023 . 27 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230127141118/https://books.google.com/books?id=GNeFDyRSp0wC . live. (third edition)
Book: Ostrowski . Donald . 1993 . Christianity and the Eastern Slavs. Volume I: Slavic Cultures in the Middle Ages . Why did the Metropolitan Move from Kiev to Vladimir in the Thirteenth Century . Berkeley . University of California Press . 83–101 . 9780520360198 . 16 May 2023.
Book: Shaikhutdinov, Marat . 23 November 2021 . https://books.google.com/books?id=s6JMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT104 . Between East and West: The Formation of the Moscow State . 3.4 Invasion of Tokhtamysh . Academic Studies Press . 104–107. 9781644697153.

Notes and References

Janet Martin (2004). Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. p. 115
Vilhelm Ludvig Peter Thomsen (2010). The Relations Between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 25
[David R. Stone]
Book: Legvold. Robert. Robert Legvold. Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century and the Shadow of the Past. 209. 2007. Columbia University Press. 978-0-231-51217-6.
Book: Cecil. Hugh. Liddle. Peter. Peter Liddle. At the Eleventh Hour: Reflections, Hopes and Anxieties at the Closing of the Great War, 1918. 321. 1998. Pen and Sword Books. 978-1-78383-992-6.
Richard Humphries. "Transnistria: relic of a bygone era", The Japan Times, 8 October 2001. Retrieved 6 August 2014
Web site: Borderland Europe: Transforming Transnistria? . 6 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070325194808/http://ceps01.link.be/Article.php?article_id=222 . 25 March 2007 . dead .
Web site: RUSSIA. www.hrw.org.
News: BIRN fact-check: what must be done for Russian forces to leave Transnistria?. Mădălin. Necșuțu. Balkan Insight. 22 January 2021.
Hughes, James and Sasse, Gwendolyn: Ethnicity and territory in the former Soviet Union: regions in conflict. Taylor &Francis, 2002, page 107.
Sabrina Ramet (1999). The radical right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989 Pennsylvania University Press. . pp. 290ff.
Maryna Tkachuk. "«Краще згинути вовком, нiж жити псом»?" ["Better to die as a wolf than live as a dog"?]. Ukrayina Moloda. 19 August 2011
https://m.lenta.ru/articles/2002/03/01/belarmor/ Американцы боятся белорусских танков. Белоруссия американских санкций не боится
Web site: Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya. Foreign Military Studies Office. https://web.archive.org/web/20061015123847/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/yrusfail/yrusfail.htm. 15 October 2006. 3 April 2016. dead.
Web site: Putin Announces Russian Withdrawal From Syria. Rob. Quinn. Newser.com. 12 December 2017. 18 December 2017.
News: Assad and Putin Meet, as Russia Pushes to End Syrian War. New York Times. 21 November 2017.
News: How Russian special forces are shaping the fight in Syria. Washington Post. 29 March 2016.
https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220107-russian-military-advisors-arrive-in-mali-after-french-troop-reduction "Russian military advisors arrive in Mali after French troop reduction"
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/russian-troops-deploy-burkina-faso-2024-01-25/ "Russian troops deploy to Burkina Faso"