| Ministry of Civil Defence, Emergencies and Disaster Relief | |
| Nativename A: | Министерство чрезвычайных ситуаций |
| Seal: | Great emblem of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations.svg |
| Picture Caption: | Ministry headquarters in Moscow |
| Preceding1: | Russian Rescue Corps |
| Jurisdiction: | President of Russia |
| Headquarters: | Teatralny proyezd 3, Moscow |
| Coordinates: | 55.7594°N 37.6217°W |
| Minister1 Name: | Aleksandr Kurenkov |
| Minister1 Pfo: | Minister of Emergency Situations |
| Parent Agency: | Government of Russia |
| Child1 Agency: | Russian State Fire Service |
| Child2 Agency: | GIMS (Main Inspection for Small Vessels) |
The Ministry of Civil Defence, Emergencies and Disaster Relief[1] is a Russian government agency overseeing the civil emergency services in Russia.
President Boris Yeltsin established EMERCOM on January 10, 1994, though the ministry can be traced back to December 27, 1990, when the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) established the Russian Rescue Corps and assigned it the mission of rapid response to emergencies.[2]
The history of civil defence services in Russia traces to the years of Muscovy rule and the 1649 "Direction on Municipal rescue" decree of Tsar Alexis of Russia which officially raised the Moscow Municipal Fire Service, the first active fire department in Russia. When Peter the Great was Tsar, Saint Petersburg was given its own fire department modeled on Western practices of the time. By 1863 it was transformed, by orders of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, as the first ever professional fire service in Russia and Eastern Europe.
Starting in 1932 civil defense matters were performed by the Local Air Defense Units (Местная противовоздушная оборона PBO-C, Mestnaya protivovozdushnaya oborona PVO-S) under the nascent Soviet Air Defence Forces, which were transferred to the NKVD in 1940 (and served with distinction, together with the NKVD Fire Services Command founded in 1918, in the Great Patriotic War). In 1960 it was returned to the Ministry of Defence as a service branch of the Soviet Armed Forces (the Civil Defence Forces of the Ministry of Defense) and a directly reporting agency, while the MVD retained the firefighting service.
In the aftermath of the events of the 1988 Armenian earthquake and the Chernobyl disaster, on July 17, 1990 a directive decision of the Presidium of The Supreme Council of Russian Socialist Soviet Republic led to the formation of the Russian Rescue Corps (Российский корпус спасателей), which eventually was formed by the Soviet Government on December 27, 1990.[3] This date is marked as the official anniversary of the EMERCOM.
On April 17, 1991 the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Russia appointed Sergei Shoigu as Chairman of the State Committee for Extraordinary Situations (Государственный Комитет по чрезвычайным ситуациям, ГКЧС), which succeeded the RRC.[4] [5]
On November 19, 1991 the State Committee was merged with the Headquarters for Civil Defense of the USSR (under the Ministry of Defense) to create the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defence Matters, Extraordinary Situations and the Liquidation of Natural Disasters (Государственный комитет по делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям и ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий при Президенте РСФСР) and was subordinated to the President of Russia.
On January 10, 1994 the State committee became part of the Government of Russia and the ministry was named The Ministry for the Affairs of Civil Defence, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief, with Sergei Shoigu as a minister.
On January 1, 2002, The Russian State Fire Service, the national fire service, became part of the ministry with 278,000 firefighters, removed from Ministry of Internal Affairs control after 84 years.
On May 12, 2012, Vladimir Puchkov was appointed as the new minister, replacing Shoigu who was later appointed as Defense Minister after a brief stint as Governor of Moscow Oblast.
On July 1, 2016, an EMERCOM firefighting Il-76 crashed after taking off from Irkutsk International airport while on its way to dump water as to help douse wildfires in Siberia.
According to an EMERCOM publication, the Ministry is an agency of federal executive power with the following tasks:
See main article: Minister of Emergency Situations (Russia).
The first Minister in charge of EMERCOM was Sergei Shoigu. He was appointed by President Yeltsin in November 1991 as Chairman of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defence Matters, Extraordinary Situations and the Liquidation of Natural Disasters. Shoigu was given the rank of Major General in October 1994, and his committee became a ministry in January 1994. President Yeltsin showed his faith in the importance of EMERCOM by designating Minister Shoigu a member of the Russian Security Council by Presidential Decree on February 1, 1994. In May 2012 he was appointed as Governor of Moscow Oblast and he resigned from his office.
Vladimir Puchkov was the Deputy Minister of Emergencies. In May 2012 he was appointed as Minister first government of Dmitry Medvedev. Six years later, when the new government was formed, he did not join the government.
Yevgeny Zinichev was appointed minister on May 18, 2018, in the second Medvedev government. Zinichev was not a career lifeguard and had served all his life in security agencies such as the KGB, the FSO and the FSB. Prior to appointment, Zinichev held the position of deputy director of the FSB. After the resignation of the Second Medvedev cabinet in 2020, he retained his post in the new government of Mikhail Mishustin.
Yevgeny Zinichev tragically died on 8 September 2021, aged 55, during the filming of an interdepartmental exercise to protect the Arctic zone of Russia. According to the ministry, he fell off a cliff while trying to save the life of director and cameraman Aleksandr Melnik, who also died. His death was the first case in the history of post-Soviet Russia of the death of an incumbent federal minister.
Aleksandr Kurenkov was appointed minister on 25 May 2022.[6]
Working through the office of the Prime Minister, the Ministry can ask for private, Ministry of Defence or National Guard of Russia assistance. That is, the Ministry has international coordination power and the ability to tap local resources if required.
The Department of International Cooperation, to present an example of the activities of one of these departments and commissions, has already signed agreements on cooperation during disaster response and prevention with Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland, Poland, Belarus, Georgia, and Kazakhstan. Mutual assistance pacts are ready for signing with Mongolia, Latvia, Finland, Armenia, Moldova, Serbia and Estonia. An agreement also exists with the U.N. High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), and agreements are sought with the OSCE and NATO.
To perform rapid response operations the following forces and equipment are available:
| Name | Type | Origin | Photo | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utility Van | ||||
| PPU48-03 (Kamaz-43118 chassis) | Mobile control point | |||
| AM-RHR | Chemical Reconnaissance Car | |||
| ASM-41-022 (base UAZ-3909) | Rescue of general purpose | |||
| MAVR-588560S | Rescue vehicle | |||
| ASM-48-031 (Kamaz-43118 chassis) | Rescue vehicle | |||
| Car for transportation department paramilitary mountain rescue units (Kamaz-4308 based) | ||||
| Petrovich-204-60 | ||||
| Name | Type | Origin | Photo | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mars-700 | ||||
| Mars-2000 | Hovercraft | |||
| Khivus-6 | Hovercraft | |||
| Mongoose (project 12150M) | ||||
| PK-500[10] | ||||
| RPK-640 | Patrol boat | |||
| Kasatka-2M[11] | Patrol boat |