Russian Wikipedia Explained

Russian Wikipedia
Collapsible:yes
Commercial:Charitable
Type:Internet encyclopedia project
Language:Russian
Registration:Optional
Content License:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0
Owner:Wikimedia Foundation

The Russian Wikipedia (Russian: Русская Википедия|Russkaya Vikipediya) is the Russian-language edition of Wikipedia. As of, it has articles. It was started on 11 May 2001.[1] In October 2015, it became the sixth-largest Wikipedia by the number of articles. It has the sixth-largest number of edits . In June 2020, it was the world's sixth most visited language Wikipedia (after the English, the Japanese, the Spanish, the German and the French Wikipedias).[2]

It is the largest Wikipedia written in any Slavic language, surpassing its nearest rival, the Polish Wikipedia, by 20% in terms of the number of articles and fivefold by the parameter of depth.[3] In addition, the Russian Wikipedia is the largest Wikipedia written in Cyrillic[4] or in a script other than the Latin script. In April 2016, the project had 3,377 active editors who made at least five contributions in that month, ranking third behind the English and Spanish versions. As of 2023, it is the most popular Wikipedia in many post-Soviet states, including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan, and the second most popular in others.

Since the early 2010s, the Russian Wikipedia and its contributing editors have experienced numerous and increasing threats of nationwide blocks and country-wide enforcement of blacklisting by the Russian government, as well as several attempts at Internet censorship, propaganda, and disinformation, more recently during the 2014 Russo-Ukrainian war in the Donbas region[5] and the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[6]

Policies

Difficult issues are resolved through the Arbitration Committee, which handles content disputes, blocks users or prohibits certain users from editing articles on certain topics.[7]

Administrators (currently) are elected through a vote; a minimum quorum of 30 voters and 66% of support votes are required if the request is to be considered successful. Administrators who have become inactive (i.e. have not used administrative tools, such as "delete" or "block" buttons, at least 25 times in six months) may lose their privileges by an Arbitration Committee decision.[8]

Content

As of 1 June 2012, some of the biggest categories (which contain more than 5,000 articles) in the Russian Wikipedia are:[9]

10,340 articles contain material from the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. More than 47,000 articles were translated from the English Wikipedia.

Namespaces

In addition to common Wikipedia namespaces, the Russian Wikipedia has three custom ones: "Incubator" (# 102–103) – which is used as a training camp for new users and their first articles, "Project" (# 104–105) – for Wikipedia projects and "Arbitration" (# 106–107) – for arbitration requests.

User pages

On user pages, users are able to see their outreach, the cumulative view count of pages they have edited.

Reception

In 2015,, a professor at the University of Tartu, in an interview opined that articles related to humanities in the Russian Wikipedia are of considerably inferior quality compared to English Wikipedia, and some articles even deteriorate with time. He suggested that this effect is due to overzealous policing of intellectual property rights by the community and bemoaned poor editing skills of some Wikipedians.[10]

In 2022, the San Francisco Examiner praised the Russian Wikipedia for "filling the information vacuum" while "independent media abandon Russia or are censored" during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[11] For the safety of Wikipedians, all editors' names in the page about the Russian invasion in Ukraine are routinely erased.[12]

Timeline

History

Early years

The Russian Wikipedia was created on 20 May 2001 in the first wave of non-English Wikipedias, along with editions in Catalan, Chinese, Dutch, German, Esperanto, French, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish.

The first edit of the Russian Wikipedia was on 24 May 2001, and consisted of the line Russian: "Россия – великая страна" ("Russia is a great nation"). The following edit changed it to the joke: Russian: "Россия – родина слонов (ушастых, повышенной проходимости – см. мамонт)" ("Russia is the motherland of elephants (big-eared, improved cross-country capability, see Mammoth.")[17]

For a long time development was slow (especially after some participants left for WikiZnanie), but in the 12-month period between February 2005 and February 2006 it surpassed nine editions in other languages – the Catalan, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Hebrew, Finnish, Norwegian, Chinese, Esperanto, and Danish Wikipedias.In 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010[18] the Russian Wikipedia won the "Science and education" category of the "Runet Prize" (Russian: link=no|Премия Рунета) award, supervised by the Russian government agency FAPMC.[19]

Troubles with the Russian government

See main article: Blocking of Wikipedia in Russia and Censorship in Russia.

On 10 July 2012, Russian Wikipedia closed access to its content for 24 hours in protest against proposed amendments to Russia's Information Act (Bill No. 89417-6) regulating the accessibility of Internet-based information to children. Among other things, the bill stipulates the creation and country-wide enforcement of blacklists, which would block access to forbidden sites. Several aspects of this amendment drew criticism from various civil rights activists and Internet providers.

Supporters of the amendment stated that it is aimed only at widely prohibited content such as child pornography and similar information, but the Russian Wikimedia chapter has declared that conditions for determining the content falling under this law will create a thing like the "great Chinese firewall". They further claimed that existing Russian legal practice demonstrates a high likelihood of a worst-case scenario, resulting in a country-wide ban of Wikipedia.[20] [21] The second and the third readings of the law were held in the State Duma on 11 July; no essential corrections were introduced. The law will come into force after three readings in the State Duma, one reading in the Federation Council and presidential approval.[22]

On 10 July, Nikolai Nikiforov, Russian Minister for Telecommunications and Mass Media announced in his Twitter account, that the organization of the List of the prohibited websites (that was sited on the Law Project No. 89417-6) will be suspended until 1 November 2012.[22] [23] On the same day Yelena Mizulina, a Duma deputy and the head of the subcommittee which sponsored the law, said that the blackout is an attempt to blackmail the Duma and was sponsored by the "pedophile lobby".[24]

Also, since 2012, Russian foreign agent law resulted in reduced funding available for the Russian Wikipedia and its volunteers, who no longer can receive financial aid from abroad, including their share of funds raised through global Wikipedia fundraisers.[25]

On 5 April 2013, it was confirmed by a spokesperson for the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media that Wikipedia had been blacklisted over the article "Курение каннабиса" ("Cannabis smoking") on Russian Wikipedia.[26] [27] On 31 March 2013, The New York Times reported that Russia was 'Selectively Blocking [the] Internet',[28] though Wikipedia itself was not blocked at that time.

Articles on Russian Wikipedia, and also on other Wikipedia versions, concerning the shoot down of flight MH17 and the 2014 Russo-Ukrainian war in the Donbas region have been targeted by Internet propaganda outlets associated with the Putin-led Russian government.[5] Some of the edits were spotted by a Twitter bot which monitors Wikipedia edits made from Russian government IP addresses.[29] [30] [31]

The entire Russian Wikipedia was blocked in the Russian Federation for a few hours in August 2015 due to the contents of the article on charas.[32]

In November 2019, Russian president Vladimir Putin called for a government-run alternative to Wikipedia. The Guardian reported state funds had already been allocated according to official documents published the previous September. The new electronic alternative was intended to be based on the Great Russian Encyclopedia.[33] According to the London Times, the proposal had been abandoned by mid-May 2020,[34] however, according to Great Russian Encyclopedia employee Yekaterina Chukovskaya, only the working group was disbanded and work on the project as a whole will continue.[35]

In December 2023, the Russian Wikimedia chapter voted unanimously to dissolve itself after its director had been warned by authorities that he would be designated a "foreign agent". He also stated that he was forced to resign from the university where he worked.[36]

2022 fork

In June 2022, Runiversalis, a pro-government partial fork of the Russian Wikipedia, was launched. The site launched with only 9000 articles, a tiny subset of the 1.85 million articles on the Russian Wikipedia, with many articles being taken unmodified from the Russian Wikipedia.[37]

Censorship and disinformation during the Russo-Ukrainian War

See main article: Russian information war against Ukraine. In February and March 2022, in the first week following the Russian invasion of Ukraine and breakout of the Russo-Ukrainian War, Russian Wikipedia editors warned their readers and fellow editors of several, reiterated attempts by the Putin-led Russian government of political censorship, Internet propaganda, disinformation attacks, and disruptive editing towards an article listing of Russian military casualties as well as Ukrainian civilians and children due to the ongoing war.[6] The Wikipedia was generally considered under threat in Russia.[38]

On 1 March 2022, Roskomnadzor, the Russian agency for monitoring and censoring mass media, wrote to the Wikimedia Foundation requesting for removal of the article "Russian: [[:ru:Вторжение России на Украину (с 2022)|Вторжение России на Украину (с 2022)]]|italic=no" ("2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine").[39]

On 11 March 2022, Belarusian political police GUBOPiK arrested and detained Mark Bernstein from Minsk, an editor of the Russian Wikipedia, who was contributing to the Wikipedia article about the Russian invasion of Ukraine. GUBOPiK accused him of the "spread of anti-Russian materials" and of violating Russian "fake news" laws.[40] [41] [42]

On 1 November 2022, a Russian court levied a fine 2 million rubles on the Wikimedia Foundation, for declining to delete two articles on Russian Wikipedia.[43] On 28 February 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation was fined another 2 million rubles after accusations of refusal to delete what the court called "misinformation".[44] On 14 April 2023, a similar fine of 2 million rubles was imposed over an article on the Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast.[45]

Calls to block access to Wikipedia have been made by various Russian political actors since the beginning of the invasion. In particular, Valery Fadeyev and Igor Ashmanov, members of the Presidential Council for Civil Society and Human Rights, called on 4 April 2023 to block the access because of "systemic bias".[46]

2023 fork

See main article: Ruwiki (Wikipedia fork). On 24 May 2023, long-time Wikimedia Russia director Vladimir V. Medeyko announced "Рувики" ("Ruviki"), a fork of Russian Wikipedia.[47]

Impact of policies on content

In 2021, historian Maksym Potapenko and Doctor of Political Science Mateusz Kamionka conducted a study on editing the texts of articles about Crimea since its annexation by Russia. The researchers noted the difference in terminology between the Wikipedia articles in Russian, where in 2021 the military operation of the Russian Federation in Crimea in early 2014 was called "the annexation of Crimea to Russia", and in Ukrainian, where the events were described as "annexation". In articles on the history of Crimea in Ukrainian, it is described as an ethno-historical region of Europe, Russian-language articles describe it as the imperial and Soviet heritage of Russia.

According to the researchers, this is due to the difference in the political media narrative of both countries, as the Wikipedia editions preferred sources in their own language, as well as the difference in Ukrainian and Russian historiography, which has been growing since 2014. The researchers note that the content of the articles in the Ukrainian and Russian versions is significantly influenced by the current political situation and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. "The use of history as a means to substantiate and legitimize territorial claims" is increasing, and the use of history as a tool in Wikipedia undermines the principle of neutrality, one of Wikipedia's basic principles. As researchers noted in 2021. After 2014, articles on the history of Crimea in Ukrainian Wikipedia became more independent and original in terms of sources, while articles in Russian, due to a greater number of views, had a greater impact on the audience.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: [Wikipedia-l] new language wikis ]. Jason . Richey . 29 February 2016 . 11 May 2001 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160106094154/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-May/000116.html . 6 January 2016 . live.
  2. https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ru.wikipedia.org Monthly overview
  3. [meta:List of Wikipedias#All Wikipedias ordered by number of articles|All Wikipedias ordered by number of articles]
  4. [List of Wikipedias#List|List of Wikipedias given in decadic logarithm]
  5. Stukal . Denis . Sanovich . Sergey . Bonneau . Richard . Tucker . Joshua A. . February 2022 . Why Botter: How Pro-Government Bots Fight Opposition in Russia . . . . 116 . 1 . 843–857 . 10.1017/S0003055421001507 . free . 1537-5943 . 08009025 . 805068983 . 247038589 . 10 March 2022.
  6. Cole . Samantha . 1 March 2022 . Russia Threatens to Block Wikipedia for Stating Facts About Its War Casualties, Editors Say . live . . . . 1077-6788 . 30856250 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220302065323/https://www.vice.com/en/article/bvnpq5/russia-threatens-to-block-wikipedia-for-stating-facts-about-its-war-casualties-editors-say . 2 March 2022 . 2 March 2022.
  7. ru:WP:Arbitration Committee
  8. ru:WP:Administrators (rus)
  9. [:ru:Служебная:Mostlinkedcategories|Most linked categories]
  10. News: Википедия – знакомая и неизвестная. Усыскин. Лев. 5 June 2015. Гефтер. 7 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150919155712/http://gefter.ru/archive/15359. 19 September 2015. live.
  11. Web site: Elder . Jeff . 8 March 2022 . Russia's Wikipedia volunteers risk their freedom for truth . 16 July 2022 . . en.
  12. Web site: 19 January 2023 . Вторжение России на Украину (с 2022): история изменений . 25 February 2023 . Russian Wikipedia . ru . 19 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230119092602/https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_(%D1%81_2022)&action=history . bot: unknown .
  13. Web site: Базовая статья. 25 March 2015.
  14. http://nom.premiaruneta.ru/2009/site/approved/#3 Номинанты Премии Рунета — 2009. Интернет-проекты
  15. News: Русский раздел Википедии преодолел рубеж в 1 миллион статей. 11 May 2013. cit.ua. Сервисные интернет технологии. 12 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20140706105750/http://cit.ua/article/27310/. 6 July 2014. live.
  16. Web site: Русскоязычный раздел Википедии преодолел рубеж в 1 500 000 статей . RosKomSvoboda . ru . 1 October 2018 . 2 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215240/https://roskomsvoboda.org/42084/ . 2 October 2018 . live.
  17. News: http://www.lenta.ru/news2/2007/09/04/wikipedia/index.htm. ru:В русской Википедии появилась 200-тысячная статья. 4 September 2007. Lenta.ru. ru. 16 March 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100208020858/http://lenta.ru/news2/2007/09/04/wikipedia/index.htm. 8 February 2010.
  18. Web site: Номинанты и Лауреаты 2010 года. Премии Рунета. 25 November 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110827031323/http://www.premiaruneta.ru/laureates/2010/. 27 August 2011. live.
  19. News: http://lenta.ru/news/2005/08/29/premia/_Printed.htm. ru:Главная премия российского интернета стала государственной. 29 August 2005. Lenta.ru. ru. 15 March 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110612011913/http://lenta.ru/news/2005/08/29/premia/_Printed.htm. 12 June 2011. live.
  20. Web site: Забастовка Википедии на русском языке. 10 July 2012. 10 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120711231309/http://ru.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5. 11 July 2012. live.
  21. News: Russian Wikipedia goes dark in protest at censor law. 10 July 2012. BBC News. 10 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120710191520/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18781869. 10 July 2012. live.
  22. News: Wikipedia down in protest in Russia. 10 July 2012. Euronews. 10 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120712171605/http://www.euronews.com/2012/07/10/wikipedia-down-in-protest-in-russia/. 12 July 2012. live.
  23. Web site: Николай Никифоров. 25 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150324100532/https://twitter.com/nnikiforov. 24 March 2015. live.
  24. Web site: Republic.ru . ru:Елена Мизулина: Википедия – прикрытие педофильского лобби. Доброхотов. Роман. Никита Лашук. Маргарита Белодедова. 10 July 2012. Slon.ru. ru. 12 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120712121513/http://slon.ru/russia/elena_mizulina_vikipediya_prikrytie_pedofilskogo_lobbi-809860.xhtml. 12 July 2012. live.
  25. Web site: Knowledge is power: Why is the Russian government editing Wikipedia?. 17 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142833/http://www.calvertjournal.com/opinion/show/2967/wikipedia-russian-government-edits. 12 June 2018. live.
  26. News: Russia May Block Wikipedia Access Over Narcotics Article. RIA Novosti. 8 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130410031251/http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130405/180469665.html. 10 April 2013. live.
  27. News: Russian media regulator confirms Wikipedia blacklisted. Russia Beyond the Headlines. 5 April 2013. 8 April 2013. 7 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211007080431/https://www.rbth.com/news/2013/04/05/russian_media_regulator_confirms_wikipedia_blacklisted_24706.html. dead.
  28. News: Russians Selectively Blocking Internet. Andrew E. Kramer. The New York Times. 31 March 2013. 8 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130404004908/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/01/technology/russia-begins-selectively-blocking-internet-content.html?_r=0. 4 April 2013. live.
  29. Web site: A Tweetbot Caught the Russian Gov't Editing Flight MH17 Wikipedia Info. Robert. Sorokanich. 18 July 2014 . 3 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161115045613/http://gizmodo.com/a-tweetbot-caught-the-russian-govt-editing-flight-mh17-1607483459. 15 November 2016. live.
  30. News: Dewey. Caitlin. Flight MH17's Wikipedia page edited by Russian government; An IP address associated with Vladimir Putin's office has made multiple edits to the Wikipedia page for the MH17 flight page. Toronto Star. The Washington Post. 21 July 2014. 10 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141246/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2014/07/21/flight_mh17s_wikipedia_page_edited_from_ip_address_associated_with_putins_office.html. 12 June 2018. live.
  31. News: Zeveleva. Olga. Knowledge is power: why is the Russian government editing Wikipedia?. The Calvert Journal. 6 August 2014. 3 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161118071700/http://calvertjournal.com/comment/show/2967/wikipedia-russian-government-edits. 18 November 2016. live.
  32. https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/08/25/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-wikipedia-ban.html Russia Cancels Short-Lived Wikipedia Ban
  33. Web site: Vladimir Putin Calls for 'Reliable' Russian Version of Wikipedia. The Guardian. AFP. 5 November 2019. 5 November 2019.
  34. News: Bennetts. Marc. Kremlin drops plans for state-approved Wikipedia. The Times. 15 May 2020. 15 May 2020.
  35. Web site: Власти России отказались от идеи создавать аналог "Википедии" за два миллиарда рублей . ru . . 13 May 2020 . 16 May 2020.
  36. News: Times . The Moscow . Wikimedia Russia Shuts Down Amid 'Foreign Agent' Threats . 20 December 2023 . . 19 December 2023 . en.
  37. Web site: Runiversalis, un Wikipédia russe, approuvé par l'État . 25 August 2022 . ActuaLitté.com . fr-FR. Barbara . Fasseur.
  38. News: Elder . Jeff . Russia's Wikipedia volunteers risk their freedom for truth . . 8 March 2022.
  39. News: 1 March 2022 . Moscow threatens to block Russian-language Wikipedia over invasion article . National Post . live . 2 March 2022 . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/crime-pmn/moscow-threatens-to-block-russian-language-wikipedia-over-invasion-article . 1 March 2022.
  40. Web site: В Беларуси задержали Марка Бернштейна — активиста и популяризатора интернет-энциклопедии Wikipedia.org . ru . . 11 March 2022 . 11 March 2022.
  41. Web site: Wiki-активист Марк Бернштейн задержан за "антироссийские материалы" . ru . reform.by . 11 March 2022 . 11 March 2022.
  42. Web site: Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus . 12 March 2022 .
  43. News: 1 November 2022 . Russia fines Wikimedia Foundation over Ukraine war entries . Reuters . 1 November 2022.
  44. News: Russian court fines Wikipedia over military 'misinformation' . Reuters . 1 March 2023 . 7 March 2023.
  45. Web site: Bajak . Frank . 14 April 2023 . Russian court fines Wikipedia for article about Ukraine war . 14 April 2023 . Associated Press.
  46. News: "Это идеологический, политизированный продукт". Глава СПЧ призвал заблокировать "Википедию" в России . . 4 April 2023 . ru.
  47. Web site: Запуск проекта Рувики. Ruviki project launches . Habr. 24 May 2023.