Rumford Medal Explained

Rumford Medal should not be confused with Rumford Prize.

Rumford Medal
Awarded For:"outstanding contributions in the field of physics"[1]
Presenter:Royal Society

The Rumford Medal is an award bestowed by the Royal Society for "outstanding contributions in the field of physics". The award is named in honour of British scientist Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, who is noted for his works on thermodynamics and for establishing the Royal Institution. The award was created in 1796 after Thompson transferred £1,000 to the Royal Society in stocks, instructing the latter to grant the awardee the fund's interest as a premium. Thompson was awarded the inaugural award in 1800.[2]

The award initially consisted of two medals, one each in silver and gold, struck in the same die.[3] This was later replaced with a single medal made of silver gilt. The medal is awarded with a cash prize of £2,000.[4] British painter Robert Smirke created the original design of the medal. The diameter of the medal is 3 inches (7.62 cm). The obverse featured a tripod altar with a flame upon it, circumscribed by a Latin inscription from Lucretius' poem De rerum natura "Noscere quae vis et causa". The reverse had the Latin inscription "Proemium optime merenti ex instituto Benj. a Rumford, S.R.I. Comitis: adjudicatum a Reg. Soc. Lond." surrounded by an ornamental border of leaves.[5] This design was discontinued in 1863. As of 2024, the obverse of the medal has a portrait of Thompson, surrounded by the Latin inscription "Beniamin Ab Rvmford S. Rom. Imp. Comes Institvit" ("Benjamin Rumford, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, founded this"), with the Roman numeral MDCCXCVI (1796) on the exergue. The reverse has the Latin inscription "Optime In Lvcis Caloqisqve Natvra Exqvirena Merenti Adivdicat Soc: Reg: Lond." ("The Royal Society of London awards this to one outstandingly deserving in investigating the nature of light and heat") inscribed within a wreath of oak and laurel leaves bound with ribbons.[6] [7]

All citizens or residents of the Commonwealth of Nations or the Republic of Ireland for more than three years are eligible for the medal. Candidates for the medal are selected by the Royal Society Council on the recommendations of the Physical Sciences Awards Committee. Ten times during the early 19th century, no medals were awarded due to the unavailability of suitable candidates or political considerations of the Royal Society Council.[8]

Since its inception, the medal has been granted to 107 scientists. It has been awarded to citizens of the United Kingdom sixty-six times, France fourteen times, Germany seven times, the Netherlands seven times, Sweden four times, the United States thrice, Italy twice, Hungary twice, and once each to citizens of Australia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Mexico and New Zealand. The medal has been awarded to multiple individuals twice: in 1896, to Philipp Lenard and Wilhelm Röntgen and in 1918, to Charles Fabry and Alfred Perot. From 1800 to 2018, the medal was awarded biennially; since then it has been awarded annually. The most recent recipient is British engineer and academic Polina Bayvel, who received it in 2023. Bayvel is also the only female recipient.

List of recipients

Year !scope=col class="unsortable"
Portrait scope=col width=220px Name scope=col width=140px class="unsortable" Nationality scope=col width=920px class="unsortable" Rationale scope=col width=2px class="unsortable" Notes
scope=row 1800 British"For his various Discoveries respecting Heat and Light"[9] [10]
scope=row 1802 No award
scope=row 1804 British "For his Experiments on Heat, published in his Work, entitled an Experimental Inquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat."[11] [12]
scope=row 1806No award
scope=row 1808 British "For his publication of the employment of Gas from Coal, for the purpose of illumination"[13]
scope=row 1810 French "For his discoveries of certain new Properties of Reflected Light, published in the Second Volume of the Mémoires d'Arcueil"[14] [15]
scope=row 1812 No award
scope=row 1814 — British "For his Essay on Dew, published in the course of the preceding (1815) year"[16] [17]
scope=row 1816 British "For his Papers on Combustion and Flame, published in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions"[18] [19]
scope=row 1818 British"For his Discoveries relating to the Polarisation of Light"[20] [21]
scope=row 1820 No award
scope=row 1822 No award
scope=row 1824 French"For his development of the undulatory theory as applied to the phenomena of polarized light, and for his various important discoveries in Physical Optics"[22] [23]
scope=row 1826 No award
scope=row 1828 No award
scope=row 1830 No award
scope=row 1832 British"For his paper, entitled, 'Further Experiments with a new Register Pyrometer, for measuring the Expansion of Solids,' published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1831"[24] [25]
scope=row 1834 Italian "For his discoveries relevant to radiant heat"[26] [27]
scope=row 1836 No award
scope=row 1838 British "For his 'Experiments on the Polarization of Heat,' published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh"[28] [29]
scope=row 1840 French "For his researches in, and connected with, the circular Polarization of Light"[30] [31]
scope=row 1842 British"For his discoveries and improvements in photography"[32] [33]
scope=row 1844 No award
scope=row 1846 British "For his discovery of the Optical Phenomena developed by the action of Magnets and Electric Currents in certain Transparent Media, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1846"[34] [35]
scope=row 1848 French "For his 'Experiments to determine the Laws and the numerical data which enter into the calculation of Steam-Engines[36]
scope=row 1850 French "For his 'Experimental Investigations on Polarized Light,' the concluding memoirs on which were communicated to the Academy of Sciences of Paris during the last two years"[37]
scope=row 1852 British "For his 'Discovery of the Change in the Refrangibility of Light[38] [39]
scope=row 1854 British "For the successful construction of a new smoke-consuming and fuel-saving fire-grate, described in the Journal of the Society of Arts of May 12, 1854"[40]
scope=row 1856 French "For his discovery of the nature of racemic acid, and its relations to polarized light, and for the researches to which he was led by that discovery"[41]
scope=row 1858 French "For his various Experimental Researches on Light"[42] [43]
scope=row 1860 British "For his Researches on the Composition of Colours, and other Optical papers"[44] [45]
scope=row 1862 German "For his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum, and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light"[46]
scope=row 1864 British "For his researches on the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours"[47]
scope=row 1866 French "For his Optical Researches, and especially for his investigations into the Effect of Heat on the Refractive Power of Transparent Bodies"[48]
scope=row 1868 British "For his researches on the qualitative as well as quantitative relation between the emissive and absorptive powers of bodies for heat and light, published originally in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, and now made more generally accessible by the publication in 1866 of his treatise on heat"
scope=row 1870 French "For his researches in Mineralogical Optics"[49] [50]
scope=row 1872 Swedish "For his Researches on Spectral Analysis"[51]
scope=row 1874 British "For his spectroscopic researches on the sun and on the chemical elements"[52]
scope=row 1876 French "For his numerous & important researches in the radiation and absorption of light, carried on chiefly by means of the spectroscope"[53] [54]
scope=row 1878 French"For his various optical researches, and especially for his recent re-determination of the velocity of propagation of light"[55]
scope=row 1880 British "For his important researches in astronomical spectroscopy, and especially for his determination of the radial component of the proper motions of stars"[56]
scope=row 1882 British "For his Photographic Researches and his discovery of the method of photographing the less refrangible part of the spectrum, especially the infra-red region; also for his Researches on the absorption of various compound bodies in this part of the spectrum"[57]
scope=row 1884 Swedish "For his spectroscopic researches"[58]
scope=row 1886 American "For his researches on the spectrum by means of the Bolometer"[59]
scope=row 1888 Italian"For important and long-continued investigations, which have largely advanced our knowledge of the physics of the sun"[60] [61]
scope=row 1890 German"For his work in electro-magnetic radiation"[62]
scope=row 1892 Swedish"For his Spectroscopic Researches on Stars" [63]
scope=row 1894 British "For his researches on the properties of matter at extremely low temperatures"[64] [65]
scope=rowgroup rowspan="2" 1896 Hungarian "For their investigation of the phenomena produced outside a highly exhausted vacuum tube through which electrical discharge is taking place"[66] [67]
German
scope=row 1898 British "For his researches in radiation and in the relations between matter and ether"[68]
scope=row 1900 French "For his discoveries in radiation proceeding from Uranium"[69]
scope=row 1902 British "For his success in the application of the steam turbine to industrial purposes, and for its recent extension to navigation"[70] [71]
scope=row 1904 New Zealander "For his researches on radio-activity, particularly for his discovery of the existence and properties of the gaseous emanations from radio-active bodies"[72] [73]
scope=row 1906 British"For his experimental work on heat"[74]
scope=row 1908 Dutch "On the ground of his investigations in optical and electrical science"[75]
scope=row 1910 — German "For his researches on radiation, especially of long wave-length"[76]
scope=row 1912 Dutch "For his researches at low temperatures"[77] [78]
scope=row 1914 British "For his numerous researches in optics"[79]
scope=row 1916 British "For his researches in X-ray radiation"[80]
scope=rowgroup rowspan="2" 1918 French "For their contributions to optics"[81]
scope=row 1920 British "For his researches into the properties of gases at high vacua"[82]
scope=row 1922 Dutch "For his researches in optics"[83]
scope=row 1924 British "For his invention of the gas calorimeter"[84]
scope=row 1926 British "For his services to physical science, especially in the subjects of optics and terrestrial magnetism"[85]
scope=row 1928 German"For his contributions to the knowledge of spectra"[86]
scope=row 1930 Dutch"For his work relating to specific heats and X-ray spectroscopy"[87]
scope=row 1932 German "For the outstanding importance of his work in physical chemistry, especially in the application of thermodynamics to chemical reactions"[88] [89]
scope=row 1934 Dutch "For his researches on the properties of bodies at low temperatures, and in particular, for his recent work on cooling by the use of adiabatic demagnetisation"[90]
scope=row 1936 — British "For his researches on the use of polarized light for investigating directly the stresses in transparent models of engineering structures"[91]
scope=row 1938 American"In recognition of his distinguished work and discoveries in many branches of physical optics"[92]
scope=row 1940 Swedish"For his pioneer work in high precision X-ray spectroscopy and its applications"[93]
scope=row 1942 — British"For his outstanding work on the physics of the upper air and its application to meteorology"[94]
scope=row 1944 British"In recognition of his important contributions to research on the internal combustion engine, which have greatly influenced the development of the various types"[95]
scope=row 1946 — British"For his leading part in the application of modern physical chemistry to many technological problems of pressing importance"[96]
scope=row 1948 British"For his outstanding contributions to the attainment of low temperatures and to the study of the properties of substances at temperatures near the absolute zero"[97] [98]
scope=row 1950 British"For his pioneering contributions to the jet propulsion of aircraft"[99]
scope=row 1952 Dutch "For his outstanding work in the development of phase-contrast microscopy"[100] [101]
scope=row 1954 — British"For his distinguished contributions to the technique for the production of high vacua and to the development of the reflecting microscope"[102] [103]
scope=row 1956 — Australian "For his distinguished work on the nature of friction"[104]
scope=row 1958 — British"For his distinguished researches in spectroscopy and optics"[105] [106]
scope=row 1960 British "For his distinguished work in the field of molecular spectroscopy and particularly its application to the study of flame phenomena"[107]
scope=row 1962 — British"For his distinguished contributions to chemical engineering"[108] [109]
scope=row 1964 Dutch "For his distinguished work on the scattering processes in the interplanetary medium and his prediction of the 21 cm spectral line from interstellar neutral hydrogen"[110]
scope=row 1966 British "In recognition of his distinguished and paramount personal contribution to the establishment of economic nuclear energy in Great Britain"[111] [112]
scope=row 1968 Hungarian British"For his contributions to optics, especially by establishing the principles of holography"[113] [114]
scope=row 1970 — British "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering and of his leadership of engineering design teams in the chemical and atomic energy industries and in electricity generation"[115]
scope=row 1972 — British"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to meteorology, particularly the physics of clouds"[116] [117]
scope=row 1974 — British"In recognition of his contributions to physical metallurgy and particularly in extending knowledge of the role of dislocation in the fracture of metals"[118]
scope=row 1976 Belgian "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the theory of irreversible thermodynamics"[119] [120]
scope=row 1978 British "In recognition of his distinguished studies of very fast chemical reactions by flash photolysis"[121] [122]
scope=row 1980 — British "In recognition of his discovery of the quantum of circulation in superfluid helium and his development of new techniques for precise measurements within liquid helium"[123] [124]
scope=row 1982 — British"In recognition of his unique contribution to the design of optical instruments ranging from large telescopes to bubble-chamber optics"[125]
scope=row 1984 — British "In recognition of his many contributions to the theory and design of optical instruments, especially of a wide variety of important new medical instruments which have made a major contribution to clinical diagnosis and surgery"[126]
scope=row 1986 — British "In recognition of his contributions to scientific developments in the gas industry"[127] [128]
scope=row 1988 — British "In recognition of his pioneering work on optical diagnostics and electrical aspects of combustion and his fundamental studies of flame problems associated with jet engines and furnaces"[129] [130]
scope=row 1990 — British "For discovering and applying techniques for depositing and characterising thin films of high quality amorphous silicon and for demonstrating that these can be doped to give useful electronic devices, such as cost-effective solar cells and large arrays of thin film transistors, now used in commercial, flat-panel, LCD colour TV screens"[131] [132]
scope=row 1992 — British "In recognition of his wide-ranging and imaginative contributions to applied mathematics and statistical physics, especially in the physical properties of liquids and the development of the Temperley-Lieb algebra"[133] [134]
scope=row 1994 — British "In recognition of his contributions to polymer science, in particular his elucidation of the basis of polymeric crystallization, a fundamental ingredient in many materials, to methods of making strong fibres and to the understanding of polymer solutions which underlie this technology"[135]
scope=row 1996 — British "In recognition of his work on the 40Ar/39Ar method of dating developing this technique to a sophisticated level and one which is widely used for dating extraterrestrial and terrestrial rocks"[136] [137]
scope=row 1998 British "In recognition of his leading research in the development of polymer-based electronics and optoelectronics leading to a very rapid growth of development activities aimed at plastic electronic displays, with advantages of very low cost, flexibility, and the option of curved or flat surfaces"[138]
scope=row 2000 — British "In recognition of his research on ultra-short pulse laser science and technology." [139] [140]
scope=row 2002 British "For outstanding contributions to our fundamental understanding of the structure and dynamics of reaction processes on solid surfaces"[141] [142]
scope=row 2004 — British "In recognition of his many contributions to molecular spectroscopy and to the dynamics of molecular photodissociation"[143] [144]
scope=row 2006 — Luxembourger "For his pioneering work on molten salts and dense plasmas that has led the way to a quantitative understanding of the structure and dynamics of strongly correlated ionic liquids"[145] [146]
scope=row 2008 — British "For his extensive and highly innovative work in ultra-cold matter"[147] [148]
scope=row 2010 — British "For his outstanding work into novel types of quantum matter using innovative instrumentation and techniques"[149]
scope=row 2012 British "For his outstanding contributions to tunable ultrafast lasers and nonlinear fibre optics, including fibre Raman, soliton and supercontinuum laser sources, which translated fundamental discoveries to practical technology" [150] [151]
scope=row 2014 British "For his outstanding creativity in nanophotonics, investigating many ingenious nanostructures, both artificial and natural to support novel plasmonic phenomena relevant to Raman spectroscopy, solar cell performance and meta-materials applications."[152] [153]
scope=row 2016 — German British"For his pioneering work in active nano-plasmonics and optical metamaterials with quantum gain."[154] [155]
scope=row 2018 — British "For pioneering work in the quantum control of light and matter on ultrashort timescales, especially the invention and application of new techniques for characterization of quantum and classical light fields."[156] [157]
scope=row 2019 British"For world leading research on optical orbital momentum including an angular form of the Einstein-Padolsky-Rosen paradox"[158] [159]
scope=row 2020 British"For his development of optical atomic clocks of exquisite precision, of ultra-stable lasers and of frequency standards for fundamental physics, quantum information processing, space science, satellite navigation and Earth observation."[160] [161]
scope=row 2021 Mexican British"For revealing via elaborate computer simulations, how small fluctuations in the early universe develop into today’s galaxies."[162] [163]
scope=row 2022 American "For his wide-ranging contributions to atmospheric physics, employing fundamental principles of physics to elucidate phenomena across the spectrum of planetary atmospheres."[164] [165]
scope=row 2023 British "For pioneering contributions to the fundamental physics and nonlinear optics, enabling the realisation of high capacity, broad bandwidth, multi-wavelength, optical communication systems that have underpinned the information technology revolution."[166] [167]

See also

Notes and References

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  2. Lange . Erwin F. . Buyers . Ray F. . August 1955 . Medals of the Royal Society of London . live . . . 81 . 2 . 86 . 1955SciMo..81...85L . 21857 . subscription . https://web.archive.org/web/20220209175326/https://www.jstor.org/stable/21857 . 9 February 2022 . 19 June 2024 . JSTOR.
  3. Simmonds . P. L. . 9 July 1875 . Notes on medals and societies granting medals . The Journal of the Society of Arts . 23 . 1181 . 747 . 41335075 . 19 June 2024 . . free.
  4. Web site: Rumford Medal . 19 June 2024 . . 4 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240304051302/https://royalsociety.org/medals-and-prizes/rumford-medal/ . live .
  5. Book: Weld, Charles Richard . Charles Richard Weld . A History of the Royal Society – With Memoirs of the Presidents . 2011 . 9780511920479 . 218–220 . 10.1017/CBO9780511920479 . 19 June 2024.
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  9. 2004. Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed). 27 January 2009. 10.1093/ref:odnb/27255.
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  70. Royal Society . 2 December 1902 . 6 . 36940.
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  86. 10 November 1928 . News and Views . live . . 122 . 3080 . 738–743 . 1928Natur.122R.738. . 10.1038/122738b0 . 1476-4687 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116205143/https://www.nature.com/articles/122738b0.pdf . 16 November 2023 . 7 June 2024 . free.
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