Rudy Clay (politician) explained

Rudy Clay
Office:19th Mayor of Gary, Indiana
Term Start:April 7, 2006
Term End:January 1, 2012
Predecessor:Dozier Allen Jr.
Successor:Karen Freeman-Wilson
Office2:Member of the Lake County, Indiana Commission from the 1st district
Term Start2:December 12, 1986
Term End2:April 7, 2006
Predecessor2:N. Atterson Spann Jr.
Successor2:Roosevelt Allen Jr.
Office3:Lake County, Indiana Recorder
Term Start3:January 1, 1985[1]
Term End3:1987
Predecessor3:William Bielski Jr.
Successor3:Richard Blastick
Office4:Member of the Lake County, Indiana Council from the 4th district
Predecessor4:Frank Perry
Term Start4:1978
Term End4:December 30, 1984
State Senate5:Indiana
State5:Indiana
District5:3rd
Term Start5:1973
Term End5:1977
Predecessor5:John Franklin Shawley
Successor5:Katie Hall
Birth Date:16 July 1935
Birth Place:Hillsboro, Alabama, U.S.
Death Place:Gary, Indiana, U.S.
Spouse:Christine Swan
Children:1
Party:Democratic
Serviceyears:1959–1961

Rudolph M. Clay Sr. (July 16, 1935June 4, 2013) was an American activist and politician who was active in Indiana politics as a member of the Democratic Party. Clay was first active in politics with his election to the Indiana Senate from the 3rd district, then served in local politics in Lake County, Indiana, and served as the 19th Mayor of Gary, Indiana. He was the first black person elected to the state senate from Lake County and the first black person elected countywide in Lake County.

Clay was born in Hillsboro, Alabama, and raised by his aunts following the death of his mother. He was educated at Roosevelt High School and Indiana University Bloomington. He served in the United States Army for two years as a Chaplain Assistant. He was active in the Civil rights movement, worked for a civil rights organization in Gary, Indiana, and was awarded by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

Clay entered electoral politics with his election to the state senate where he served one term before he was defeated in the Democratic primary by Representative Katie Hall. Following his tenure in the state senate he served as a councilor, recorder, and commissioner in Lake County. He survived an assassination attempt after his election to the county commission. He was elected as mayor of Gary following the resignation of Mayor Scott L. King and served until 2012. He died in 2013.

Early life

Rudolph Clay Sr. was born in Hillsboro, Alabama, on July 16, 1935, to Willie and Maxie Clay. Following the death of his mother he was raised by his aunts Lucy Hunter and Daisy Washington. He graduated from Roosevelt High School in 1953, and attended Indiana University Bloomington. He married Christine Swan, with whom he had one child, in 1957. Clay was drafted into the United States Army in 1959, and served until he was honorably discharged in 1961. During his service in the army he mainly worked as a Chaplain Assistant.[2] [3]

Career

Civil rights

Clay was involved in the Civil rights movement and participated in marches led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. during the 1960s. He was award the Operation Breadbasket Outstanding Activist Award by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1970. He worked as the public relations director for the United Viscounts, a civil rights organization in Gary, Indiana.[4] [5]

Indiana Senate

Elections

Clay ran for the Democratic nomination for a seat in the Indiana Senate from the 3rd district in 1972. He won in the primary against seven other candidates and defeated Republican nominee Fredrick Wood. He was the first black person to represent Lake County, Indiana in the state senate.[6] [7] [8]

Clay ran for reelection to the state senate in the 1976 election, but was defeated in the Democratic primary by Representative Katie Hall. Clay was one of four incumbent Democratic members of the state senate to lose renomination.[9] [10] Clay filed lawsuit for a recount, but the recount maintained Hall's victory.[11] [12] Hall won in the general election without opposition.[13]

Tenure

During Clay's tenure he was the ranking minority member of the Public Health committee. He also served on the Affairs of Lake County, Legislative Apportionment, and Natural Resources, Ecology and Agriculture committees.[14] [15]

Clay and Representatives Jewell Harris and Robert Freeland, who were all black, boycotted a dinner at The Columbia Club that they were invited to as the club refused membership to black people. The Indiana NAACP gave support to the boycott.[16]

During a riot in 1973, at the Indiana State Prison, where prisoners took control of three cellblocks and held three officers hostage, Clay offered to work as an intermediary in the negotiations.[17] One of the officers was let go after the prisoners talked to Clay and the riot ended after thirty-five hours.[18] The prisoners met a delegation consisting of reporters, Clay, and Representative Robert DuComb.[19]

Local politics

In 1978, Clay filed to run for a seat on the Lake County, Indiana council from the 4th district. He defeated incumbent Councilor Frank Perry in the Democratic primary and won in the general election without opposition.[20] [21] [22] [23] He won reelection against Republican nominee Joseph Stojakovich in the 1982 election.[24] During his tenure on the council Clay served as president.[25]

On January 6, 1984, Clay announced that he would run for the Democratic nomination for Lake County Recorder to succeed William Bielski Jr., who was term-limited.[26] He won the Democratic nomination against ten other candidates which included Johnny McWilliams, who had the support of Gary Mayor Richard G. Hatcher, Leonard Bielski, the brother of the incumbent recorder, and Mathias A. Kerger, a former member of the state senate.[27] [28] He defeated Republican nominee Alan L. Banister in the general election.[29] He was the first black person elected countywide in Lake County.[30] He resigned from the county council on December 30, 1984, to become county recorder.[31]

County Commission

Elections

In 1986, Clay ran for a seat on the Lake County Commission from the 1st district, defeated incumbent Commissioner N. Atterson Spann Jr. and four other candidates in the Democratic primary, and defeated Republican nominee Fredrick Congress general election.[32] [33] [34] Richard Blastick succeeded Clay as county recorder.[35]

On October 10, 1989, Clay announced that he would run for reelection to the county commission and won in the 1990 election.[36] [37] Clay defeated Gerald Hayes and Velia Taneff in the 1994 Democratic primary and faced no opposition in the general election.[38] [39]

During the 1998 election Clay successfully sued to have Carlos Clay removed from the Democratic primary ballot stating that Carlos was meant to mislead voters.[40] [41] Clay was endorsed by five of the six Democratic district captains in Gary, but Morris Carter and Robert Freeland accused him of using patronage to gain those endorsements.[42] He defeated Carter, Freeland, Lyndell Vanzant, and Jasinto Carter in the primary.[43] [44] [45]

Suzette Raggs, the deputy mayor of Gary, ran against Clay in the 2002 Democratic primary with the support of Mayor Scott L. King.[46] On March 8, Clay filed to have Epifanio Marrero removed from the primary ballot stating that Marrero lived in Porter County and a court ruled in Clay's favor on May 2.[47] Clay defeated Raggs, Daniel Spolijoric, and Tony Walker in the primary and Republican nominee Charles Kirkland in the general election.[48] [49]

Tenure

During Clay's tenure as commissioner he was called a "traitor to the Democratic Party" by Representative Paul Hric for replacing county workers who were members of the Democratic Party with members of the Republican Party.[50] Clay voted to make Ernest Niemeyer, a Republican, president of the county commission in 1994.[51] Clay served as president and vice president of the commission multiple times.[52] [53]

On December 8, 1986, an assassination attempt was made against Clay when a sniper shot him three times in the shoulder and lower back after waiting outside his home. Two men were reported to have been involved in the attempted assassination. On December 12, he was sworn in on to the county commission earlier than the normal date so that Spann Jr., who would take over if Clay died, would not take over.[54] [55] Later an attack was made against Lake County Councilman Andrew Smith when two shotgun blasts were fired into Smith's home and Smith believed that the attack was related to the assassination attempt against Clay.[56]

Payphones owned by RCD Pay Phones were installed in Gary's courthouse. In 1998, Richard Dunne, the owner of RCD, said that the deal was created at a secret meeting between Clay, Clay's business associate Maggie Taylor, and RCD executives in 1996. Dunne also said that he was required to give $1,000 to Clay on November 26, 1996. The contracts were invalid as they only had the signature of one commissioner, Clay, instead of the two required.[57] [58] Clay denied the allegations and U.S. Attorney Jon DeGuilio requested the FBI to investigate.[59] Taylor admitted that she accepted $2,100 to make the contracts.[60] Dunne later recanted his allegations.[61]

Democratic politics

During the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries Clay ran as a delegate for Jesse Jackson despite attempts made by former Mayor Hatch and Jackson's presidential campaign to prevent them from appearing on the ballot.[62] Clay won election as a delegate, but the Democratic National Committee's credentials committee selected Hatcher, who was the vice-chair of Jackson's campaign, to go to the convention instead of Clay while Barnes was sent to the convention instead of the Jackson-supported Carlos Tolliver.[63] [64] However, another decision was made where Barnes, Clay, Hatcher, and Tolliver would all attend the convention with half-voting power.[65]

Clay was an elector for Al Gore during the 2000 presidential election.[66] He endorsed Barack Obama during the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, campaigned for him in South Carolina,[67] and served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention.[68] Clay called for Obama to select U.S. Senator Evan Bayh as his running mate.[69]

Clay ran to serve as chair of the Gary Democratic Precinct Organization and won on March 13, 1993, after defeating incumbent chair Richard Comer, who also served as Deputy Mayor.[70] [71] [72] He was reelected in 1997.[73] Stephen Stiglich, the chair of the Lake County Democratic Party since 1997, sought reelection in 2005, but the Democratic State Central Committee voted to make Clay chair on April 19.[74] [75] King, who supported Stiglich, left the Democratic Party and became an independent after Clay's selection.[76] During the 2007 mayoral election Karen Freeman-Wilson requested Dan Parker, chair of the Indiana Democratic Party, to suspend Clay's chairmanship, but Parker said that he did not have that power and Clay refused to step down.[77] Clay ran for reelection as chair, but was defeated by Thomas McDermott Jr. on March 7, 2009.[78]

Mayor

Clay supported Vernon Smith during the 2000 mayoral election.[79] Clay was a candidate in the 2003 mayoral election, but withdrew from the election.[80] He stated that there were too many candidates in the race and that the divided opposition would allow King to win renomination.[81] King won reelection.[82]

King resigned on March 23, 2006, and deputy mayor Dozier Allen Jr. replaced him as acting mayor. A Democratic caucus was held to select a person to serve the remainder of King's term. Clay announced his campaign on March 27, and defeated Allen and John Hall.[83] [84] [85] Clay continued running for reelection in the concurrent commissioner election as he would have more influence over the selection of his replacement through a caucus selection.[86] Calumet Township board member Roosevelt Allen Jr. defeated Clay in the primary.[87] [88]

In 2007, Clay won the Democratic primary against multiple candidates, including Freeman-Wilson, and defeated Republican nominee Charles Smith Jr. and write-in candidate Eddie Tarver in the general election.[89] [90] Clay initially sought reelection in 2011, but withdrew on April 8, 2011, after being diagnosed with prostate cancer. He endorsed Freeman-Wilson although name remained on the Democratic primary ballot. Freeman-Wilson was elected to succeed him.[91] [92]

Morgan Quitno Press listed Gary as the tenth most dangerous city in the United States during Clay's tenure.[93] Clay served as head of the Gary Sanitary District.[94] He requested that Gary receive $400 million of the $5 billion allotted to Indiana by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.[95]

Death and legacy

Clay died on June 4, 2013, in Gary. In 2014, a section of U.S. Route 20 that went through Gary was renamed in honor of Clay.[96]

Political positions

Clay called for the United States House of Representatives to impeach President Richard Nixon in 1974.[97]

Clay wrote a letter to President Gerald Ford informing him of his opposition to Ford's raising food stamp prices and he introduced a resolution in the state senate calling for Congress to reject Ford's proposed increase.[98] [99]

Amendments

The state senate voted thirty-four to sixteen, with Clay in favor, against ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment in 1973.[100] In 1975, Clay introduced a resolution in the state senate calling for the United States Congress to pass an amendment to the United States Constitution to make the president elected through the popular vote instead of through the electoral college.[101]

Crime and legal

The state senate voted forty to nine, with Clay against, in favor of maintaining the death penalty.[102] In 1973, the state senate voted thirty-one to eighteen, with Clay against, in favor of legislation to allow local, county, and state police access to certain types of wire taps.[103] Clay asked for George Phend, the Superintendent of Indiana State Reformatory, to allow prisoners to kiss their wives citing results from the policy at the prison in Terre Haute, Indiana where it helped rehabilitation and lowered homosexuality.[104] [105] Clay opposed a resolution by Senator Marlin McDaniel which would have the state legislature be put on record as opposing amnesty for people involved in prison disturbances.[106] Clay attempted to ban gun shows in Lake County and the sale of guns on county property.[107]

Civil rights

Clay opposed desegregation busing.[108] Clay introduced legislation to recognize a state holiday in honor of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1974.[109]

Notes and References

  1. News: December 20, 1984 . Officials to take oath . 7 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115145814/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79364911/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  2. News: June 9, 2013 . Rudolph Clay Sr. obituary . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240110144826/https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/nwitimes/name/rudolph-clay-obituary?pid=165211746 . January 10, 2024.
  3. News: April 22, 1994 . The Candidates . B2 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240110145021/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138437777/ . January 10, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  4. News: November 2, 1965 . 'Beef' Session Scheduled . 3 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115150100/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79234085/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  5. News: January 26, 1969 . Gary Council Help Sought in Crisis . 28 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115150254/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79234088/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  6. News: February 23, 1972 . Candidate Filings Start Out Slowly . 5 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115150520/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79246052/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  7. News: May 3, 1972 . Stanish Loses Assembly Seat to Sen. Bainbridge . 24 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115150729/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79246428/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  8. News: November 8, 1972 . Vote Gives GOP Surprise In Senate Race Victories . 17 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115150823/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79246599/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  9. News: February 22, 1976 . Attorney Files For Judge Seat . 21 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115150926/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79361427/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  10. News: May 5, 1976 . Four Demo Senators Defeated In Primary . 17 . The Tribune . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115151110/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune/79361516/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  11. News: May 12, 1976 . Vote Count Suit Filed . 19 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115151325/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79361686/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  12. News: June 17, 1976 . Recount Has Same Winner . 35 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115151542/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79361707/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  13. News: November 3, 1976 . Parties Switch Assembly Control . 2 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115151727/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-republic/79361908/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  14. News: January 28, 1974 . Legislature '74 . 24 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115151914/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79359766/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  15. News: December 15, 1974 . Senators Selected . 92 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115152106/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79360121/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  16. News: February 9, 1973 . NAACP Backs Boycott of Columbia Club . 7 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115152254/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-star-press/79247189/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  17. News: September 3, 1973 . State Prison Inmates Hold Three . 1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115152403/https://www.newspapers.com/article/journal-and-courier/79358963/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  18. News: September 3, 1973 . State Prison Siege Ends . 1 . The Tribune . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115152547/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune/79359001/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  19. News: September 4, 1973 . Bowen . 9 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115152724/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-times/79359045/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  20. News: February 2, 1978 . Political Battles Emerge As Candidates File . 17 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115152847/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79362076/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  21. News: May 3, 1978 . Council Races Run True . 22 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115153030/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79362117/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  22. News: May 4, 1978 . Vote Count Continues . 18 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115153223/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79362153/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  23. News: November 8, 1978 . Demos Control Lake . 18 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115153357/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79362239/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  24. News: November 3, 1982 . Democrats hold Council . 13 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115153500/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79362751/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  25. News: September 7, 1979 . Relief Bond Bid Rapped . 2 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115153705/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79362359/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  26. News: January 8, 1984 . Clay a candidate . 25 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115153929/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79363267/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  27. News: May 25, 1984 . Hatcher-backed candidates are losing . 16 . The Herald . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115154127/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald/79358525/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  28. News: May 9, 1984 . Clay the winner . 16 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115154307/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79363384/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  29. News: November 7, 1984 . 1984 election results . 13 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115154357/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79363588/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  30. News: January 1, 1985 . Lake officials sworn in . 2 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115154526/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79364966/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  31. News: December 16, 1984 . Councilman to resign . 62 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115154616/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79364523/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  32. News: February 5, 1986 . Lake candidates file for office . 8 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115154809/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79365491/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  33. News: May 8, 1986 . Vote total completed . 1 . . . June 11, 2021 . June 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210611160403/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79365524/the-times/.
  34. News: November 5, 1986 . 1986 election results . 1 . . . June 11, 2021 . June 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210611160406/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79367732/the-times/.
  35. News: February 3, 1987 . Special council election set . 20 . . . June 16, 2021 . June 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195805/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79665211/the-times/.
  36. News: October 11, 1989 . Clay will run for second county term . 21 . . . June 16, 2021 . June 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201503/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79682197/the-times/.
  37. News: November 7, 1990 . Winners of county races in Indiana . 16 . . . June 16, 2021 . June 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195307/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79682602/the-indianapolis-news/.
  38. News: May 4, 1994 . Clay wins a chance at re-election . B3 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240110145736/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138438148/ . January 10, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  39. News: November 9, 1994 . Ryskamp tops Galambos for County Council seat . A3 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240110150637/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138438566/ . January 10, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  40. News: March 27, 1998 . Commissioner suing over look-alike foe . B1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112140005/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138570791/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  41. News: March 31, 1998 . Look-alike candidate removed from ballot . B1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112140130/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138570826/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  42. News: April 8, 1998 . Backing the boss . A1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112140640/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138571020/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  43. News: May 6, 1998 . Clay wins commissioner's race . A3 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112141350/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138571252/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  44. News: May 8, 1998 . Election Results 1998 . A8 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112141704/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138571369/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  45. News: November 6, 1998 . Election Results 1998 . A8 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112144937/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138572750/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  46. News: April 21, 2002 . Man versus machine for nomination . B1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113115127/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138634129/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  47. News: May 3, 2002 . Marrero removed from county ballot . B6 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113115547/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138634215/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  48. News: May 8, 2002 . Marrero removed from county ballot . A5 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113115945/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138634264/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  49. News: November 6, 2002 . Election 2002: Lake County Results . A2 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113120137/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138634320/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  50. News: January 4, 1987 . Hric calls Clay party 'traitor' . 2 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240110142644/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79664362/ . January 10, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  51. News: January 5, 1994 . Clay's vote makes Niemeyer top commissioner . B3 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240110142849/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138437005/ . January 10, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  52. News: January 6, 1994 . Clay, Niemeyer team up to head commissioners . B6 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240111080829/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138497411/ . January 11, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  53. News: August 16, 1995 . Katic elected president of county board . B5 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240111081920/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138497582/ . January 11, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  54. News: December 9, 1986 . Gunfire wounds Lake County official . 3 . The Daily Journal . . June 11, 2021 . June 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210611160401/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79368024/the-daily-journal/.
  55. News: December 12, 1986 . Rudy Clay sworn in early to keep Spann from staying on . 1 . . . June 11, 2021 . June 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210611160411/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79368323/the-times/.
  56. News: December 19, 1986 . Officials under attack . 1 . The Daily Journal . . June 11, 2021 . June 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210611160405/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79368554/the-daily-journal/.
  57. News: July 13, 1998 . Pay phones may stay put . A1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112142936/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138571833/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  58. News: July 12, 1998 . Phone execs: We paid Clay for contracts . A1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112143027/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138571915/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  59. News: July 22, 1998 . DeGuilio to FBI: Investigate Clay . A1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112143501/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138572045/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  60. News: August 4, 1998 . Clay ally: Vendor paid for deal . A1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112143913/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138572320/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  61. News: October 3, 1998 . Retraction . A1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112144536/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138572599/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  62. News: June 4, 1988 . Lake County men to stay on ballot for convention . 2 . . . June 16, 2021 . June 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195738/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79680165/the-indianapolis-star/.
  63. News: June 7, 1988 . Delegate battle in court again . 2 . . . June 16, 2021 . June 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201444/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79679048/the-republic/.
  64. News: June 23, 1988 . Rivals from Gary to attend convention, back Jackson . 7 . . . June 16, 2021 . June 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201330/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79680582/palladium-item/.
  65. News: June 26, 1988 . Jesse's Lake County delegate battle resolved . 16 . . . June 16, 2021 . June 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201327/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79680721/the-times/.
  66. News: December 3, 2000 . Vote . A8 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112222205/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138603034/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  67. News: January 17, 2008 . Clay to campaign for Obama in S.C. . A9 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114183933/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138708763/ . January 14, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  68. News: June 24, 2008 . Local Democrats will head to Denver . A4 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114195824/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138732950/ . January 14, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  69. News: July 17, 2008 . Mayor supports Bayh as Obama's running mate . A8 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115140247/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138787064/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  70. News: March 11, 1993 . Battle brewing over Gary Democratic precinct post . 14 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240110143136/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79686945/ . January 10, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  71. News: March 31, 1993 . Gary Dems will fill organization openings . 14 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240110143332/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79687069/ . January 10, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  72. News: April 8, 1993 . Pastrick may drop '2% club' . 24 . . . June 16, 2021 . June 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195430/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79687292/the-times/.
  73. News: March 25, 1997 . Gary Democrats choose Clay for four more years . B3 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240111084457/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138497949/ . January 11, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  74. News: April 10, 2005 . Democrat no-shows sink Stiglich's hopes . B8 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113131545/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138635900/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  75. News: April 20, 2005 . Clay Wins Vote . A1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113131724/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138635916/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  76. News: April 22, 2005 . King: Pastrick swayed vote for new chair . B9 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113132345/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138636098/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  77. News: March 15, 2007 . Lake County Democratic chairman refuses demand . A7 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114124141/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138707404/ . January 14, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  78. News: March 8, 2009 . Hammond mayor wins party's vote . C4 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115145246/https://www.newspapers.com/article/journal-and-courier/138789004/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  79. News: May 3, 1999 . Election . A7 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112215718/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138601260/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  80. News: December 29, 2011 . Clay plans for last days as Gary mayor . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113121006/https://www.wbez.org/stories/clay-plans-for-last-days-as-gary-mayor/88d848bf-dabd-49a6-8e5b-3a89be35372f . January 13, 2024.
  81. News: February 22, 2003 . Rudy Clay withdraws from Gary mayor's race . B4 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113125749/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138635433/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  82. News: November 5, 2003 . King wins in Gary by landslide . 6 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113130558/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138635638/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  83. News: March 24, 2006 . Race is on for next Gary mayor . A6 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113184127/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138636471/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  84. News: March 28, 2006 . Clay enters the fold for Gary mayor job . B5 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113184843/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138654298/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  85. News: April 5, 2006 . Dem chairman picked by 2-vote margin . A1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113185529/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138654925/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  86. News: April 6, 2006 . Clay still campaigning for commissioner's seat . B1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113192107/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138656959/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  87. News: January 16, 2006 . Lake Pols Prepare For May Primaries . A1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113192301/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138636475/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  88. News: May 3, 2006 . 2006 lake county results . A11 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113192413/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138636483/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  89. News: May 9, 2007 . 2007 Gary, Indiana Democratic mayoral primary . A7 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113122744/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138634744/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  90. News: November 8, 2007 . 2007 Gary, Indiana mayoral election . A9 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113122830/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138634748/ . January 13, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  91. News: April 8, 2011 . Gary Mayor Rudy Clay not seeking re-election . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113121500/https://www.wbez.org/stories/gary-mayor-rudy-clay-not-seeking-re-election/852e7a1d-8e25-4b3f-8bd5-9a8e911293a9 . January 13, 2024.
  92. News: May 4, 2011 . Ex-Ind. AG wins Gary mayoral primary . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240113123251/https://abc7chicago.com/archive/8111524/ . January 13, 2024.
  93. News: October 30, 2006 . Gary drops to 10th in 'dangerous' rank . A1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114010539/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138684047/ . January 14, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  94. News: February 8, 2008 . Clay says he won't back down from district post . A6 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114190754/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138728789/ . January 14, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  95. News: February 11, 2009 . Gary Wants $400M Of Stimulus . A4 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115144405/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138788602/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  96. News: July 11, 2014 . Gary Renames Highway 20 After Former Mayor Rudy Clay . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115155025/https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/gary-renames-highway-20-after-rudy-clay/ . January 15, 2024.
  97. News: August 9, 1974 . Impeach Nixon . 2 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115155223/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-times/79360034/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  98. News: February 4, 1975 . Opposes Food Stamp Price Raises . 2 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115155359/https://www.newspapers.com/article/rushville-republican/79360520/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  99. News: February 8, 1975 . Food Stamp . 20 . The Herald . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115155550/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald/79360544/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  100. News: April 2, 1973 . Indiana Senate Dooms ERA by 34-16 Vote . 42 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115155634/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79358618/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  101. News: January 28, 1975 . Election Law Eyed . 9 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115155728/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79360431/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  102. News: February 6, 1973 . It's D-day for the Governor's Tax Bill . 4 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115155835/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-times/79246919/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  103. News: March 28, 1973 . Senate OKs Wiretap Bill For Indiana . 1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115160025/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79358595/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  104. News: April 7, 1973 . Kissing Backed . 4 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115160217/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-news/79358769/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  105. News: April 8, 1973 . Senator Favors 'Kissing' Visits At Reformatory . 26 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115160406/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star/79358821/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  106. News: October 21, 1973 . Gary Senator Attacks McDaniel Proposal . 5 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115160702/https://www.newspapers.com/article/palladium-item/79359102/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  107. News: May 25, 2000 . Clay seeks gun show ban . A1 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112221102/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/138602258/ . January 12, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  108. News: January 16, 1974 . Senate Passes Antibusing Amendment Move . 17 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115160849/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star/79359540/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.
  109. News: January 28, 1974 . Ambulance Bill Gains In Senate . 7 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115161034/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times/79359636/ . January 15, 2024 . Newspapers.com.

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