Westminster School Explained

Westminster School
Coordinates:51.4984°N -0.1284°W
Motto:Latin: Dat Deus Incrementum
(God Gives the Increase)
Established:Earliest records date from the 14th century, refounded in 1560
Religion:Church of England[1]
Head Label:Head Master
Head:Gary Savage[2]
Chair Label:Chairman of Governors
Chair:Mark Batten[3]
Founder:Henry VIII (1541)
Elizabeth I (1560 – refoundation)
Address:Little Dean's Yard
City:London, SW1P 3PF[4] [5]
Country:England
Urn:101162
Dfeno:213/6047
Staff:105
Enrolment:747
Gender:Boys
Coeducational (Sixth Form)[6] [7]
Lower Age:13 (boys), 16 (girls)
Upper Age:18
Houses: Ashburnham
Busby's
College
Dryden's
Grant's
Hakluyt's
Liddell's
Milne's
Purcell's
Rigaud's
Wren's
Colours: Pink
Publication:The Elizabethan

Westminster School is a public school in Westminster, London, England, in the precincts of Westminster Abbey. It descends from a charity school founded by Westminster Benedictines before the Norman Conquest, as documented by the Croyland Chronicle and a charter of King Offa. Continuous existence is clear from the early 14th century.[8] Westminster was one of nine schools examined by the 1861 Clarendon Commission[9] and reformed by the Public Schools Act 1868. The school motto, Dat Deus Incrementum, quotes 1 Corinthians 3:6: "I planted the seed... but God made it grow."[10]

Its academic results place it among the top schools nationally;[11] [12] about half its students go to Oxbridge,[13] giving it the highest national Oxbridge acceptance rate.[14] In the 2023 A-levels, the school saw 82.3% of its candidates score A* or A.[15] The school is included in The Schools Index of the world's 150 best private schools and among top 30 senior schools in the UK.[16] Among its graduates are three Nobel laureates: Edgar Adrian (Nobel Prize for Physiology in 1932), Sir Andrew Huxley (likewise in 1963) and Sir Richard Stone (Nobel Prize in Economics in 1984). During the mid-17th century, the liberal philosopher of the Enlightenment, John Locke, attended the school, and seven UK prime ministers also then attended, all belonging to the Whig or Liberal factions of British politics: Henry Pelham and his brother Thomas Pelham-Holmes, Charles Watson-Wentworth, James Waldegrave, Augustus Fitzroy, William Cavendish-Bentinck, and John Russell.

Boys join the Under School at seven and the Senior School at 13 if they pass their examinations. Girls join the Sixth Form at 16.[17] About a quarter of the 750 pupils board. Weekly boarders may go home after Saturday morning school.[18]

History

See also: Latin school. The earliest records of a school at Westminster date back to the 1340s and are held in Westminster Abbey's Muniment Room.[19] Parts of the buildings now used by the school date back to the tenth-century Anglo-Saxon abbey at Westminster.[20]

In 1540, Henry VIII ordered the dissolution of the monasteries in England, including that of the powerful Abbots of Westminster, but personally ensured the School's survival by his royal charter.[21] The Royal College of St. Peter carried on with forty "King's Scholars" financed from the royal purse. By this point Westminster School had certainly become a public school (i.e. a school available to members of the paying public, rather than the private tuition arranged by the nobility). During Mary I's reign the Abbey was reinstated as a Roman Catholic monastery, but the school continued.

Elizabeth I refounded the school in 1560,[22] with new statutes to select 40 King's Scholars from boys who had attended the school for a year.[23] Queen Elizabeth frequently visited her scholars, although she never signed the statutes or endowed her scholarships; 1560 is now generally taken as the date that the school was "founded".

Elizabeth I appointed William Camden[24] as Head Master, and he is the only layman known to have held the position until 1937.[25] It was Richard Busby,[26] [27] himself an Old Westminster, who established the reputation of the school for several hundred years, as much by his classical learning as for his ruthless discipline by the birch, immortalised in Pope's Dunciad. Busby prayed publicly up School[28] for the safety of the Crown, on the very day of Charles I's execution, and then locked the boys inside to prevent their going to watch the spectacle a few hundred yards away. Regardless of politics, he thrashed Royalist and Puritan boys alike without fear or favour. Busby also took part in Oliver Cromwell's funeral procession in 1658, when a Westminster schoolboy, Robert Uvedale, succeeded in snatching the "Majesty Scutcheon" (white satin banner) draped on the coffin, which is now held in the library[29] (it was given to the school by his family three hundred years later).[30] Busby remained in office throughout the Civil War and the Commonwealth, when the school was governed by Parliamentary Commissioners, and well into the Restoration.

In 1679, a group of scholars killed a bailiff, ostensibly in defence of Abbey's traditional right of sanctuary, but possibly because the man was trying to arrest a consort of the boys. [31] Busby obtained a royal pardon for his scholars from Charles II and added the cost to the school bills.

Until the 19th century, the curriculum was predominantly made up of Latin and Greek, and all taught up School.[32] Westminster boys were uncontrolled outside school hours and notoriously unruly about town, but the proximity of the school to the Palace of Westminster meant that politicians were well aware of boys' exploits. After the Public Schools Act 1868, in response to the Clarendon Commission[33] on the financial and other malpractices at nine pre-eminent public schools, the school began to approach its modern form. It was legally separated from the Abbey, although the organisations remain close. The Dean of Westminster was ex officio the Chair of the Governing Body until 2020 and remains a Governor. There followed a scandalous public and parliamentary dispute lasting a further 25 years, to settle the transfer of the properties from the Canons of the Abbey to the school. School statutes have been made by Order in Council of Queen Elizabeth II. The Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, and the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, were also ex officio members of the school's Governing Body until 2020.[34]

Unusually among public schools, Westminster did not adopt most of the broader changes associated with the Victorian ethos of Thomas Arnold, such as the emphasis on team over individual spirit, and the school retained much of its distinctive character. Despite many pressures, including evacuation and the destruction of the school roof during the Blitz, the school refused to move out of the city, unlike other schools such as Charterhouse and St. Paul's, and remains in its central London location.

Westminster Under School was formed in 1943[35] in the evacuated school buildings in Westminster, as a distinct preparatory school for day pupils between the ages of eight to 13 (now seven to 13). Only the separation is new: for example, in the 18th century, Edward Gibbon attended Westminster from the age of 11 and Jeremy Bentham from the age of eight.[36] The Under School has since moved to Vincent Square,[37] overlooking the school's playing fields. Its current Master is Kate Jefferson.[38]

In 1967, the first female pupil was admitted to the school. Girls became full members in 1973.[39] In 1981, a single-sex boarding house, Purcell's, was created for girls. In 1997 the school expanded further with the creation of a new day house, Milne's, at 5a, Dean's Yard.

In 2005 the school was one of 50 leading independent schools found guilty of running a cartel, exposed by The Times, which had allowed them to collaborate in uncompetitive fees for thousands of customers.[40] [41] Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed.".[42] However, each school agreed to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and ex-gratia payments totalling £3 million into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.[43] [44] [45]

In 2007, the school responded to an invitation to become the sponsor of Pimlico School, which was due to be rebuilt as an academy, but decided not to do so after Westminster City Council developed its plans. In 2013 the school collaborated with the Harris Federation to set up a selective, mixed sixth-form academy, with entrance priority being given to those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Harris Westminster Sixth Form opened nearby in 2014; pupils of the academy share some lessons and facilities of the school.

In 2010 the school and the abbey celebrated the 450th anniversary of the granting of their royal charter and Elizabeth I's refoundation of the school in 1560. Queen Elizabeth II with the Duke of Edinburgh unveiled a controversial statue in Little Dean's Yard of the Queen's namesake Elizabeth I, the nominal foundress of the School, by Old Westminster sculptor Matthew Spender.[46] The head of the statue came off in May 2016 after a Sixth Former (a pupil in Year 12) tried to climb onto the statue. The head has since been reattached.

In May 2013, the school was criticized for staging an auction involving the selling of internships to fund bursaries, resulting in adverse press coverage.[47]

In December 2017, the school announced plans to open six schools in China, working with the Hong Kong educational group HKMETG; the first opened in Chengdu in 2020.[48] Revenue generated by the deal will be used to support bursary funds at the existing school, and follows similar moves by Harrow School, Malvern School, Wellington College and Dulwich College. The school was criticized in the media and by its pupils for its decision to teach the Chinese national curriculum as opposed to an international curriculum normally taught by international schools.[49] Steve Tsang, director of the China Institute at SOAS London, was quoted in the Financial Times as saying, "I think they have no idea what they're dealing with.... If you set up a school in China, they will have a party secretary superintending the whole school and the party secretary will be responsible for political education."[50] The school responded that it would exercise "soft power" over the teaching and would also teach an international curriculum for students aged 16–18.[51] The issue was re-opened when The Times published an article quoting Professor Edward Vickers of Kyushu University, who accused the school (and King's College School, with similar plans) of "helping Chinese teach propaganda".[52] These plans were cancelled in November 2021 in response to "recent changes in Chinese education policy".[53]

The school stands mainly in the precincts of the medieval monastery of Westminster Abbey,[54] its main buildings surrounding its private square Little Dean's Yard (known as Yard), off Dean's Yard, where Church House, the headquarters of the Church of England, is situated,[55] along with some of the houses, the common room, the humanities building Weston's, and College Hall.

Just outside the abbey precincts in Great College Street is Sutcliff's (named after the tuck shop on the site of the building in the 19th century), where Geography, Art,[56] Theology, Philosophy and Classics (Latin and Ancient Greek) are taught. The Robert Hooke Science Centre[57] is further away, just off Smith Square.[58] As part of an expansion programme funded by donations and a legacy from A. A. Milne,[59] the school has acquired the nearby Millicent Fawcett Hall for Drama and Theatre Studies lessons and performances;[60] [61] the Manoukian Centre for Music Lessons[62] [63] [64] (timetabled and private) and recitals; and the Weston Building at 3 Dean's Yard.[65] [66] It often uses St John's, Smith Square as a venue for major musical concerts.

College Garden, to the East of Little Dean's Yard, is believed to be the oldest garden in England, under continuous cultivation for about a millennium.[67] Just beyond rises the Victoria Tower of the Houses of Parliament; the King's Scholars have special rights of access to the House of Commons. To the North, the Dark Cloister leads straight to the Abbey, which serves as the School Chapel.[68]

The playing fields are half a mile away at Vincent Square,[69] which Dean Vincent created for the school by hiring a horse and plough to carve 10acres out of the open Tothill Fields. The boathouse is now some way from the school at Putney,[69] where it is also used for the Oxford and Cambridge boat race; but the school's First Eight still returns annually to exercise its traditional right to land at Black Rod Steps of the Palace of Westminster.

In 2011, the school agreed to buy a 999-year lease of Lawrence Hall, London from The Royal Horticultural Society.[70] This listed Art-Deco building adjacent to the school's playing fields at Vincent Square has been converted into a Sports Centre. It provides for climbing, martial arts, fencing, rowing, table tennis, badminton, netball, indoor football and indoor cricket.[71] In 2012 the school took possession of St Edward's House, which was the last Anglican monastery in London.[72] The building, on the corner of Great College Street and Tufton Street, now houses Purcell's, a Boarding House for girls and a Day House for boys, as well as a small Chapel and Refectory.[73] Westminster Under School has also been enlarged by a building in Douglas Street, which provides an Art Studio, IT Suite and Dining Hall.[74]

Westminster was the 13th most expensive HMC day school and tenth most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK in 2014/2015[75] It achieved the highest percentage of students accepted by Oxbridge colleges over the period 2002–2006,[76] and was ranked as best boys' school in the country in terms of GCSE results in 2017.[77] In 2019, 84% of pupils scored A*-A for their A-Levels examination, while 80% scored A*-A for their GCSEs.[78]

Architecture

Westminster School, in the middle of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Westminster Abbey, St. Margaret's, and the Palace of Westminster, has several buildings notable for qualities, age and history.

Customs

The Greaze

The Greaze has been held "up School" (in the School Hall) on Shrove Tuesday since at least 1753.[94] The head cook ceremoniously tosses a horsehair-reinforced pancake over a high bar, which was used from the 16th century to curtain off the Under School from the Great School. Members of the school fight for the pancake for one minute, watched over by the Dean of Westminster, the Head Master, and the upper year groups of the school[95] and distinguished or even occasionally royal visitors. The pupil who gets the largest weight is awarded a gold sovereign (promptly redeemed for use next year), and the Dean begs for a half-holiday for the whole school. Weighing scales are on hand in the event of a dispute. A cook who failed to get the pancake over the bar after three attempts would formerly have been "booked" or pelted with Latin primers, but that tradition has long lapsed.[96] [97]

Coronation

The privilege of being the first commoners to acclaim each new sovereign at their coronation in Westminster Abbey is reserved for the King's (or Queen's) Scholars. Their shouts of "Vivat Rex/Regina" ("Long live the king/queen!") are incorporated into the coronation anthem "I was glad".[98] The tradition dates back to the coronation of King James II.[99]

Commem

The School commemorates its benefactors every year with a service in Westminster Abbey in Latin in which the Captain of the King's Scholars lays a wreath of pink roses on the tomb of Elizabeth I: the service alternates between Little Commem, held in Henry VII's Chapel and involving just the King's Scholars, and the Big Commem, to which the whole school community is invited.[100]

House of Commons gallery

The King's Scholars have privileged access to the House of Commons gallery, said to be a compromise recorded in the Standing Orders of the House in the 19th century, to stop the boys from climbing into the Palace over the roofs.

Latin prayers

Despite the formal separation from the abbey,[101] the school remains Anglican, with services in the abbey attended by the entire school at least twice a week, and many other voluntary-attendance services of worship. The school was expressly exempted by the Act of Uniformity to allow it to continue saying Latin prayers despite the Reformation. Every Wednesday there is an assembly Up School known as Latin Prayers, which opens with the Head Master leading all members of the school in chanting prayers in Latin, followed by notices in English. The school's unique pronunciation of formal Latin is known as "Westminster Latin",[102] [103] and descends from medieval English scholastic pronunciation: Queen Elizabeth I, who spoke fluent Latin, commanded that Latin was not to be said "in the monkish fashion", a significant warning upon loyalties between Church and State.

Latin plays

Since the monastic Christmas revels of medieval times, Latin plays have been presented by Scholars, with a prologue and witty epilogue on contemporary events. Annual plays, "either tragedy or comedy", were required by the school statutes in 1560, and some early plays were acted in College Hall before Elizabeth I and her whole Council. However, in a more prudish age, Queen Victoria did not accompany Prince Albert and the Prince of Wales to the play, and recorded in her diary that it was "very Improper". Today, the play is put on less frequently, any members of the school may take part, and the Master of the King's Scholars gives the Latin prologue. The 1938 play caused a diplomatic incident, with the German ambassador withdrawing offended by the words Magna Germania figuring in extenso on a map of Europe displayed.

Language

There is a Westminster jargon little known to the general public:

Station

The school has three Eton Fives courts behind Ashburnham House. The school frequently fields pupils as national entries in international competitions in rowing, or "water", and fencing.

Westminster School Boat Club is the oldest rowing club in the world, located on the River Thames. The Oxford University Boat Club uses Westminster's boathouse at Putney as its HQ for the annual Oxford and Cambridge boat race on the Thames. The boathouse was remodelled in 1997 and won a Wandsworth design award in 1999.[104] The school's colour is pink; Westminster rowers raced Eton College for the right to wear the colour.[105] One story goes that, at one annual Eton-Westminster rowing race, both crews arrived wearing pink, which was fashionable at the time. The Eton crew bought some light-blue ribbons (which later became the standard Eton colours) to differentiate themselves, but the Westminster crew won the race and the right to wear pink in perpetuity. The premier Leander Club at Henley, founded in London by a number of Old Westminster rowers, later adopted it, although they call the colour cerise.[106] The only problems arise when racing against Abingdon School, whose team also wears pink.

Since 1810, when the Head Master, William Vincent, fenced off and ordered the ploughing of the waste marshlands known as Tothill Fields for use by the school, which were being threatened by London's urban sprawl, the school's main sports ground has been nearby at Vincent Square,[107] [108] with football and cricket on the main area and tennis and netball on the courts; it also hosts a playground for Westminster Under School. At 13 acres, it is the largest private, open green space in Central London, despite this, it is not large enough for all pupils doing these sports to use simultaneously the three football pitches and typically one smaller practice pitch becomes one main cricket square and several smaller practice squares for the cricket season. So the school hires and owns other sporting facilities near the school. These include the oldest boating club in the world, an astroturf ground in Battersea, and the Queen Mother Sports Centre, home to a variety of sports. "Green" (Dean's Yard) is also used, and the three Eton Fives courts in Ashburnham Garden, the garden behind Ashburnham House.

Westminster played in the first school cricket match against Charterhouse School in 1794[109] and from 1796 played cricket against Eton.[110] Westminster has a historic joint claim to a major role in developing Association Football.[111] During the 1840s at both Westminster and Charterhouse, pupils' surroundings meant they were confined to playing their football in the cloisters,[112] making the rough and tumble of the handling game that was developing at other schools such as Rugby impossible, and necessitating a new code of rules. On 24 November 1858, Westminster played Dingley Dell at Vincent Square in the earliest known football fixture in the London area (Dingley Dell was the most active non-school team in the London area in the five years before the Football Association was established in 1863).[113] During the formulation of the rules of Association Football in the 1860s, representatives of Westminster School and Charterhouse also pushed for a passing game, in particular rules that allowed forward passing ("passing on"). Other schools (in particular Eton College, Harrow, and Shrewsbury School) favoured a dribbling game with a tight off-side rule. By 1867 the Football Association had chosen in favour of the Westminster and Charterhouse game and adopted an off-side rule that permitted forward passing.[114] [115] The modern forward-passing game was a direct consequence of Westminster and Charterhouse football.

Houses

The school is split into 11 houses, some of which are day houses (only admitting day pupils, who go home after school), the others being boarding houses with a mix of boarders and day pupils. College is the exception to this — all King's Scholars must board. Each house has a Housemaster, a teacher who is responsible for the house, the pupils in it and their welfare, and a Head of House, a pupil in the Remove, nominated by the Housemaster. The role of the Head of House largely consists of assisting the Housemaster in organising activities such as house competitions, for which the Head of House might draw up teams. Further to these positions, each day house has an Assistant Housemaster, and each boarding house has a Resident Tutor. The houses are named after people connected to the house or school in various ways – mainly prominent Old Westminsters, but also former Head Masters and Housemasters. Grant's is the oldest house for pupils other than scholars, not only of Westminster but of any public school.

Houses are a focus for pastoral care and social and sporting activities, as well as accommodation for boarders. All day houses are mixed-sex, and all houses admit girls; RR is the only boarding house not to admit girls as boarders (up until 2020) and PP does not admit boys as boarders.[116]

HouseAbbr.FoundedNamed afterColoursPupils
Boarding Day
College CC 1560 n/aDark greenMixed[117] None
Grant's GG 1750 The "mothers" Grant – landladies who owned the property and put up boys in the days before boarding existed, when the School only accommodated Scholars; the oldest house in any of the Public Schools.■ Maroon on light blueMixed Mixed
Rigaud's RR pre-1896 (rebuilt) Stephen Jordan Rigaud – former schoolmaster■ Black on orange (Tie uses orange on black)Mixed Mixed
Busby's BB 1925 Richard Busby – former headmaster■ Dark blue on maroonMixed Mixed
Liddell's LL 1956 Henry Liddell – former headmaster■ Blue on yellow (ties are yellow on black or yellow and silver on black)Mixed Mixed
Purcell's PP 1981 Henry Purcell – former organist of Westminster Abbey■ White on purpleGirls Boys
Ashburnham AHH 1881 The Earls of Ashburnham whose London house is now part of the School■ Light blue on dark blueNone Mixed
Wren's WW 1948 Christopher Wren■ Pink on black (Blue and Maroon used on ties)
Dryden's DD 1976 John Dryden■ Silver on red (Tie uses separated silver and red stripes on dark blue)
Hakluyt's HH 1987 Richard Hakluyt[118] ■ Yellow on blue
Milne's MM 1997 A. A. Milne■ Black on orange (Tie uses Red and Yellow)

All King's Scholars, both boys and girls, are required to board in College (unless under exceptional circumstances). Wren's was formerly known as Homeboarders and Dryden's as Dale's. Before it was rebuilt, Rigaud's was known as Clapham's and Best's.

Staff

Other notable staff

Controversies

Fee fixing

Between 2001 and 2004, the school was one of fifty independent schools involved in the independent school fee fixing scandal in the United Kingdom. It was subsequently found guilty of operating a fee-fixing cartel by the Office of Fair Trading. The commission argued that until 2000, the practice had been legal and that the commission had not been aware of the change to the law.[119]

Rape culture and racism

Two independent reviews were commissioned after national campaigns from Everyone's Invited and Black Lives Matter prompted evidence of rape culture and racism at Westminster School.[120] In March 2022, the school issued a "sincere and unreserved" apology for harm caused by racism, sexual harassment and other harmful sexual behaviour.[121]

Review into harmful sexual behaviours

In March 2021, alumni compiled a "dossier of rape culture" at the school.[122] A 21-page document included 76 entries on "everyday life" for female pupils and included claims of rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment.[123] Allegations were levelled at both students and teachers.[124]

In March 2022, a review into harmful sexual behaviour at the school was headed by Fiona Scolding QC. The review considered 44 Westminster-related posts submitted to Everyone's Invited alongside other evidence. The review found that 25% of pupils and 65% of girls surveyed said they experienced physical or verbal harmful sexual behaviours, sexual discrimination, and unwanted sharing of images. There was also "a strong sense from pupil interviewees of a social hierarchy within the school where some male pupils' status was dictated by familial wealth, academic success and charisma." Submissions to Everyone's Invited also recalled the Westminster Tree: website that mapped sexual contact between students.[125]

A total of 44 recommendations included an overhaul of the school's relationships and sex education curriculum, "active bystander" training, and a greater emphasis on building healthy relationships. The report also recommended training for housemasters, matrons, and tutors on managing pastoral issues including mental health. Other recommendations include a behavioural code of conduct for students informed by the student body.

Racism and race review

In 2020, more than 250 alumni signed a letter lobbying the school to combat the "toxic culture of racism within the student body." Signatories complained that Westminster did not include any black authors in their curriculum and overlooked Britain's role in the slave trade.[126]

In March 2022, Challenge Consultancy published a Race Review of Westminster School that found "continued denial of the racism and the invisibility of the issue". Challenge Consultancy was commissioned by Westminster School to facilitate understanding of how staff and pupils perceive the culture around race, ethnicity and cultural diversity and consider how it can better engage with these issues in the future. The review's authors were led by Femi Otitoju who found evidence that international pupils including British Asian, British Black, Chinese and Jewish pupils "recounted a lack of sensitivity and delays in responding to emotions they experienced when calling out unacceptable behaviour". 25 recommendations included the recruitment of "diverse teaching staff," a publicised racial harassment policy, and an increased offer of counselling for victims.

Former pupils

See also: List of people educated at Westminster School.

About 900 people educated at Westminster School are in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Former pupils are known at the school as "Old Westminsters" and include the following:

Victoria Cross holders

Six pupils of Westminster have been awarded the Victoria Cross:

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. http://schoolsfinder.direct.gov.uk/2136047/overview/ School Overview – Westminster School
  2. Web site: New Head Master Announced . 25 November 2019 . 16 October 2020 . Westminster School.
  3. Web site: Governing Body . 1 February 2021 . 29 February 2024 . Westminster School.
  4. News: Westminster School . BBC News . 15 January 2009 . 6 April 2010.
  5. http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/cgi-bin/performancetables/dfe1x1_05.pl?Mode=Z&Code=&School=2136047&Type=&back=&No=213 Performance tables, Westminster School
  6. Web site: Westminster School, Westminster, London Area, Independent Schools . Isc.co.uk . 30 August 2011.
  7. Web site: Schools List South . Ogden Trust . 25 January 2008 . 26 April 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120216032610/http://www.ogdentrust.com/page/24/schools-list-south.htm . 16 February 2012 .
  8. Web site: Our History . Westminster School.
  9. Web site: A Guide to Public Schools in the United Kingdom . https://web.archive.org/web/20061004211233/http://publicschools.co.uk/guide.htm . dead . 4 October 2006 . Publicschools.co.uk . 30 August 2011.
  10. Web site: 1 Corinthians 3:6 I planted the seed and Apollos watered it, but God made it grow.
  11. Web site: Top UK 100 boarding schools by A-levels results . 8 October 2020 . www.ukuni.net .
  12. News: Kirk . Ashley . Scott . Patrick . 24 August 2019 . Best independent schools in the UK: Compare league table results for A-levels . The Telegraph . London . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education-and-careers/0/best-independent-schools-uk-compare-league-table-results-a-levels2/ . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live . 8 October 2020.
  13. Web site: University Destinations . 19 November 2020 . Westminster School . 3 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201103091512/https://www.westminster.org.uk/academic-life/university-destinations/ . dead .
  14. Web site: 10 September 2020 . These are officially the private schools who get the most students into Oxbridge . 19 November 2020 . The Tab . London.
  15. Web site: 10 September 2023 . Westminster School Reviews, Rankings, Fees And More . 9 September 2023 . Britannia UK . London.
  16. News: McNamee . Annie . 2024-04-06 . These are UK's best private schools, according to a prestigious ranking . 2024-04-11 . Time Out . London.
  17. Web site: Westminster School . UK Boarding Schools Guide . 30 August 2011.
  18. https://archive.today/20120711031509/http://guides.tatler.co.uk/WCS/Schools/2009/Details.aspx?Type=Public&Area=London&ID=2246&List= Schools Guide
  19. Web site: History . Westminster School . 24 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170824220919/http://www.westminster.org.uk/westminster/about/history/ . 24 August 2017 . dead .
  20. Web site: About the Abbey . Westminster Abbey.
  21. http://www3.westminster.gov.uk/docstores/publications_store/archives/schools.pdf "Historical notes on Westminster Schools".
  22. Web site: Elizabeth I has been credited with founding the Westminster School in 1560 . Luminarium.org . 30 August 2011.
  23. Web site: Westminster School in London . Londonancestor.com . 30 August 2011.
  24. Web site: William Camden . Westminster Abbey . 30 August 2011.
  25. The King's Nurseries, John Field, page 29
  26. Web site: Dr. Richard Busby, Lord of the Manor & Headmaster of Westminster School . Clutch.open.ac.uk . 30 August 2011.
  27. Web site: Dr. Richard Busby's legacy . Clutch.open.ac.uk . 30 August 2011.
  28. "Up School" is a Westminster term, meaning in or to the ancient school hall.
  29. Web site: Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin . The 'Majesty Scutcheon.' taken from Cromwell's bier. ebooksread.com electronic library . Ebooksread.com . 30 August 2011.
  30. Web site: The Majesty Scutcheon . 29 February 2024.
  31. Web site: The King's Scholars' Pardon . 29 February 2024.
  32. Web site: Westminster School Past and Present. 1884. Wyman & Sons . 10 July 2015.
  33. Book: Public Schools and Private Education: The Clarendon Commission, 1861–64 . Manchester University Press . 10 July 2015. 9780719025808 . 1988 .
  34. Web site: Westminster School: The Governing Body . www.westminster.org.uk . 29 February 2024.
  35. Web site: Westminster Under School . https://web.archive.org/web/20051126054443/http://www.westminsterunder.org.uk/about.html . dead . 26 November 2005 . Westminsterunder.org.uk . 30 August 2011.
  36. The Record of Old Westminsters
  37. Web site: Innovative. Individual. Inspirational . Education UK . 27 May 2011 . 30 August 2011.
  38. Web site: Westminster Under School . Westminsterunder.org.uk . 4 January 2009 . 9 May 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090509091051/http://www.westminsterunder.org.uk/staff.html . dead .
  39. News: Rae . John . The Old Boys' Network . The Spectator . London . 18 April 2009 . 30 August 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110605082432/http://www.spectator.co.uk/books/3539666/tales-out-of-school.thtml . 5 June 2011 .
  40. News: Independent schools face huge fines over cartel to fix fees . The Times . London . Tony . Halpin . 10 November 2005.
  41. News: Parents may sue on school fee rise 'cartel' . The Times . London . 4 May 2003 . Jonathan . Calvert.
  42. News: Private schools send papers to fee-fixing inquiry . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1455730/Private-schools-send-papers-to-fee-fixing-inquiry.html . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live . The Daily Telegraph . London . 1 March 2004 . 15 March 2011.
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