Roubaix Explained

Roubaix
Commune Status:Commune
Population Demonym:Roubaisian (en)
Roubaisien(ne) (fr)
Image Coat Of Arms:Blason ville fr Roubaix (Nord).svg
City Motto:Probitas et Industria
Arrondissement:Lille
Canton:Roubaix-1 and Roubaix-2
Insee:59512
Postal Code:59100
Mayor:Guillaume Delbar[1]
Term:2020 - 2026
Intercommunality:Métropole Européenne de Lille
Coordinates:50.6901°N 3.1817°W
Elevation M:35
Elevation Min M:17
Elevation Max M:52
Area Km2:13.23
Map:Roubaix OSM 01.png

Roubaix (pronounced as /fr/ pronounced as /fr/; Dutch; Flemish: Robaais; Roboais; Roubés) is a city in northern France, located in the Lille metropolitan area on the Belgian border. It is a historically mono-industrial commune[2] in the Nord department,[3] which grew rapidly in the 19th century from its textile industries, with most of the same characteristic features as those of English and American boom towns.[4] [5] This former new town has faced many challenges linked to deindustrialisation such as urban decay,[6] with their related economic and social implications, since its major industries fell into decline by the middle of the 1970s. Located to the northeast of Lille, adjacent to Tourcoing, Roubaix is the French: [[chef-lieu]] of two cantons and the third largest city in the French region of Hauts-de-France ranked by population with nearly 99,000 inhabitants.[7]

Together with the nearby cities of Lille, Tourcoing, Villeneuve-d'Ascq and eighty-six other communes,[8] Roubaix gives structure to a four-centred metropolitan area inhabited by more than 1.1 million people: the European Metropolis of Lille.[9] [10] [11] To a greater extent, Roubaix is in the center of a vast conurbation formed with the Belgian cities of Mouscron, Kortrijk and Tournai, which gave birth to the first European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation in January 2008, Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai with an aggregate population of over 2 million inhabitants.[12]

Geography

Location

Roubaix occupies a central position on the north-east slope of the Métropole Européenne de Lille: it is set on the eastern side of Lille and the southern side of Tourcoing, close to the Belgian border. As regards towns' boundaries, Roubaix is encompassed by seven cities which constitute its immediate neighbouring environment. These municipalities are namely: Tourcoing to the north and the northwest, Wattrelos to the northeast, Leers to the east, Lys-lez-Lannoy to the southeast, Hem to the south and Croix to the southwest and the west. Roubaix, alongside those municipalities and twenty-one other communes, belongs to the land of Ferrain, a little district of the former Castellany of Lille between the Lys and Scheldt rivers.[13]

As the crow flies, the distance between Roubaix and the following cities is some odd: 16km (10miles) to Tournai, 18km (11miles) to Kortrijk, 84km (52miles) to Brussels and 213km (132miles) to Paris.[14]

Geology

The land upon which Roubaix stands belongs to the plain of Flanders. The Roubaisian area stretches on an east-west oriented shallow syncline axis which trends south-southeast to the Paleozoic limestone[15] of the Mélantois-Tournaisis faulted anticline.[16] It consists predominantly of Holocene alluvial sediment depositions. It is flat and low, with an elevation drop of only over its 13.23km2. The lowest altitude of this area stands at, while its highest altitude is meters above the sea level.

Hydrology

The Trichon stream fed by waters of the Espierre stream used to flow through the rural landscape of Roubaix before the industrialisation process began to alter this area in the middle of the 19th century.[17] From that century on, the ensuing industries, with their increasing needs for reliable supplies of goods and water, led to the building of an inland waterway connected upstream from the Deûle and downstream to the Marque and Espierre toward the Scheldt, which linked directly Roubaix to Lille.[18] [19]

Opened in 1877,[20] the Canal de Roubaix crosses the town from its northern neighbourhoods to its eastern neighbourhoods and partially flows along the city's boundaries. The Canal de Roubaix closed in 1985, after more than a century in use.[21] Thank to the European funded project Blue Links, the waterway has been reopened to boating traffic since 2011.[22]

Climate

The area of the city is not known for undergoing unusual weather events. In regard to the town's geographical location[23] and the results of the Météo-France's weather station of Lille-Lesquin,[24] [25] Roubaix is a temperate oceanic climate: while summer experiences mild temperatures, winter's temperatures may fall to below zero. Precipitation is infrequently intense.

Toponymy

The current city's name is most likely derived from Frankish rausa "reed" and baki "brook".[26] [27] Therefore, the meaning of Roubaix can, in all likelihood, find its origin on the banks of its three historical brooks: Espierre, Trichon and Favreuil.[28] The place was mentioned for the first time in a Latinised form in the 9th century: Villa Rusbaci.[29] [27] [30] Thereafter, the following names were in use: 1047 and 1106 Rubais, 1122 Rosbays, 1166 Rusbais, 1156 and 1202 Robais, 1223 Roubais.[29] [31] Over the span of centuries, the name evolved to Roubaix as shown on Mercator's map of Flanders published at Leuven in 1540.[32]

Parallel to the official and usual name Roubaix, some translations are worth a mention. Firstly, though the city has never belonged to the Flemish-speaking area,[33] the seldom-heard renderings Robeke[34] [35] and Roodebeeke[36] are documented for Roubaix.[37] Furthermore, the Dutch Language Union established Robaais as the city's proper Dutch name.[38] Lastly, one can cite Rosbacum as the definite Latin transcription of Roubaix which has been in use since the 19th century, as recorded on dedication statements sealed in the first stones of the foundations of the City Hall laid in 1840 and the Church of Notre Dame laid in 1842.[39]

History

See also: Timeline of Roubaix.

People

Inhabitants of Roubaix are known in English as "Roubaisians" and in French as Roubaisiens (in French pronounced as /ʁu.bɛ.zjɛ̃ /) or in the feminine form Roubaisiennes (in French pronounced as /ʁu.bɛ.zjɛn/), also natively called Roubaignots (in French pronounced as /ʁu.bɛ.njo/) or in the feminine form Roubaignotes (in French pronounced as /ʁu.bɛ.njoz/).[40] [41] [42]

Demographics

See also: Demographics of France. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known through the population censuses carried out in the town since 1793 and the research study of Louis-Edmond Marissal, Clerk of the Peace of the city, published in 1844. Roubaix evolved into a provincial market town until the end of the Early modern period with a census population of 4,715 inhabitants in 1716. By the late 18th century, the city began to emerge as regional textile manufacturing centre and its population increased, reaching a level of 8,091 in 1800. As a result of the industrialisation process of the 19th century, the need of workers was supplied by rural flight as well as immigration. Belgian settlement was a feature of the Roubaisian life at that time.[43] [44]

During the first-half period of the 19th century, Roubaix ranked the first French town in terms of population growth rate with a five times increase,[45] whereas in the remaining period of this century its population doubled. Within this last time framework, Belgian immigration appeared to be one of the major factor to explain the significantly high population growth, with 30,465 Belgian inhabitants counted in 1866 and 42,103 in 1872.[46] Nonetheless, the rate of natural increase shew to be a more important component of the population growth in that period.[47]

At the 20th century threshold, the Roubaisian population reached a peak of 124,661, from which it progressively declined over the successive decades. Occupied by German troops from October 1914 to October 1918, Roubaix belonged to the combat zone of the Western Front during the First World War.[48] Over this occupation period, Roubaisians suffered from dearth, deportation for compulsory labour and unusual casualties[49] with a rather slight population drop from 122,723 to 113,265 between the 1911 and 1921 censuses.[50]

The population of the city was 98,828 as of January 2019.[7] This enables Roubaix to remain the third largest municipality in the region Hauts-de-France, after Lille and Amiens.

As of 2019, at least 25% of residents in Roubaix were immigrants, mainly of Arab, North African, Turkish, and Sub-Saharan African origin.[51] [52] [53]

Languages

Although the region of Roubaix was subjected many times to the domination of Flanders' rulers throughout its history, Roubaisians have used a local Picard variant as the language of everyday life for centuries. This spoken vernacular is locally known as Roubaignot.[54] [55] Until the early 20th century this patois prevailed.[56] Therefore, French language progressive penetration into local culture should not only be analysed as a result of the industrialisation and urbanisation of the area but should also be considered in terms of public education policies.[41] [57]

Religion

Christianity

The city of Roubaix is divided into six Catholic parishes and belongs to the deanery of the same name in the archdiocese of Lille.

Judaism

In the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War and the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, many Jews left their homes and emigrated.[58] [59] Jewish arrival in Roubaix derives from that bitter period of history.[60] At the time, the new immigrant community, even though its small size, dedicated a building to Jewish faith and liturgical practises.[61] [62] [63] The newly opened synagogue, located in a house at number 51 on the narrow rue des Champs,[61] [63] operated more than 60 years, until 1939, when it was closed under imprecise local circumstances as the Nazi regime took over in Europe.[63] [64] Despite the closure of the synagogue, the occupation and police raids,[65] the local practise of Judaism saw a humble revival after the war which lasted until the start of the 1990s when the modest Jewry of Roubaix handed over its Sefer Torah to the care of the Jewish community of Lille.[64] Roubaix has no longer been home to a Jewish place of worship since that event.[66] The house inside which the first one was created 123 years ago, has been demolished since an urban renewal project occurred in 2000.[61] On 10 September 2015 the mayor unveiled a commemorative plaque on the rue des Champs, as a tribute to the Roubaisian Jewry, in memory of the religious purpose of this previous building.[64]

Islam

As of August 2013 there were six mosques in the town, including one under construction. According to estimates by the mayor's office, around 20,000 people, or at least 20% of the population were Muslims.[67] [52] Over one-in-three residents in Roubaix are of Arab, North African, Turkish, and Sub-Saharan African origin.[51] Four areas of the cemetery were designated for Muslims.[68]

Buddhism

During the second half of the 20th century, the city took in Buddhist communities from originally Buddhist countries in the Southeast Asian peninsula including Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.[69] Within this background Roubaix has brought together two Buddhist traditions on its territory, hence cultural variations across communities: Mahāyāna and Theravāda with, respectively, one and four places of worship.[70]

Urbanism

Urban geography

During the Middle Age, the city grew in a northward-facing semicircle around its primitive core, beyond the area spread out between the church Saint Martin and the former fortified castle. The existence of this south boundary remained until the 18th century and marked an urban expansion which mainly occurred on the western and northern sides of the town.[71] Increasing industrialisation, land transport improvement, continued population growth and the resulting need for suitable low cost lands for housing and manufacturing plants, all of which finally led to expand the city southward from the centre, in the 19th century.[72]

Administrative and political affairs

Constituencies and cantons

Roubaix grouped four cantons from 1988 to 2012. Since then, this number has fallen to two with Roubaix 1 and Roubaix 2. After the last redistricting of French legislative constituencies in 2010, the city is now divided into two constituencies: Nord's 7th constituency which include the former canton of Roubaix-Ouest and Nord's 8th constituency formed by the following former cantons: Roubaix-Centre, Roubaix-Nord and Roubaix-Est.

Administrative zoning

Eastern district neighbourhoods

Western district neighbourhoods

Central district neighbourhoods

Northern district neighbourhoods

Southern district neighbourhoods

Mayors of the city

Mayor Term start Term end Party
May 1892 December 1901 POF
Edouard Roussel December 1901 January 1902 UDR
Eugène Motte January 1902 May 1912 FR
Jean-Baptiste Lebas[73] May 1912 March 1915 SFIO
Henri Thérin[74] March 1915 October 1918 SFIO
Jean-Baptiste LebasOctober 1918 June 1940 SFIO
Fleuris Vanherpe June 1940 August 1941
Marcel Guislain August 1941 December 1941
Alphonse Verbeurgt January 1942 May 1942
Charles Bauduin May 1942 July 1942
Victor Provo July 1942 March 1977 SFIO then PS
Pierre Prouvost March 1977 March 1983 PS
André Diligent March 1983 May 1994 UDF-CDS
René Vandierendonck May 1994 March 2012 UDF-CDS then DVG and finally PS
Pierre Dubois March 2012 March 2014 PS
Guillaume Delbar April 2014 – UMP then LR and finally DVD

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France.

Roubaix is twinned with:[75]

Landmarks

Remarkable buildings, old brick factories and warehouses abound in this once renowned city which was esteemed to be a worldwide textile capital in the early years of the 20th century.[83] Thus, the city inherited one of the most architectural works in the French history and culture of the 19th century Industrial Revolution and was designated Town of Art and History on 13 December 2000.[84] Ever since the Ministry of Culture endowed Roubaix with this label, the city has entered the 21st century by promoting its cultural standing as the inheritance of its industrial and social history.

Several profane or sacral buildings of Roubaix are registered as historic monuments.

Secular buildings registered as monuments historiques
Religious structures registered as monuments historiques

Sculptures and memorials

The city has been the place where illustrious names of French sculptors put their skills to create memorial monuments since the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century. After a long slack period 2010 introduced a shift in the genre with the unveiling of Wim Delvoye's Discobolos, a statue of modern art conceived as a welcoming sign to a neighbourhood of the city.[85] The sculptures and memorial monuments in Roubaix which deserve notice for their historical or artistical interest are mentioned below.

Culture

Museums

Roubaix has been home to two major museums of the region Hauts-de-France since the beginning of the 21st century: La Piscine[101] and La Manufacture;[102] inheriting both of the local socioeconomic history. La Piscine, also known as the Musée d'Art & d'Industrie André Diligent,[103] is one of the most lauded cultural attractions in northern France. This museum is housed in the Art Deco-style former swimming pool of Roubaix, a building remodelled in 2000 to accommodate and exhibit 19th and 20th century collections of the city.[104] After being closed for two years of renovation works and extension, it was reopened to the public in October 2018, becoming more successful than ever before.[105] La Manufacture is the reference textile museum in northern France. It is hosted in an old weaving factory.

Painting

The most prestigious names of painters, who made their reputation in Roubaix from the middle of the 19th century to the early 20th century are Jean-Joseph Weerts[92] and Rémy Cogghe.[106]

From the end of the Second World War to the beginning of the 1970s, a casual group of young artists from Roubaix and the surrounding region was formed and given the name Groupe de Roubaix.[107] [108] [109] Two painters commonly associated with the group are Arthur Van Hecke and Eugène Leroy.[110] [111] [112]

Fashion

Anxious to restore the prestige of northern France's textile industry and operating under the label of Maisons de Mode, the cities of Lille and Roubaix have created spaces for new fashion designers to thrive since 2007. The Roubaisian location, next to La Piscine museum, is known as Le Vestiaire.[113] There are fifteen boutiques and fashion studios housed in an old industrial building.[114]

Theatre and performing arts centres

Cinema

The city of Roubaix has a rich heritage in film production and been the filming location (mostly or partly) of the following productions:

Higher education

Libraries

Sport

Roubaix has an old sporting heritage[138] and is home to the finish of one of the world's oldest races of professional road cycling at its velodrome: Paris–Roubaix, known as the Hell of the North. While Roubaix is famous for its velodrome, there is more to this city than the cycling sports facilities.

The building of indoor and outdoor sports amenities in the city should be associated with its era of economic rise during the industrial revolution, in addition to the development of local sporting clubs and associations.[139]

In October 2021 Roubaix hosted the 2021 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.

Economy

During the 19th century, Roubaix acquired an international reputation for textile industry and wool production. In the 1970s and 1980s, international competition and automation caused an industrial decline and resulted in the closure of many factories. From that moment on and since the implementation of the French urban policy in the early 1980s, around three-fourths of the town's territory has been regularly assigned specific zoning designations as well as health and welfare plans.[140]

Roubaix's high level of unemployment is a consequence of the deindustrialisation. The town is listed among France's poorest cities.[141] Successive local governments have tried to address difficulties associated with deindustrialisation by attracting new industries, making the most of the town's cultural credentials[142] and organising a strong student presence on different campuses. While undergoing conversion efforts, the city is experimenting with new models and able to take advantage of successful economic stories, with online retail and information technology, and seems to be on the way to reverse the decades of decline.[143]

Textile industry

Nowadays, local textile companies are focusing on developing high-tech textile products.

Commerce and services

Mail order companies of international renown such as La Redoute,[144] Damart[145] [146] and 3 Suisses,[147] [148] stemmed from textile industries which were founded in Roubaix. Showroomprive.com has been locally established since 2016 as an e-commerce company that specialises in online flash sales.

Information technology and e-business

Infrastructure

Transportation

A22 autoroute, a French part of the European route E17 from Burgundy to Antwerp, is the only motorway, within a motorway roads network of the highest density in France after Paris, which passes by Roubaix.

The Gare de Roubaix railway station offers connections to Antwerp, Lille, Ostend, Paris and Tourcoing.

The city is also served by the Lille Metro.

Environmental perspectives

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s desindustrialisation dramatically influenced major urban landscapes across the arrondissement of Lille.[151] Large areas of brownfield land came to mark the city of Roubaix. With the support of the local and national government programs, these areas are acquired and gradually restored or rebuilt.

Roubaix has one of the most efficient biomass district heating plant in France[152] and is therefore among the most advanced cities for sustainability in Hauts-de-France. Since 2014, the city has been engaged in several related initiatives aimed at moving to a circular economy and a zero waste future.[153]

Notable people

Artists

Athletes

Politicians and professionals

Scientists

Writers

See also

Notes and references

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Répertoire national des élus: les maires. data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 2 December 2020. fr.
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  3. https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/commune/59512-roubaix INSEE commune file
  4. Book: Lecigne . Constantin . 1911 . Amédée Prouvost . fr . Paris, F . Bernard Grasset . 679906866 . 71 . 2016-03-17 . Roubaix donne l'impression d'une enclave américaine dans la France du Nord. C'est en même temps la ville de l'énergie frénétique et des fuites à travers le monde..
  5. Strikwerda . Carl . Sweets . John F. . 1984 . Regionalism and Internationalism: The Working-Class Movement in the Nord and the Belgian Connection, 1871–1914 . Lawrence (Kansas), USA . The University of Kansas . Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History . 1983/1984 . 0099-0329 . 222 . 2027/mdp.39015012965524 . Contemporaries never tired of calling Roubaix an "American city," because of its raw, fast-growing character, or of referring to Roubaix and its sister cities of Lille and Tourcoing as the "French Manchester.".
  6. Book: Clark . Peter . January 29, 2009 . European Cities and Towns: 400–2000 . Oxford University Press . Oxford, UK . 978-0-199-56273-2 . 246 . 2015-10-01 . Roubaix was another new town, originally a craft village, whose many textile mills attracted a population of 100,000 and generated massive social and environmental problems..
  7. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011070/ensemble.pdf Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2019
  8. Lecluyse . Frédérick . December 16, 2016 . MEL: on prend les mêmes ou presque et on recommence . MEL: let's take the same ones, or almost, and start over . fr . . 73 . 349, ROUBAIX & SES ALENTOURS . Roubaix, F . 4 . 1277-1422 . Bois-Grenier, Le Maisnil, Fromelles, Aubers et Radinghem-en-Weppes. Soit 6000 habitants supplémentaires pour une MEL qui compte désormais 90 communes… .
  9. Web site: Ezelin . Perrine . European Metropole of Lille Local Action Plan . CSI Europe URBACT . Edinburgh, UK . April 2, 2015 . 3 . 2015-07-22.
  10. Web site: URBACT . Lille . Edinburgh, UK . May 29, 2015 . 2015-07-22 . 22 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150722193853/http://urbact.eu/lille-0 .
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  12. Web site: Durand . Frédéric . Theoretical framework of the cross border space production the case of the Eurometropolis Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai . EUBORDERSCAPES . Luxembourg, L . May 12, 2015 . 18 . 2015-07-22.
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  14. Web site: Entfernungen (Luftlinie & Strecke) einfach online berechnen, weltweit . Jäger . Martin . January 12, 2011 . Ascio Technologies, Inc. Danmark – Filial af Ascio technologies, Inc. USA . Calculate distance between two cities in the world (free, with map) . de . 2015-07-07.
  15. Book: Dercourt . Jean . Paquet . Jacques . Geology: Principles and Methods . December 6, 2012 . 328 . First published 1985 . Springer Science & Business Media . Oxford, UK . 978-9-400-94956-0 . 2015-07-24.
  16. Book: Hack . Robert . Azzam . Rafig . Charlier . Robert . Engineering Geology for Infrastructure Planning in Europe: A European Perspective . June 14, 2004 . 605–606 . 10.1007/b93922 . Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences . 104 . Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg . Berlin, D . 978-3-540-21075-7 . 2015-07-03.
  17. Book: The Sanitary Record and Journal of Sanitary and Municipal Engineering . 1911 . 3 . 47 . Sanitary Publishing Company . London, UK . 2015-07-08.
  18. Book: Commercial relations of the United States with foreign countries . 1898 . 63 . Govt. Printing Office . Washington DC . …and with the Deule by the Canal d'Espierre and that of Roubaix . 3695 . 2015-07-09.
  19. Book: Nothomb, M. . 1838 . Canal de Bossuyt à Courtray & projets, annexes, enquêtes, etc … . Bossuit-Kortrijk Canal & projects, appendix, surveys, etc… . fr . Brussels, B . H. Rémy, imprimeur du roi . 17 . Le but primitif du canal était de fournir à la ville de Roubaix les eaux dont elle manquait, et de la mettre en communication avec le système de canaux du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais. . 2015-09-21.
  20. Web site: A strategic route, an economic necessity . EU programme Blue Links: restoration and reopening of the Deûle-Escaut canal between France and Belgium: Roubaix Canal, Espierre Canal and Marque canalised river . Ruant . Olivia . Edwards-May . David . Lille Metropolitan Council . 2008 . Lille Métropole Communauté Urbaine . 2015-07-13.
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  22. Web site: From Marquette to la frontière Belge . Fluviacarte, cartes et guides pour la navigation intérieure . Devisme . Philippe . Join-Lambert . Patrick . Marion Gadault . Teddy Grandsire . Patrice Gonzalez . Laure Join-Lambert . Dominique Leonardi . Véronique Malek . Carmen Momenceau . Nathalia Momenceau . Catherine Ruget . Lattes, F . 2015 . Editions de l'Écluse . 2015-07-13.
  23. Web site: Présentation générale du territoire communautaire et environnement du 8 octobre 2004 (Titre I – présentation générale du site et caractéristiques géophysiques) . Lille Métropole Communauté Urbaine . PLU de Lille Métropole . RAPPORT DE PRESENTATION . LMCU . Lille, F . October 8, 2004 . 17–18 . fr . 2015-07-25.
  24. Web site: Lille (Nord) . Decker . Frédéric . Normales climatiques 1981–2010 . 2015 . LaMétéo.org . fr . 2015-07-25.
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  31. Web site: Toponymisch Woordenboek van België, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West-Duitsland (vóór 1226) door Maurits Gysseling (1960) . Toponymic dictionary of Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Northern France and Western Germany (before 1226) by Maurits Gysseling (1960) . Gysseling . Maurits . 1960 . Centrum voor Teksteditie en Bronnenstudie . nl . 2015-06-17.
  32. Web site: Cartographica Neerlandica Topographical names for Ortelius Map No. 76 . FLANDRIA "Gerardus Mercator Rupelmundanus Describebat" [Flanders, which Gerardus Mercator from Rupelmonde has depicted] "Cum priuilegio" [With privilege] . van den Broecke . Marcel . van den Broecke-Günzburger . Deborah . 2008 . Bilthoven, NL . Cartographica Neerlandica . Marcel & Deborah van den Broecke . 2016-05-21.
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  34. Book: Schuermans, Lodewijk Willem . Algemeen Vlaamsch idioticon, Met Tijd en Vlijt . General Flemish idioticon, with time and assiduity . 1865 . Gebroeders Vanlinthout . Leuven, B . nl . 268 . 2015-06-22.
  35. Book: Fortuné, Raymond . Histoire du Hainaut français et du Cambresis . History of the French Hainaut and Cambresis . 1899 . Editions Paul Lechevalier . Paris, F . fr . 61 . 2015-06-22.
  36. Kolff . Gualtherus Johannes . Gualtherus Johannes Cornelis Kolff . October 28, 1914 . De Belgische Plaatsnamen . Belgian place names . Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad . G.J. Kolff & Co. . nl . 6 . 2015-06-23.
  37. Book: Schuermans . Lodewijk Willem . David . Jan Baptist . Du Bois . Pierre . 1883 . Bejvoegsel: aan het Algemeen Vlaamsch idioticon uitgegeven in 1865-1870 . General Flemish idioticon issued in 1865-1870 . 268 . nl . Leuven, B . K. Fonteyn . 23400838 . 2017-02-24 . ROBAAIS, zoo las ik ergens vertaald den naam der fransche stad Roubaix, 't welk beter Roobeek of Robeke zou zijn.
  38. Web site: Buitenlandse Aardrijkskundige Namen . Foreign Geographical Names . taaladvies.net . nl . 2014-04-29.
  39. Book: Leuridan, Théodore . 1862 . Histoire des seigneurs et de la seigneurie de Roubaix . History of the lords and lordships of Roubaix . Histoire de Roubaix . 3 . 24 . Roubaix, F . 466447211 . fr . Imprimerie J. Reboux . 2015-06-21.
  40. Book: Ireland, Patrick Richard . January 1, 1994 . The Policy Challenge of Ethnic Diversity: Immigrant Politics in France and Switzerland . Cambridge (Massachusetts), USA . Harvard University Press . 978-0-674-68375-4 . 2015-07-27 . Even very large immigrant communities managed to integrate into the ranks of the Roubaignos (native Roubaisians) through their membership in the working class..
  41. Landrecies . Jacques . Boutet . Josiane . March 2001 . Une configuration inédite: la triangulaire français-flamand-picard à Roubaix au début du XXe siècle . An original configuration: the French-Flemish-Picard linguistic triangle in Roubaix at the start of the 20th century . Langage et Société . 97 . Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme . Paris, F . . 3 . fr . 10.3917/ls.097.0027 . 27–69 . 978-2-735-10894-7 . 0181-4095 . 2015-07-29.
  42. Book: Bowen, Reginald . 1937 . La formation du féminin de l'adjectif et du participe passé dans les dialectes normands, picards et wallons d'après l'Atlas linguistique de la France . The Feminine formation of adjectives and past participles in Norman, Picard and Wallon dialects according to the Linguistic Atlas of France . fr . Paris, F . Librairie Droz . 252979177.
  43. Book: Declercq . Elien . Vanden Borre . Saartje . Cultural integration of Belgian migrants in northern France (1870–1914): a Study of Popular songs . https://web.archive.org/web/20150221134226/http://fh.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/1/91.full . 2015-02-21 . 2013 . French History . 27 . 1 . 91–108 . Oxford University Press . Oxford, UK . 10.1093/fh/crs123 . 1477-4542 . 2015-07-15.
  44. Book: Guerin-Gonzales . Camille . Carl . Strikwerda . The Politics of Immigrant Workers: Labor Activism and Migration in the World Economy Since 1830 . 2 revised . 1998 . 115–133 . Holmes & Meier . New York (New York), USA . 978-0-841-91298-4 . All Merrheim's years living in a French city that was over a third Belgian never made him question the ability of workers of different nationalities to unite. . 2015-07-15 .
  45. Book: de Planhol . Xavier . Clava . Paul . An Historical Geography of France . 21 . Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography . 1994 . 402 . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge (New York), USA . 978-0-521-32208-9 . 1747-3128 . 27266536 . 2015-07-13.
  46. Book: Ministère des affaires étrangères du royaume de Belgique . Recueil consulaire, contenant les rapports commerciaux des agents belges à l'étranger . 19 . 1873 . 971 . P. Weissenbruch, Imprimeur du Roi . Brussels, B . 978-0-521-32208-9 . D'après un recensement récent, la population de Roubaix s'élève aujourd'hui à 75,987 habitants, dont 42,103 belges. En 1866 le recensement accusait une population totale de 64,706 habitants, dont 30,465 belges. . 2015-07-16.
  47. Book: Moch, Leslie Page . Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe Since 1650 . Interdisciplinary studies in history . 2003 . First published 1992 . Indiana University Press . Bloomington (Indiana), USA . 978-0-253-21595-6 . 50774361 . 135 . Second . 2015-07-13.
  48. Book: Stone, David . June 1, 2015 . The Kaiser's Army: The German Army in World War One . London, UK . Bloomsbury Publishing . 400 . 978-1-844-86235-1 . 2015-07-25.
  49. Book: Kramer, Alan . July 12, 2007 . Dynamic of Destruction: Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War . 42 . Oxford, UK . Oxford University Press . 978-0-192-80342-9 . 2015-07-25 . The death rate is high; in ordinary times two gravediggers were enough in Roubaix, and now there are six of them.
  50. Book: Tilly, Charles . July 1983 . Collective-action repertoires in five French provinces, 1789–1914 . CRSO Working Paper . Ann Arbor (Michigan), USA . University of Michigan . 300 . 17 . 2015-07-25 . In fact, the population of Lille-Roubaix-Tourcoing, a combat zone in World War I, fell slightly between 1901 and 1921..
  51. Web site: Roubaix (Lille, Nord, France) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information . 2023-07-03 . www.citypopulation.de.
  52. Web site: About Roubaix Visualizing French Muslims . 2023-07-03 . en-US.
  53. Web site: La ségrégation résidentielle en France . 2023-07-10 . francestrategie.shinyapps.io.
  54. Landrecies . Jacques . Petit . Aimé . April 1, 2003 . Picard d'hier et d'aujourd'hui . Yesterday's and today's Picard . fr . Bien dire et bien aprandre – Bulletin du Centre d'études médiévales et dialectales de l'Université de Lille III . 21 . 11 . Villeneuve d'Ascq, F . Centre de Gestion de l'Édition Scientifique (CEGES) . 978-2-907-30105-3 . 2015-09-26 . …aborder le difficile problème de l'"accent", cette dernière marque qui subsiste quand le patois a disparu et qui, plus que tout, permet de distinguer l'Abbevillois de l'Artésien ou du "Roubaignot"..
  55. Book: Pooley, Timothy . Chtimi: The Urban Vernaculars of Northern France . December 30, 1996 . 104–140 . Applications in French Linguistics Series . Multilingual Matters Ltd. . Clevedon, UK . 978-1-853-59345-1 . 2015-09-30.
  56. Book: Pooley, Timothy . Jones . Mari C. . Esch . Edith . October 9, 2002 . Language Change: The Interplay of Internal, External, and Extra-linguistic Factors . Contributions to the sociology of language . 86 . The depicardization of the vernaculars of the Lille conurbation . Berlin, D . Walter de Gruyter GmbH . 978-3-110-17202-7 . 1861-0676 . 34 . 2015-07-27 . Viez notes the enduring prevalence of Picard in Roubaix in the early twentieth century despite progressive francization favoured by urbanization and industrialization.
  57. Book: Viez . Henri-Aimé . 1978 . 1st pub. 1910 . Le parler populaire patois de Roubaix: étude phonétique . Patois of Roubaix: a phonetic study of the popular dialect . 7 . fr . Geneva, CH . Slatkine Reprints . 2015-07-27 . …du parler populaire de Roubaix, tel qu'il était couramment employé avant que l'instruction primaire ne fût devenue obligatoire..
  58. Gopnik . Adam . May 9, 1994 . A Reporter at Large: The Ghost of the Glass House . The New Yorker . New York (New York), USA . F-R Publishing Corporation . 58 . 0028-792X . Many of them had German names. They had fled from Alsace-Lorraine as the Franco-Prussian War ended, in 1871..
  59. Book: Gilbert . Barbara C. . Fishel Deshmukh . Marion . September 30, 2005 . Max Liebermann: from realism to impressionism . Los Angeles (California), USA . Skirball Cultural Center . 978-0-970-42956-8 . 202 . 2015-09-28 . After Alsace-Lorraine territory is annexed by the German Empire, thousands of Alsatian Jews emigrate to France..
  60. Reboux . Alfred . October 5, 1872 . Roubaix et le nord de la France . Roubaix and northern France . 2017-12-04 . fr . Journal de Roubaix . 17 . 3052 . 2 . Roubaix, F . Bibliothèque numérique de Roubaix.
  61. Book: Viey . Frédéric . d'Almeida . Franck . June 2009 . Histoire des communautés juives du Nord et de Picardie . History of the Jewish Communities of the North and Picardy Regions . https://web.archive.org/web/20131115064855/http://www.synagoguedevalenciennes.com/pages_Histoire_des_Juifs_FR/Histoire_des_communautes_juives_du_nord_et_de_picardie_par_frederic_viey_synagogues_du_Nord.html . 2013-11-15 . fr . Valenciennes, F . Synagogue de Valenciennes . 24–25 . 2015-09-27 .
  62. Book: Cahen . Isidore . Prague . Hippolyte . 1894 . Archives israélites – Recueil politique et religieux . Israelite Archive – Political and religious reports . fr . Paris, F . Bureau des Archives Israelites . 23 . Tome LV . 2015-09-27 . M. Maurice Marx, fils du ministre-officiant de la Synagogue de Roubaix, a été nommé dans le courant de novembre au commandement de la canonnière l'Onyx. Ce jeune officier est un ancien élève de l'École polytechnique..
  63. Book: Delmaire . Danielle . 2001 . Les communautés juives septentrionales, 1791–1939: Naissance, croissance, épanouissement . Jewries in Northern France from 1791 to 1939: birth, growth, development . fr . Villeneuve d'Ascq, F . Presses Universitaires du Septentrion . 978-2-284-01645-8 . 2 . 714–719 . 2015-09-30 . State doctoral thesis – Charles de Gaulle University – Lille III – January 1998 .
  64. Renoul . Bruno . September 10, 2015 . Roubaix commémore l'époque où elle avait une synagogue . Roubaix commemorates the time when it had a synagogue . fr . . Roubaix, F . 0999-2189 . 2015-09-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150930002319/http://www.lavoixdunord.fr/region/roubaix-commemore-l-epoque-ou-elle-avait-une-synagogue-ia24b58797n3036470 . September 30, 2015 . mdy-all .
  65. Book: Michman . Dan . May 1998 . Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans . Jerusalem . Daf-Noy Press. 978-9-653-08068-3 . 335–336 . A massive round-up, i.e., large-scale random arrests, of Jews in northern France was conducted on September 11, 1942, at the same time as the one in Antwerp […] On October 27, 1943, the Germans arrested two Jewish families in Croix and Roubaix..
  66. Book: Wieviorka . Michel Wieviorka . Michel . Bataille . Philippe . Couper Lobel . Kristin . Declerck . Anna . September 2007 . The Lure of Anti-Semitism: Hatred of Jews in Present-Day France . Jewish Identities in a Changing World . 10 . 98 . Leiden, NL . . 978-9-004-16337-9 . 2015-09-30 . Roubaix does not have a Jewish community and there is no Jewish place of worship, intra muros..
  67. Web site: A French Town Bridges the Gap Between Muslims and Non-Muslims . Johannsen Rubin . Alissa . August 5, 2013 . The New York Times . 2016-01-11 . In Roubaix, the mayor's office estimates that the Muslim population is as much as 20,000, or about 20 percent of the population..
  68. Gilman . Julien . October 31, 2014 . Roubaix: la Ville veut vendre douze chapelles funéraires abandonnées . The City of Roubaix is willing to sell twelve abandoned funeral chapels . fr . . Roubaix, F . 0999-2189 . 2016-09-14.
  69. Book: Liogier . Raphaël . Raphaël Liogier . March 29, 2004 . Le bouddhisme mondialisé: Une perspective sociologique sur la globalisation du religieux . Globalised Buddhism: A sociological perspective on the globalisation of religions . Référence géopolitique . fr . Paris, F . Ellipses Marketing . 978-2-7298-1402-1 . 268 . 2016-09-14.
  70. Web site: Annuaire des Centres bouddhistes: Nord - Pas-de-Calais . Directory for Buddhist communities: Nord - Pas-de-Calais . Centre francophone d'étude et d'enseignement sur le bouddhisme . 2006 . Institut d'Études Bouddhiques . fr . Paris, F . IEB . 2016-09-18 . September 20, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170920203809/http://www.bouddhismes.net/annuaire-FRANCE-nord .
  71. Book: Leuridan, Théodore . 1863 . Histoire des institutions communales et municipales de la ville de Roubaix . Histoire de Roubaix . 4 . 92 . Roubaix, F . 466447211 . fr . Imprimerie J. Reboux . 2015-07-18.
  72. Book: Tellier, Thibault . March 16, 2006 . Roubaix: cinquante ans de transformations urbaines et de mutations sociales . Fifty years of urban transformations and social mutations in Roubaix . Le développement urbain de Roubaix dans la première partie du XXe siècle . David . Michel . fr . Histoire et civilisations . 972 . 43 . Villeneuve d'Ascq, F . Presses Universitaires du Septentrion . 978-2-859-39926-9 . 1284-5655 . 2015-07-21 . …c'est en fait le développement vers le sud qui semble le plus prometteur….
  73. Jean-Baptiste Lebas's mandate was interrupted when he was arrested on March 7, 1915 by German authorities to be imprisoned in the fortress of Rastatt.
  74. Henri Thérin, the first deputy mayor, stood in for Jean-Baptiste Lebas during his imprisonment time.
  75. Web site: Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures . 2014 . France Diplomatie . Commission nationale de la coopération décentralisée . fr . 2015-07-07.
  76. Web site: British towns twinned with French towns . 2013-07-11 . Archant Community Media Ltd.
  77. Book: Piat, Jean . Victor Provo: 1903–1983: Roubaix témoigne et accuse . 1985 . 124 . Éditions Des Beffrois . Dunkerque, F . fr . 978-2-903-07747-1 . 2015-07-07.
  78. Book: Catrice . Paul . Provo . Victor . Trénard . Louis . Teneul . Georges-François . Roubaix au-delà des mers . 1969 . 26 . Société d'émulation de Roubaix . Roubaix, F . fr . 493340579 . 2015-07-07.
  79. Web site: Skopje – Twin towns & Sister cities . 2013-11-04 . Official portal of City of Skopje . Grad Skopje – 2006 – 2013, skopje.gov.mk . https://web.archive.org/web/20131024131101/http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69 . October 24, 2013.
  80. Book: Passarelli, Pasquale . Toscana . Comuni d'Italia . 1999 . 293 . Istituto enciclopedico italiano . Monteroduni (Isernia), I . it . 978-8-887-98326-5 . 2015-07-07.
  81. Web site: Roubaix . June 9, 2006 . Urzad Miejski w Sosnowcu . Sosnowiec laczy . 2015-07-05.
  82. Web site: ROUBAIX (França) . October 20, 2000 . Câmara Municipal da Covilhã . pt . Covilhã Município . 2015-07-07.
  83. Vermeersch . Olivier . April 2013 . The Québec's deleguation attends CETI's official inauguration – La délégation Québécoise à l'inauguration officielle du CETI . La Revue du Textile – the Textile Journal . CTT Group . 130 No. 1 . HIGHTEX . 38 . 0008-5170 . 2015-06-22.
  84. Web site: Allocution de Catherine Tasca – Ville de Noisiel: Signature de la convention VILLE ET PAYS D'ART ET D'HISTOIRE . Tasca . Catherine . December 13, 2000 . Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication . fr . 2015-06-22.
  85. Web site: Wim Delvoye / Discobolos . Artconnexion . June 5, 2010 . Artconnexion: contemporary art production and mediation consultants . 2015-07-19.
  86. A local association (as per the 1901 law about association) called "Comité de quartier de l'Hommelet"
  87. Web site: Legierse . Thérèse . Wim Delvoye – Discobolos . Société internationale des Nouveaux commanditaires . 2010 . Brussels, B . Les Nouveaux Commanditaires . 2016-03-31.
  88. Web site: Médiathèque de Roubaix . Monument Jean Lebas . Bibliothèque numérique de Roubaix . Mairie de Roubaix . Roubaix, F . 1980 . fr . 2015-07-19.
  89. "Roubaix has its martyrs of the Resistance" and "They broke the chains of oppression"
  90. Book: Piat, Jean . Victor Provo: 1903–1983: Roubaix témoigne et accuse . 1985 . 50 . Éditions Des Beffrois . Dunkerque, F . fr . 978-2-903-07747-1 . Le 11 novembre 1948, le ciseau du grand prix de Rome, le Roubaisien Albert de Jaeger, grava leur souvenir dans la pierre d'un monument Aux Martyrs de la Résistance, érigé sur l'ancienne place Chevreul. . 2015-07-20.
  91. Web site: Mairie de Roubaix . Roubaix: Parc Barbieux et Grand Boulevard . Mairie de Roubaix . Roubaix, F . 2009 . PDF . 2015-07-19.
  92. November 30, 1931 . L'hommage de Roubaix au peintre J.J. Weerts . . Paris, F . 1 . fr . 2015-07-19.
  93. Book: Ramspacher, Émile-Georges . 1863 . Le général Estienne: "père des chars" . Portrait et aspect de l'histoire . 2 . 65 . Paris, F . 978-2-702-50036-1 . fr . Éditions Charles-Lavauzelle . 2015-07-18.
  94. "Roubaix to his children died in defense of the country and for peace"
  95. Web site: Monument à Roubaix . Institut de Recherches Historiques du Septentrion . April 21, 2015 . Les monuments aux morts France et Belgique . Laboratoire UMR CNRS IRHiS Institut de Recherches Historiques du Septentrion Université de Lille . fr . 2015-07-19.
  96. Book: Social Democratic Federation . 1925 . Social-democrat: Incorporating Justice . 42 to 44 . 32 . London, UK . Executive Committee of the Social-Democratic Federation . In Roubaix, which has a Socialist majority on the town council, a memorial will be unveiled on Easter Sunday, in honour of Jules Guesde, the great pioneer of Marxian Socialism in France. . 2015-07-19.
  97. Web site: Monument à Jules Guesde – Roubaix . December 17, 2013 . 2015 E-monumen . E-monumen.net Base de données Géolocalisée du patrimoine monumental Français et Étranger . fr . 2015-07-19.
  98. "Friend of the gardens, music and books"
  99. Web site: Monument à Pierre Destombes – Roubaix . December 16, 2013 . 2015 E-monumen . E-monumen.net Base de données Géolocalisée du patrimoine monumental Français et Étranger . fr . 2015-07-19.
  100. Web site: Monument à Gustave Nadaud – Roubaix . December 21, 2013 . 2015 E-monumen . E-monumen.net Base de données Géolocalisée du patrimoine monumental Français et Étranger . fr . 2015-07-19.
  101. "The Swimming Pool"
  102. "The Manufactory"
  103. "André Diligent Museum of Art and Industry"
  104. The collections held at the museum include sculptures by Alberto Giacometti, Auguste Rodin, Camille Claudel and Pablo Picasso
  105. Web site: France's art deco jewel is reborn to make an even bigger splash . Willsher . Kim . October 21, 2018 . The Guardian.
  106. Book: Dunthorne . Hugh . Wintle . Michael . November 1, 2012 . The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Britain and the Low Countries . National Cultivation of Culture . 5 . 204–208 . 978-9-004233-79-9 . Leyden, NL . . 2015-07-24.
  107. Book: Ronet . Marc . Gaudichon . Bruno . 2005 . Marc Ronet . fr . Gent, B . Snoeck-Ducaju & Zoon . 978-90-5349-593-3 . 12 . 2016-03-17.
  108. Book: Cordonnier . Aude . Ceysson . Bernard . 2005 . Collection du Lieu d'art et action contemporaine de Dunkerque . Collection of the Lieu d'art et action contemporaine of Dunkirk . fr, en . Paris, F . Somogy Editions d'Art . 194–330 . 978-2-85056-871-8 . 2016-03-17.
  109. Web site: Médiathèque de Roubaix . Le groupe de Roubaix: Un choix dans les collections de La Piscine . La Piscine – Musée d'Art et d'Industrie André Diligent . Ville de Roubaix . Roubaix, F . July 2, 2010 . fr . 2015-07-22 . October 4, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101004181040/http://www.roubaix-lapiscine.com/publications/114/le-groupe-de-roubaix-un-choix-dans-les-collections-de-la-piscine.html .
  110. Book: Cordonnier . Aude . Jaubert . Bruno . November 11, 1998 . Arthur van Hecke: œuvres 1946–1998 . fr . Dunkirk, F . Dunkerque : Musée des Beaux-Arts . 978-2-906363-11-3.
  111. Book: Delporte . Michel . Gaudichon . Bruno . Vandierendonck . René . December 20, 1997 . Le Groupe de Roubaix: Le Nord Pas-de-Calais s'ouvre: l'art contemporain, 1946–1970 . Cahier du patrimoine roubaisien . 3 . fr . Roubaix, F . Musée d'art et d'industrie de Roubaix.
  112. Verbeke . Dirk . 1989 . De Franse Nederlanden: actualiteiten . The French Netherlands: News . nl . Ons Erfdeel . Raamsdonksveer, NL . Jaargang 32 . Stichting Ons Erfdeel . Deel 2 . 2016-03-17 . 299 . Leroy, Roulland en Van Hecke behoorden tot de 'Groep van Roubaix'..
  113. The Cloakroom
  114. Web site: Présentation. Maisons de Mode. en-US. 2019-11-19.
  115. National choreographic centre Roubaix - Hauts-de-France
  116. Web site: Louise Bourgoin et Jean-Hugues Anglade tournent à Lessines . fr . H.J. . Dupiereux . Thierry . November 13, 2014 . L'info sur lavenir.net . Éditions de l'Avenir . Liège, B . 2015-07-12.
  117. Roubaix, le "paradis perdu" du cinéaste Arnaud Desplechin . fr . Lelièvre . Adrien . . August 25, 2014 . Roubaix, F . 0999-2189 . 2015-07-12.
  118. Roubaix – Tourcoing: ces 5 films qui font de nos villes leur décor idéal . fr . Le Bas . Christophe . May 12, 2015 . . Roubaix, F . 0999-2189 . 2015-07-12.
  119. Web site: "Discount" vu par son équipe . fr . Dulas . Régis . January 2015 . e-clap.fr . E-clap, Amoureux de tous les cinemas . Hellemmes, F . 2015-07-12.
  120. Web site: Les Reines du ring en tournage à Roubaix, Le Portel… . fr . Joos . Olivier . May 15, 2012 . cinemasdunord.blogspot.com . Olivier JOOS on Blogger . 2015-07-12.
  121. Web site: "Les reines du ring", film sur le catch tourné dans le Nord Pas-de-Calais, en avant-première ce lundi à Lomme . fr . Rousseaux . Céline . June 24, 2013 . france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr . . Lille, F . 2015-07-12.
  122. Web site: 'Blue Is the Warmest Colour' Coloured with Palme d'Or in 66th Festival De Cannes . 2013 . Nisha . Joseph . All Lights Film Magazine . Dubai, UEA . 2015-07-12 .
  123. Web site: Un film tourné et coproduit en Nord–Pas de Calais en compétition officielle du Festival de Cannes ! . Grenu . Leïla . Leclercq . Vincent . PICTANOVO . Tourcoing, F . April 18, 2013 . fr . 2015-07-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073100/http://www.pictanovo.com//images/pdf/cp/cp_selection_cannes_17_04_13.pdf . September 24, 2015 . mdy-all .
  124. Web site: Le Nord-Pas-de-Calais et le cinéma . Saint-Alban . Clotilde . Ancêtres et Histoire . Prémesques, F . fr . 2015-07-12.
  125. Web site: http://jig.ru/index4.php/2007/08/31/andrei-zvyagincev-pokoril-erevan.html . Агаронян . Армине . ru:Андрей Звягинцев покорил Ереван . Andrey Zvyagintsev won Yerevan . Международная еврейская газета (МЕГ) – International Jewish Newspaper (IJN) . Moscow, RU . July 2009 . …и кто-то посоветовал, городок Рубе на севере Франции. Это оказалось именно тем, что мы искали… . ru . 2015-07-12.
  126. Web site: Le bannissement (2007) Filming Locations . IMDb.com, Inc. . Seattle (Washington), USA . February 6, 2008 . 2015-07-12.
  127. Web site: Le rendez-vous de Séraphine . fr . January 18, 2009 . amisdelapiscine.blogspot.fr . Les Amis de la Piscine on Blogger . 2015-07-12.
  128. Web site: Le couperet (2005) Movie . 2014 . MoviePictures.ORG Movies Hollywood Free . Singapore, SG . 2015-07-12.
  129. Web site: Sauve-moi (Secrets de tournage) De l'écrit à l'image… . Sardet . Yoann . 2000 . AlloCiné SA . Paris, F . fr . 2015-07-12.
  130. Web site: Robert Kramer: " Je suis un homme aveuglé " . fr . Jauffret . Magali . April 28, 1999 . L'Humanité.fr . 2015-07-11.
  131. Web site: An American in Roubaix . . November 13, 1999 . www.windwalk.net . 2015-07-11.
  132. Web site: Erick Zonca – Une nouvelle vie . fr . Kaganski . S. . Bonn . F. . September 16, 1998 . Les Inrocks . 2015-07-11.
  133. Book: O'Shaughnessy, Martin . The New Face of Political Cinema: Commitment in French Film since 1995 . January 15, 2008 . 167 . Berghahn Books . Oxford (New York), USA . 978-0-857-45690-8 . 2015-07-11.
  134. Web site: Temporale Rosy (1980) Movie . 2014 . MoviePictures.ORG Movies Hollywood Free . Singapore, SG . 2015-07-12.
  135. Web site: Le Maître-nageur . fr . Deroy . Pascal . 1994 . CinEmotions.com . Wattignies, F . 2015-07-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160819143833/http://www.cinemotions.com/Le-Maitre-nageur-tt25023 . August 19, 2016 . mdy-all.
  136. Web site: Godard part II: 1968–1974 – The Mao years . Rate Your Music . Sonemic, Inc. . Seattle (Washington), USA . 2015-07-12.
  137. Book: Vandenbussche, Robert . 2000 . 1896–1996, Cent ans d'université Lilloise: actes du colloque organisé à Lille, les 6 et 7 décembre 1996 . 1896–1996, one hundred years of the University of Lille: proceedings of the symposium held on November 6 and 7, 1996 at Lille . Centre d'Histoire de l'Europe du Nord-Ouest . 18 . 225 . fr . Villeneuve d'Ascq, F . Université Charles-de-Gaulle – Lille III / CRHEN-O . 978-2-905-63734-5 . 2015-07-24.
  138. Book: Jerome . Jerome Klapka . Pain . Barry . 1899 . To-day . 22 . 215 . London, UK . W.A. Dunkerley . 2015-07-28 . The sport is very popular in the North of France, some fifty odd clubs existing in or near Roubaix, where a very large meeting was recently held..
  139. Book: Waret . Philippe . Popelier . Jean-Pierre . July 1, 2005 . Sutton . Alan . Roubaix: ville de sport . Roubaix: a sporting city . Mémoire du sport . fr . Saint-Avertin, F . Éditions Alan Sutton . 978-2-84910-155-1.
  140. Book: Brévan, Claude . The URBAN Community Initiative . Interministerial Delegation for Urban Affairs . Sainte-Denis, F . June 2002 . 2-11-093-339-9 . 57 . 2015-06-30.
  141. Web site: France: a divided nation goes to the polls . Hussey . Andrew . Andrew Hussey . April 14, 2012 . . 2015-06-30.
  142. Book: Kapferer, Jean-Noël . The New Strategic Brand Management: Creating and Sustaining Brand Equity Long Term . limited . January 3, 2008 . 128 . The New Strategic Brand Management . . London, UK . 978-0-749-45085-4.
  143. Web site: Can France revive its industrial heartland? . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/c1d59836-fda7-11e8-aebf-99e208d3e521 . December 10, 2022 . Agnew . Harriet . December 13, 2018 . Financial Times . subscription.
  144. Book: Smith, Michael Stephen . February 14, 2006 . The Emergence of Modern Business Enterprise in France, 1800–1930 . Harvard studies in business history . 49 . Cambridge (Massachusetts), USA . Harvard University Press . 489 . 978-0-674-01939-3 . 0073-067X . 2015-07-23 . One of these was Pinault-Printemps-Redoute, a major retailing firm created by the merger of the Printemps-Prisunic department store chain and La Redoute, a leading mail-order house founded by a family of Roubaix wool spinners in the 1920s..
  145. Book: Baren, Maurice . September 16, 1992 . How it all began: the stories behind those famous names . Leeds, UK . Smith Settle . 31 . 978-1-870-07192-5 . 2015-07-23 . In the French town of Roubaix in the 1950s, three brothers, members of the Despature family, had a weaving business manufacturing fine woollen cloths..
  146. Book: Derdak, Thomas . Grant . Tina . 2009 . International Directory of Company Histories . Gale virtual reference library . 98 . Farmington Hills (Michigan), USA . St. James Press . 85–87 . 978-1-558-62619-5.
  147. Book: Dubois, Guy . October 11, 2012 . Le Nord Pas-de-Calais Pour les Nuls . Pour les Nuls Culture Générale . Nord Pas-de-Calais for dummies . Paris, F . Éditions First & First Interactive . 164 . fr . 978-2-754-03547-7.
  148. Web site: Vision et génie international des "familles du Nord" et de Roubaix en particulier . Prouvost . Thierry . August 15, 2008 . fr . 2015-07-23 . C'est en 1932, à Roubaix, que Xavier Toulemonde crée les Filatures des 3 Suisses, qui deviendront par la suite les 3 Suisses. . https://web.archive.org/web/20150721102339/http://www.thierryprouvost.com/Vision-internationale-familles-du-Nord.html . July 21, 2015 . mdy-all .
  149. Web site: OVH.com lays the first brick of its future North American data centre in Beauharnois . January 26, 2012 . CNW A PR Newswire Company . . 2015-07-23.
  150. Web site: From Textile Factory to Studio: The Story of Our Premises . Group . Ankama . 2015 . Ankama Group . 2015-07-13 . In January of 2007, the deal was done and Ankama moved into 75 Boulevard d'Armentières in Roubaix. . https://web.archive.org/web/20150713142200/http://www.ankama.com/en/company/locals . July 13, 2015 . mdy-all.
  151. Web site: Inventaire d'anciens sites industriels sur l'arrondissement de Lille . Inventory of old industrial sites on the arrondissement of Lille . BRGM . Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières . 27–28 . April 2002 . Lezennes, F . InfoTerre . BRGM.
  152. Web site: Chauffage urbain au bois à Roubaix . Wood biomass district heating systems of Roubaix . fr . Hutchinson . Lucille . November 28, 2016 . Loos-en-Gohelle, F . Centre Ressource du Développement Durable.
  153. Web site: The story of Roubaix Case study 8 . Chatel . Laura . Ferran . Rosa . January 20, 2018 . PDF . 3 . Zero Waste Europe.

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