Rothamsted Research Explained

Rothamsted Research, previously known as the Rothamsted Experimental Station and then the Institute of Arable Crops Research, is one of the oldest agricultural research institutions in the world, having been founded in 1843. It is located at Harpenden in the English county of Hertfordshire and is a registered charity under English law.

Two of the station's best known and longest-running experiments are the Broadbalk Experiment, planted annually with winter wheat since 1843, and the Park Grass Experiment, a biological study that started in 1856 and has been continuously monitored ever since.^[1]

History

The Rothamsted Experimental Station was founded in 1843 by John Bennet Lawes, a noted Victorian era entrepreneur and scientist who had founded one of the first artificial fertilizer manufacturing factories in 1842, on his 16th-century estate, Rothamsted Manor, to investigate the impact of inorganic and organic fertilizers on crop yield.

Lawes had Henry King conduct studies on the application of bone dust to turnip fields between 1836 and 1838. In 1840 he hired Dobson, a chemist. He had experiments conducted with bone ash treated with sulphuric acid and various other mixtures. It is thought that the experiments were at least to some extent influenced by Justus von Liebig who had attended a meeting of the British Association at Liverpool in 1837. Lawes took out patents on manure mixtures and began a factory to manufacture them in 1843, the same year that Joseph Henry Gilbert replaced Dobson who had moved to Australia. Gilbert had trained under Liebig and with Lawes's support, he launched the first of a series of long-term field experiments, some of which still continue.^[2] Over 57 years, Lawes and Gilbert established the foundations of modern scientific agriculture and the principles of crop nutrition.

In 1902 Daniel Hall moved from Wye College to become director, taking a lower salary to join an establishment lacking money, staff, and direction. Hall decided that Rothamsted needed to specialise and was eventually successful in obtaining state support for agricultural research. In 1912 E. John Russell, who had come from Wye in 1907, took over as director until 1943, overseeing a major expansion in the 1920s, when Sir William Gammie Ogg took over until 1958 and increasing the number of staff from 140 to 471 and creating new biochemistry, nematology, and pedology departments. The site in Harpenden grew to cover 330hectare.^[3] The current director and CEO is Professor Angela Karp.

Statistical science

Many distinguished scientists have been associated with Rothamsted. In 1919 Russell hired Ronald Fisher to investigate the possibility of analysing the vast amount of data accumulated from the "Classical Field Experiments." Fisher analysed the data and stayed to create the theory of experimental design, making Rothamsted a major centre for research in statistics and genetics. Among his appointments and successors in the Statistics department were Oscar Irwin, John Wishart, Frank Yates, William Cochran, Winifred Mackenzie and John Nelder. Indeed, many consider Rothamsted to be the most important birthplace of modern statistical theory and practice.

Partly through these methods, researchers at Rothamsted have made significant contributions to agricultural science, including the discovery and development of systemic herbicides and pyrethroid insecticides, as well as pioneering contributions to the fields of virology, nematology, soil science and pesticide resistance. During World War II, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war, a team under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel developed 2,4-D, still the most widely used weed killer in the world.

Recent history

In 1987, Rothamsted, the Long Ashton Research Station, and Broom's Barn Experimental Station merged to form the Institute of Arable Crops Research (IACR). The Long Ashton Research Station was closed in 2002, with some of its staff moved to Rothamsted, whilst Broom's Barn is operated as an experimental farm for Rothamsted.

Rothamsted is now operated by a grouping of private organizations under the name of Rothamsted Research and is mainly funded by various branches of the UK government through the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. Rothamsted Research supports around 350 scientists (including 50 visiting scientists), 150 administrative staff and 60 PhD students.^[4]

As well as the Rothamsted site Rothamsted Research operates:^[4]

• Broom's Barn, a 120ha experimental farm near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, which is the UK's national centre for sugar beet research.
• North Wyke, of grassland near Okehampton, Devon. It provides a "Farm Platform" allowing research teams to conduct experiments on three 25adj=onNaNadj=on mini-farms. It was formerly part of the Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research.

Its research programme has five main areas:

• Delivering Sustainable Wheat: a co-ordinated and collaborative initiative led by the John Innes Centre to address critical challenges in wheat health, yield, and production in order to safeguard the future of this vital crop.
• Green Engineering: advancing and exploiting understanding of genetic intervention and metabolic regulation to deliver high value plant products and germplasm for health, nutrition, and a more sustainable future.
• Resilient Farming Futures: combining primary and secondary data, in vivo and in silico experiments, and the development of data science and decision-making tools, to forearm the farming sector and additional stakeholders.
• Growing Health: Towards healthier agro-ecosystems.
• AgZero+: supporting the UK’s transition towards home-grown food production that is sustainable, carbon-neutral and has a positive effect on nature (led by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology).

It also operates:

• The Long Term Experiments and e-RA:The oldest continuing agricultural field experiments in the world. Seven of these Long-term Experiments (LTEs) continue today and provide an invaluable resource for scientists.The online e-RA brings the data from the classical and other long-term experiments into an accessible and useable database.
• The Insect Survey: two national networks for monitoring insect populations in the UK.^[5]
• PHI-base: a database of multiple pathogen-host interactions.^[6]

GM protest

In 2012 Rothamsted started testing genetically modified wheat which had been modified to produce an aphid alarm pheromone produced by aphids when under attack to help deter pests.^[7] This trial attracted criticism from anti-GM groups and "about 200" people attempted to occupy the site on 27 May 2012.^[8] They were prevented by a large police presence and the protest ended peacefully.^[9] However one protester did trespass and damage the crop. The protester was later arrested, tried and fined £4,000.^[10]

A video appeal by scientists at Rothamsted led to over 6,000 people signing a "Don't destroy research" petition organised by Sense about Science.^[11] Sense about Science also organised a question and answer session with scientists.^[12] The author Mark Lynas commented that Rothamsted's successful campaign may be a turning point for GMOs.^[13]

The results published in 2015 showed that the trial wheat variety was no better than standard wheat varieties in deterring pests.^[14]

People associated with Rothamsted

Directors

Source:^[15]

• John Bennet Lawes (1843-1900)
• Alfred Daniel Hall^[16] (1902-1912)
• E. John Russell^[17] (1912-1943)
• William Gammie Ogg (1943-1958)
• Frederick Charles Bawden (1958-1972)
• Leslie Fowden (1973-1988)
• Kenneth Treharne (1988-1989)
• Trevor Lewis (1989-1993)
• Benjamin J. Miflin (1994-1998)
• Ian R. Crute (1999-2009)
• Maurice Moloney (2010-2013)
• Achim Dobermann (2014-2019)^[18]
• Angela Karp (2020-Present)^[19]

Entomologists

• Horace Francis Barnes
• Colin Butler
• Augustus Daniel Imms
• Carrington Bonsor Williams
• Kenneth Mellanby
• Linda M Field

Environmental meteorologists

• John Monteith
• Howard Penman

Botanists

• Winifred Brenchley
• Mary Dilys Glynne (plant pathologist)
• Frances Sheffield
• Katherine Warington

Chemists and biochemists

• George W. Cooke
• Edward Mortimer Crowther
• Michael Elliott
• Joseph Henry Gilbert
• Juda Hirsch Quastel
• Norman Pirie
• John A. Pickett
• Robert Warington

Some of the chemists associated with Rothamsted can be found by searching Rothamsted on the Biographical Database of the British Chemical Community, 1880-1970.^[20]

Statisticians

• Frank Anscombe
• William Cochran
• Ronald Fisher, statistician, evolutionary biologist, eugenicist and geneticist.
• Michael Healy
• Oscar Irwin
• John Nelder
• John Wishart
• Robert Wedderburn
• Frank Yates

Geologists and soil scientists

• John Catt
• Jackie Stroud ^{[21] [22] [23] [24] [25]}

Librarians

• Donald H. Boalch (1950-1962)

See also

• Agricultural experiment station
• Long-term experiment
• Genstat, a statistical package originally developed at Rothamsted Research, which is reflected in its capacity to handle complex block designs of the type likely to occur in agricultural multi-treatment experiments.

Further reading

• A History of Agricultural Science in Great Britain 1620-1954, by E. J. Russell (1966) London, George Allen & Unwin. Sir John Russell was a director of Rothamsted and his book emphasises the role of Rothamsted in the development of agricultural science in Britain.

External links

• Rothamsted Research
• Lawes Agricultural Trust
• Rothamsted History
• Rothamsted Manor
• The electronic Rothamsted Documents Archive: digital collection of annual reports, guides, maps and documents relating to the various long-term experiments at Rothamsted
• Rothamsted Repository - research publications of the Institute back to 1843

Notes and References

1. Silvertown . J. . Poulton . P. . Johnston . E. . Edwards . G. . Heard . M. . Biss . P. M. . 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01145.x . The Park Grass Experiment 1856-2006: Its contribution to ecology . Journal of Ecology . 94 . 4 . 801 . 2006 . 10.1.1.589.7794 . 23198088 .
2. Russeli. E. John. 1942. Rothamsted and Its Experiment Station. Agricultural History. 16. 4. 161–183. 3739533. 0002-1482.
3. Web site: 2021-02-21. The History of Rothamsted Research. Rothamsted Research.
4. Web site: About Us . Rothamsted Research . 4 April 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120306182327/http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/Content.php?Section=AboutUs . 6 March 2012 .
5. Harrington, Richard and Woiwod, Ian (February 2007) Foresight from hindsight: The Rothamsted Insect Survey Outlooks on Pest Management, Volume 18, Number 1, Retrieved 22 May 2012
6. Winnenburg . R. . Urban . M. . Beacham . A. . Baldwin . T. K. . Holland . S. . Lindeberg . M. . Hansen . H. . Rawlings . C. . Hammond-Kosack . K. E. . 10.1093/nar/gkm858 . Köhler . J. . PHI-base update: Additions to the pathogen-host interaction database . Nucleic Acids Research . 36 . Database issue . D572–D576 . 2007 . 17942425 . 2238852 .
7. News: The GM scientists' risky strategy that won public support . Ian Sample . The Guardian . 27 May 2012.
8. News: GM trial survives - but 'war' goes on . David Shukman . BBC News . 27 May 2012 .
9. News: Anti-GM protesters kept from tearing up wheat crop by police . Shiv Malik . The Guardian . 27 May 2012 .
10. (19 July 2014) GM Crop Damage Fine ITV News, Retrieved 9 July 20915
11. Web site: Don't Destroy Research Campaign. Sense about Science. 29 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120814030415/http://www.senseaboutscience.org/petition.php. 14 August 2012. dead. dmy-all.
12. Web site: Sense about Science Q&A. Sense about Science. 29 August 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121018231124/http://www.senseaboutscience.org/pages/plant-science-qa.html. 18 October 2012.
13. Lynas . M. . 10.1186/2048-7010-1-17 . Rothamsted's aphid-resistant wheat - a turning point for GMOs? . Agriculture & Food Security . 1 . 17 . 2012 . free .
14. News: Case. Philip. 27 June 2015. 9 questions about the GM wheat trial answered. Farmers Weekly. Surrey, UK . 9 July 2015 .
15. Web site: Archived copy . 2016-11-25 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121105141625/http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/Content/Library/ArchiveDocuments/ArchivesCatalogue.pdf . 2012-11-05 .
16. Russell . E. J. . E. John Russell. Alfred Daniel Hall. 1864-1942 . 10.1098/rsbm.1942.0018 . . 4 . 11 . 228–250. 1942 . Alfred Daniel Hall . 161964820 .
17. Thornton . H. G. . 10.1098/rsbm.1966.0022 . Edward John Russell. 1872-1965 . . 12 . 456–477. 1966 . E. John Russell . free .
18. Web site: News.
19. Web site: Angela Karp announced as new Director and CEO of Rothamsted Research. 2020-10-29. Rothamsted Research.
20. Web site: Biographical Database of the British Chemical Community, 1880-1970. The Open University. 29 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120204040658/http://www.open.ac.uk/ou5/Arts/chemists/search.htm. 2012-02-04. dead.
21. News: Decline of 'nature's ploughs', the earthworm. Simons. Paul. 2019-05-18. The Times. 2019-08-02. en. 0140-0460.
22. News: Modern farming is wiping out worms. Malvern. Jack. 2019-02-23. The Times. 2019-08-02. en. 0140-0460.
23. News: Specieswatch: farmers fight to save Britain's disappearing earthworms. Brown. Paul. 2019-02-26. The Guardian. 2019-08-02. en-GB. 0261-3077.
24. Web site: Dearth of worms blamed for dramatic decline in UK songbird population. 2019-02-24. The Independent. en. 2019-08-02.
25. News: It's not just about the bees – earthworms need love, too. Howard. Jules. 2019-05-20. The Guardian. 2019-08-02. en-GB. 0261-3077.