Rosario + Vampire Explained

Ja Kanji:ロザリオとバンパイア
Ja Romaji:Rozario to Banpaia
Type:manga
Author:Akihisa Ikeda
Publisher:Shueisha
Imprint:Jump Comics
First:April 6, 2004
Last:September 22, 2007
Volumes:10
Volume List:List of Rosario + Vampire chapters
Type:manga
Rosario + Vampire: Season II
Author:Akihisa Ikeda
Publisher:Shueisha
Imprint:Jump Comics SQ.
First:November 4, 2007
Last:April 19, 2014
Volumes:14
Volume List:List of Rosario + Vampire: Season II chapters
Type:tv series
Director:Takayuki Inagaki
Studio:Gonzo
Network:Tokyo MX, CTC, tvk, TVS, TVO, TVA, RAB, Kids Station
First:January 3, 2008
Last:March 27, 2008
Episodes:13
Episode List:List of Rosario + Vampire episodes
Type:novel
Author:Fumihiko Shimo
Publisher:Shueisha
Demographic:Male
Imprint:Jump J-Books
Published:April 4, 2008
Type:tv series
Rosario + Vampire Capu2
Director:Takayuki Inagaki
Studio:Gonzo
Licensee:Crunchyroll
Network:TVO, Tokyo MX, Mie TV, CTC, tvk, TVS, Gifu Broadcasting System, Inc., RAB, Kids Station
First:October 2, 2008
Last:December 24, 2008
Episodes:13
Episode List:List of Rosario + Vampire episodes#Rosario + Vampire Capu2
Rosario + Vampire: Tanabata's Miss Yokai Academy
Developer:Capcom
Released:March 30, 2008
Genre:Visual novel
Platforms:Nintendo DS
Rosario + Vampire Capu2: The Rhapsody of Love and Dreams
Developer:Compile Heart
Released:July 23, 2009
Genre:Visual novel
Platforms:PlayStation 2

is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Akihisa Ikeda. The story revolves around Tsukune Aono, a boy who inadvertently enrolls in a boarding school for monsters. He quickly befriends Moka Akashiya, a vampire who soon develops an obsession with his blood, and later meets other monster girls who soon take a romantic liking to him. The manga was serialized in Shueisha's manga magazine Monthly Shonen Jump from April 2004 to June 2007, when the magazine ceased its publication. An extra chapter was published in Weekly Shōnen Jump in September 2007. The chapters were collected in ten volumes.

A sequel, titled Rosario + Vampire: Season II, was serialized in Jump Square from November 2007 to February 2014. An epilogue chapter was published in Jump SQ.19 in April 2014. The chapters were collected in 14 volumes. Both manga series were licensed in North America and in the United Kingdom by Viz Media, and in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment. The series also spanned three CD dramas, two visual novels, a novel adaptation, and two internet radio shows.

A 13-episode anime adaptation aired between January and March 2008.[1] A second season of the series, Rosario + Vampire Capu2, aired between October and December 2008. The anime is licensed in North America by Funimation, which is now known as Crunchyroll, who released both seasons on December 20, 2011.[2] The anime is also licensed in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment, who released both seasons in 2012.[3]

Plot

Tsukune Aono is an average teenager who is unable to get into any local high schools due to his poor grades. As a last-ditch effort to secure his education, his parents enroll him in a private school called Yokai Academy, which he discovers is a boarding school for monsters. The school teaches monsters how to coexist with humans, including disguising them as them, but any real humans found on campus are to be killed. Although he fears for his life, Tsukune befriends a beautiful vampire girl named Moka Akashiya, who enjoys his company and especially the taste of his blood. During a fight with a school bully, Tsukune accidentally removes the rosario around Moka's neck and discovers that she transforms into a powerful vampire with a completely different personality.

Because of Moka, Tsukune decides to stay at Yokai. He befriends formerly antagonistic students, including succubus Kurumu Kurono and child prodigy witch Yukari Sendo. They join the school's Newspaper Club and wind up fighting a variety of students and teachers, who use their monstrous powers to bully or to control one or more of the members for their own selfish or destructive ends. On a club trip to the human world, they meet a witch, Ruby Tojo, who defends a field of sunflowers from being torn down by developers. They meet Mizore Shirayuki, a snow fairy student who becomes Tsukune's "stalker". A group of "Monstrels" harass the club. Ruby, having recovered from injuries, joins the school's staff as the Headmaster's assistant. An evil group called the Anti-Schoolers threaten to break down the barrier between the human and monster worlds. When Tsukune's cousin manages to sneak onto the school grounds, the club has a hard time keeping the monster school a secret. When the school is temporarily closed because of damage, Tsukune returns home to the human world only to have Moka, Kurumu, Yukari, and Mizore follow him and hide in his room.

In Rosario+Vampire: Season II, Moka's younger half-sister Koko Shuzen enrolls. She, Ruby, and Mizore join the Newspaper Club. On an excursion to Mizore's homeland, they learn of a dangerous organization called Fairy Tale, which seeks to destroy the human world. The Newspaper Club visits the human world where they meet San Otonashi, a former club member, and run into trouble with adversaries from Fairy Tale's 7th Branch office. Chinese transfer student Fangfang Huang tries to recruit Tsukune to join his mafia family. When Moka spends a school day as her inner personality, she is unable to return to the seal, so the Newspaper Club heads to China to get her Rosario fixed.

In Hong Kong, Tsukune and the gang learn the truth about Moka's identity: she was infused with First Ancestor blood by her mother Akasha Bloodriver, who sacrificed herself to protect them from Alucard, the original First Ancestor vampire. Moka's eldest half-sister Aqua infiltrates the Huang manor and captures Moka to bring to Fairy Tale, which suspects that Moka is the key to reviving Alucard. While his friends train their powers, Tsukune has his body altered by Tohofuhai to handle the upcoming challenges.

Tsukune and the gang infiltrate the Hanging Garden: a sky fortress that serves as Fairy Tale's headquarters. They face opposition from their leader and matriarch of the Shuzen family Gyokuro Shuzen, who sends the leaders of the Fairy Tale Branches after them for a series of fights. The group eventually reaches Moka, but must face her half-sisters Aqua and Kalua. Gyokuro snatches Moka's rosario in order to control Alucard. A character called the Masked King reveals himself to be a clone of Alucard's original vampire form. He reveals that he has manipulated both Fairy Tale and its opposition to determine whether the rosario could control him, and then merges with his monster self, who goes on a rampage in Tokyo.

Moka is mortally wounded, but Tsukune revives her by removing all his holy locks and transforming himself into a First Ancestor vampire. They beat down Alucard, but he revives and reveals that he has hatched eggs in Japan's major cities. Tsukune's friends and allies, along with the two other Dark Lords, band together to fight Alucard and his clones. Tsukune puts Moka's rosario on Alucard, which awakens Akasha inside his monster body. Akasha tells Alucard to give up the fight, and they cast a self-disintegration spell. Now that the existence of monsters is known in the human world, coexistence is now even harder to achieve; however, Tsukune is confident that he and his friends can do it.

Conception

Ikeda drew inspiration from the monster manga series Kaibutsu-kun and has incorporated some references later into the first serialization of the Rosario+Vampire manga. In an interview at Lucca Comics 2012, Ikeda said he is a big fan of Tim Burton and was inspired by his works, including The Nightmare Before Christmas, and particularly Edward Scissorhands because the monster has a sensitive soul. His first character design was Moka, a beautiful girl vampire with a crucifix around her neck; he then created the school of monsters and Tsukune afterwards. He credits the beautiful girls for the series' popularity and added the fighting elements. After the series ended in Monthly Shōnen Jump but was going to be featured in Jump Square, he retitled the second series to give it a sense of renewal.[4]

Media

Manga

Written and illustrated by Akihisa Ikeda, Rosario + Vampire was first published with a one-shot in Shueisha's manga magazine Monthly Shōnen Jump in its October 2003 issue;[5] it debuted as a serialized manga in the same magazine on April 6, 2004.[6] The magazine ceased its publication on June 6, 2007.[7] [8] An extra chapter was published in Weekly Shōnen Jump on September 22, 2007.[9] Shueisha collected its 40 individual chapters in ten volumes, released from October 4, 2004,[10] to October 4, 2007.[11]

A sequel, titled, was serialized in Jump Square, the successor to Monthly Shōnen Jump, from November 2, 2007,[12] [13] to February 4, 2014.[14] [15] An epilogue chapter was published in Jump SQ.19 on April 19, 2014.[16] [17] Shueisha collected its 66 individual chapters in 14 volumes, released from June 4, 2008,[18] to May 2, 2014.[19]

Both manga series were licensed in North America and in the United Kingdom by Viz Media under its Shonen Jump Advanced imprint, and in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment. Viz Media released the first series between June 8, 2008, and November 3, 2009, and the second between April 6, 2010, and May 5, 2015.

Anime

A 13-episode anime adaptation produced by Gonzo and directed by Takayuki Inagaki aired from January 3 to March 27, 2008, on Tokyo MX, Chiba TV, and TV Kanagawa, with later runs on TV Saitama, TV Osaka, TV Aichi, Aomori Broadcasting Corporation, and Kids Station. Six DVD compilation volumes were released between April 25 and September 26, 2008,[20] [21] and a DVD/Blu-ray box set was released on January 29, 2010.[22] The anime quickly became notorious for its extensive use of fanservice in the form of panty shots, leading the series to be censored on certain channels during its TV broadcast.[23]

A second 13-episode season,, aired on TV Osaka between October 2 and December 24, 2008, with subsequent runs on Tokyo MX, Mie TV, Chiba TV, TV Kanagawa, TV Saitama, Gifu Broadcasting System, Inc., Aomori Broadcasting Corporation, and Kids Station. Six DVD volumes were released between December 21, 2008, and May 22, 2009,[24] [25] and a DVD/Blu-ray box set was released on March 19, 2010.[26]

For the first season, the opening theme is "Cosmic Love" and the ending theme is called "Dancing in the Velvet Moon". For the second season, the opening theme is "DISCOTHEQUE" and the ending theme is "Trinity Cross"; all songs in the series are performed by Nana Mizuki, the voice actress for Moka Akashiya in the series.

The anime was licensed in North America by Funimation,[2] and released both seasons on December 20, 2011.[27] [28] [29] [30] Funimation initially encountered production issues from the Japanese licensors, causing a series of delays with their release date. Originally intended for release on March 19, 2011, the release date was pushed back to May 17, 2011,[31] and later to July 19, 2011.[3] [32] Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the series was moved to Crunchyroll.[33] The anime is also licensed in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment, who already holds licensing rights to the manga, and released both seasons in 2012. MVM holds the anime license in the United Kingdom and has released the first season of Rosario Vampire on 10 September 2012.[34]

Music

A series of character singles from the first season of the anime was released by King Records. The first set of singles, featuring Moka Akashiya (Nana Mizuki), Kurumu Kurono (Misato Fukuen) and Yukari Sendo (Kimiko Koyama), was released on February 14, 2008.[35] [36] [37] The second set of singles, featuring Mizore Shirayuki (Rie Kugimiya) and Ruby Tojo (Saeko Chiba), was released on March 26, 2008,[38] [39] along with a compilation album called .[40] An original soundtrack was released on December 25, 2008.[41]

A set of character singles from the second season was also released by King Records. The first set of singles for Moka Akashiya, Kokoa Shuzen (Chiwa Saito), Kurumu Kurono, and Yukari Sendo was released on October 29, 2008,[42] [43] [44] [45] while the second set of singles featuring Mizore Shirayuki and Ruby Tojo was released on November 26, 2008,[46] [47] along with another The Capucchu compilation album.[48] A "Best Of" album entitled was released on February 18, 2009.[49]

Other media

A drama CD of Rosario + Vampire was released by Shueisha on August 31, 2006.[50] A second drama CD was later released by Shueisha on December 14, 2007,[51] and a third drama CD based on the anime adaptation was released by Marine Entertainment on July 25, 2008.[52] Most of the voice actors from the CDs were carried on to the anime series.

An internet radio show promoting the anime entitled aired on Onsen between December 27, 2007, and March 27, 2008. Another radio show promoting the second anime called also aired on Onsen between October 23, 2008, and April 23, 2009. The shows are hosted by Misato Fukuen and Kimiko Koyama, the voices of Kurumu Kurono and Yukari Sendo, respectively. A CD based on the first radio show was released by Sony Music Entertainment on August 6, 2008,[53] and another CD based on the second radio show was released on June 24, 2009.[54]

A novelization of Rosario + Vampire written by Fumihiko Shimo was released by Shueisha on April 4, 2008, under their Jump J-Books imprint.[55]

A visual novel entitled was developed by Capcom and was released on March 30, 2008, for the Nintendo DS. Another visual novel entitled was developed by Compile Heart and was released for the PlayStation 2 on July 23, 2009. The player assumes the role of Tsukune Aono in both games, and both games feature new characters.

Reception

Manga

New York Times Manga Best-Seller List
SeriesVolume
No.
Peak
rank
NotesRefs
1681 week[56]
1724 weeks[57] [58] [59] [60]
1827 weeks[61] [62] [63]
1922 weeks[64] [65]
11035 weeks[66]
2117 weeks[67] [68]
2215 weeks[69] [70]
2327 weeks[71] [72] [73]
2418 weeks[74]
2523 weeks[75]
2614 weeks[76] [77]
2745 weeks[78] [79] [80]
2815 weeks[81] [82]
2933 weeks[83] [84]
21033 weeks[85] [86]
21114 weeks[87] [88]
21222 weeks[89] [90]
213 13 weeks[91] [92]
21424 weeks[93]
Oricon Japanese comic rankings
SeriesVolume
No.
Peak
rank
NotesRefs
23101 week[94]
24111 week[95]
25171 week[96]
26101 week[97]
27131 week[98]
28 171 week[99]
210212 weeks[100]
212111 week[101]
214231 week[102]

Volumes of the series commonly rank in listings of top selling manga in Japan.

In North America, the second volume of Rosario + Vampire was featured on BookScan's Top 20 Graphic Novels, ranking sixth in August 2008 and sixteenth in September 2008,[103] [104] with the fifth volume ranking at #7 in February 2009.[105] Season II Volume 8 reached number 5 on BookScan and was the top manga in April 2012[106] Season II Volume 11 ranked number 10,[107] and Season II Volume 12 reached number 3.[108]

Carlo Santos of Anime News Network gave the first volume of Season II a C rating and the second volume a B− rating.[109] [110] When he gave volume 1 a C, he stated that "you could do a lot worse". He felt that Season II has all the things that made the series good, but the attempt to reboot the series for the new semester caused it to lack intense feeling, reintroducing all the characters and going against weak enemies once again. For the second volume, Santos was more pleased with the introduction of a major villain and the fanservice artwork in the lighter story, but lamented the lack of any visually threatening monster.

Matthew Warner of Mania.com gave volumes 1 through 3 of Season II ratings between B+ and A−. In his review for volume 1, he felt the first part was a bit weak with "predictable and bland stories," but remarked positively on the volume's cover art and artwork in general, especially the character artwork.[111] For the second volume, he said it was better focusing on two stories and while noting the second story with Koko was weaker, it still delivers "quite a few solid laughs" and helps develop her character.[112] In his review for volume 3, he stated while it starts out slow, he really enjoyed the story with Mizore, specifically the character development and seeing the characters put aside their disagreements for a common goal: to save Mizore.[113]

Leroy Douresseaux of Comic Book Bin gave volumes of Season II an A− rating. He opined the emphases on sexual innuendo, comparing it to Strawberry 100%,[114] [115] and that the series is like The Addams Family mixed with X-Men: "cool, creepy folks at a secret school where they can live and learn in a place free of the prejudice against them." In volume 11, he changed his overall view and deemed it solidly a battle manga.[116]

YALSA included Rosario + Vampire, Vol.1 in its list of the 2013 Popular Paperbacks for Young Adults under the subcategory Boarding Schools to Summer Camps: Leaving home to find yourself.[117]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Second Rosario + Vampire Anime Series Announced. Anime News Network. April 3, 2008. June 20, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080618042555/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-04-03/second-rosario+vampire-anime-series-announced. June 18, 2008. live.
  2. Web site: Funimation Adds Rosario + Vampire Anime And More. Anime News Network. May 15, 2010. February 10, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20160416142358/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-05-15/funimation-adds-rosario%2Bvampire-anime-more. April 16, 2016. live.
  3. Web site: Madman Entertainment Announces New Acquisitions at Manifest 2011. Anime News Network. August 28, 2011. August 31, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111005165517/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-08-28/madman-entertainment-announces-new-acquisitions-at-manifest-2011. October 5, 2011. live.
  4. Web site: Shinji. Kakaroth. Web Agency Meta Line. GP Publishing: Intervista ad Akihisa Ikeda. it. Nanoda.com. November 8, 2012. December 15, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131215210407/http://www.nanoda.com/gp-publishing-intervista-akihisa-ikeda/. December 15, 2013. live.
  5. Web site: ja:バックナンバー. http://mj.shueisha.co.jp/bn/index.html. Monthly Shōnen Jump. Shueisha. October 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20040805140806/http://mj.shueisha.co.jp/bn/index.html. August 5, 2004. ja.
  6. Web site: ja:月刊少年ジャンプ 2004年5月号. http://www.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/magazine/rack.cgi/magazine/m_jump.html?key=detail&zashimei=m_jump&janru=boyc. Shueisha. February 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20040419034812/http://www.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/magazine/rack.cgi/magazine/m_jump.html?key=detail&zashimei=m_jump&janru=boyc. April 19, 2004. ja.
  7. Web site: Macdonald. Christopher. Shueisha to Launch New Monthly Magazine. Anime News Network. October 24, 2021. April 6, 2007.
  8. Web site: Loo. Egan. More Revealed on Monthly Shonen Jump's Aftermath. Anime News Network. October 24, 2021. June 4, 2007.
  9. Web site: ja:週刊少年ジャンプ 2007年新年43号. http://jump.shueisha.co.jp/henshu/backnumber/2007/43.html. Shueisha. October 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20080206025426/http://jump.shueisha.co.jp/henshu/backnumber/2007/43.html. February 6, 2008. ja.
  10. Web site: https://archive.today/20130111190949/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873665-6. January 11, 2013. http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873665-6. ja:ロザリオとバンパイア/1. Shueisha. October 24, 2021. Japanese. live.
  11. Web site: https://archive.today/20130111202243/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874449-0. January 11, 2013. http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874449-0. ja:ロザリオとバンパイア/10. Shueisha. October 24, 2021. Japanese. live.
  12. Web site: Loo. Egan. Jump Square to Replace Monthly Shonen Jump in November. Anime News Network. October 23, 2021. July 5, 2007.
  13. Web site: ja:【ジャンプスクエア】ジャンプSQ.創刊号、11月2日発売!!. http://manganohi.jp/2007/11/8808.html. manganohi.jp. October 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20071202165452/http://manganohi.jp/2007/11/8808.html. December 2, 2007. ja. November 2, 2007.
  14. Web site: Rosario + Vampire Season II Manga Ending in February - News. Anime News Network. December 27, 2013. February 11, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20190520011603/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-12-27/rosario+vampire-season-ii-manga-ending-in-february. May 20, 2019. live.
  15. Web site: ja:助野嘉昭が“ケガレ”を祓う陰陽師描く「双星の陰陽師」1巻. https://natalie.mu/comic/news/109150. Natalie. Natasha, Inc.. October 24, 2021. ja. February 4, 2014.
  16. Web site: Rosario + Vampire Season II Manga Will Get Epilogue Chapter - News. Anime News Network. February 1, 2014. February 11, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140225124215/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-02-01/rosario+vampire-season-ii-manga-will-get-epilogue-chapter. February 25, 2014. live.
  17. Web site: ja:武富智の新作読切がSQ.19に、「ロザバン」の後日談も. https://natalie.mu/comic/news/114846. Natalie. Natasha, Inc.. October 24, 2021. ja. April 19, 2014.
  18. Web site: https://archive.today/20130111222852/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874506-0. January 11, 2013. http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874506-0. ja:ロザリオとバンパイア season2 1. Shueisha. October 24, 2021. Japanese. live.
  19. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20171205093044/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880049-3. December 5, 2017. http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880049-3. ja:ロザリオとバンパイア season2 14. Shueisha. October 24, 2021. Japanese.
  20. Web site: ロザリオとバンパイア 1 [DVD]]. April 25, 2008. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022015/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B0012G91M4/. February 11, 2019. live.
  21. Web site: ロザリオとバンパイア 6 [DVD]]. September 26, 2008. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022014/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001B4L8P0/. February 11, 2019. live.
  22. Web site: ロザリオとバンパイア DVD-BOX. January 29, 2010. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022014/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B002TVFGKW/. February 11, 2019. live.
  23. Web site: Rosario + Vampire Capu2 Censored by Two TV Stations. Anime News Network. October 4, 2008. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100914060955/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-10-04/rosario+vampire-capu2-censored-by-two-tv-stations. September 14, 2010. live.
  24. Web site: ロザリオとバンパイア CAPU2 1 [DVD]]. December 21, 2008. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022013/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001H68JTA/. February 11, 2019. live.
  25. Web site: ロザリオとバンパイア CAPU2 6 [DVD]]. May 22, 2009. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022013/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001T8UDRM/. February 11, 2019. live.
  26. Web site: ロザリオとバンパイア CAPU2 DVD-BOX. March 19, 2010. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022013/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00313O428/. February 11, 2019. live.
  27. Web site: Funimation December 2011 releases. Janaiblog. September 15, 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120425120108/http://janaiblog.com/2011/09/15/funimation-december-2011-releases/. April 25, 2012.
  28. Web site: Rosario+Vampire DVD Complete Series (Hyb). Right Stuf. September 16, 2011. dead. https://archive.today/20120910021143/http://www.rightstuf.com/1-800-338-6827/catalogmgr/e6xPBviBnnPCFhPFoA/browse/item/93141/4/0/0. September 10, 2012.
  29. Web site: Rosario+Vampire DVD Complete Series (Hyb) Limited Edition. Right Stuf. September 16, 2011. dead. https://archive.today/20120908010923/http://www.rightstuf.com/1-800-338-6827/catalogmgr/e6xPBviBnnPCFhPFoA/browse/item/90077/4/0/0. September 8, 2012.
  30. Web site: Rosario+Vampire: Capu2 (Season 2) DVD Complete Series (Hyb). Right Stuf. September 16, 2011. dead. https://archive.today/20120910215130/http://www.rightstuf.com/1-800-338-6827/catalogmgr/e6xPBviBnnPCFhPFoA/browse/item/90078/4/0/0. September 10, 2012.
  31. Web site: Rosario + Vampire Sets Delayed, Megachu! Unscheduled. Anime News Network. January 1, 2011. January 31, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110123130242/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-01-01/rosario+vampire-sets-delayed-megachu-unscheduled. January 23, 2011. live.
  32. Web site: FUNimation Reschedules Multiple Releases. Right Stuf. January 25, 2011. January 31, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20130603113042/http://www.rightstuf.com/rssite/main/news/individual/?ForumThreadName=FT0000002041&Offset=0&ReturnTo=Archive. June 3, 2013. dead.
  33. Web site: UPDATE: Funimation Titles Now Available on Crunchyroll (3/16). Crunchyroll. March 1, 2022. March 21, 2022.
  34. Web site: Rosario & Vampire Collection [DVD]: Amazon.co.uk: Takayuki Inagaki: Film & TV|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Amazon.co.uk|access-date=December 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022010/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Rosario-Vampire-Collection-DVD/dp/B008DWOUKI/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1341010643&sr=8-4|archive-date=February 11, 2019|url-status=live].
  35. Web site: https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B000ZZFYXS/. ja:「ロザリオとバンパイア」キャラクターソング1 赤夜萌香. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022010/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B000ZZFYXS/. February 11, 2019. live.
  36. Web site: https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B000ZZFYY2/. ja:ロザリオとバンパイア キャラクターソングシリーズ(2). August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022009/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B000ZZFYY2/. February 11, 2019. live.
  37. Web site: https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B000ZZFYYM/. ja:ロザリオとバンパイア キャラクターソングシリーズ(3). August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022008/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B000ZZFYYM/. February 11, 2019. live.
  38. Web site: https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001340ZHU/. ja:ロザリオとバンパイア キャラクターソングシリーズ(4). August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022008/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001340ZHU/. February 11, 2019. live.
  39. Web site: https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001340ZI4/. ja:ロザリオとバンパイア キャラクターソングシリーズ(5). August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022008/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001340ZI4/. February 11, 2019. live.
  40. Web site: https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001340ZIE/. ja:「ロザリオとバンパイア」 キャラクターソングシリーズ6 ザ・かぷっちゅ. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022008/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001340ZIE/. February 11, 2019. live.
  41. Web site: ロザリオとバンパイア アイドルカバーBEST. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022007/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001IVU86Q/. February 11, 2019. live.
  42. Web site: TVアニメ「ロザリオとバンパイアCAPU... 赤夜萌香. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022007/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001EUGSFG/. February 11, 2019. live.
  43. Web site: ロザリオとバンパイアCapu2 キャラクターソング2. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022006/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001EUGSFQ/. February 11, 2019. live.
  44. Web site: ロザリオとバンパイアCapu2 キャラクターソング3. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022006/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001EUGSG0/. February 11, 2019. live.
  45. Web site: ロザリオとバンパイアCapu2 キャラクターソング4. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022006/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001EUGSGA/. February 11, 2019. live.
  46. Web site: ロザリオとバンパイアCapu2 キャラクターソング(5)白雪みぞれ. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022006/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001GM7BYY/. February 11, 2019. live.
  47. Web site: ロザリオとバンパイアCapu2 キャラクターソング(6)橙条瑠妃. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022005/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001GM7BZ8/. February 11, 2019. live.
  48. Web site: TVアニメ「ロザリオとバンパイアCAPU... ザ・かぷっちゅ/謎のコウモリ. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022005/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001GM7BZI/. February 11, 2019. live.
  49. Web site: ロザリオとバンパイア アイドルカバーBEST. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022004/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001LWK24U/. February 11, 2019. live.
  50. Book: ドラマCDシリーズ「ロザリオとバンパイア」. ja. .
  51. Book: ロザリオとバンパイア2 ドラマCD. ja. .
  52. Web site: TVアニメーション ドラマCD ロザリオとバンパイア. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022004/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001AIRK7W/. February 11, 2019. live.
  53. Web site: ラジオCD ロザリオとバンパイア. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022003/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B001AO15TK/. February 11, 2019. live.
  54. Web site: ラジオCD ロザリオとバンパイア CAPU2. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20190211022003/https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B0027BECGS/. February 11, 2019. live.
  55. Web site: http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-703191-1&mode=1. ja:小説 ロザリオとバンパイア. Shueisha. August 6, 2011. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20081223224226/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-703191-1&mode=1. December 23, 2008. live.
  56. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, March 8–14 (Updated). Anime News Network. March 20, 2009. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20090917062003/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-03-20/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-march-8-14. September 17, 2009. live.
  57. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, May 31-June 6. Anime News Network. June 12, 2009. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20090917071346/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-06-12/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-may-31-june-6. September 17, 2009. live.
  58. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, June 7–13. Anime News Network. June 19, 2009. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20090925065908/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-06-19/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-june-7-13. September 25, 2009. live.
  59. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, June 14–20. Anime News Network. June 26, 2009. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20090901044107/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-06-26/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-june-14-20. September 1, 2009. live.
  60. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, June 21–27. Anime News Network. July 9, 2009. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20090916100657/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-07-09/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-june-21-27. September 16, 2009. live.
  61. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, July 26-August 1 (Updated). Anime News Network. August 7, 2009. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100111184308/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-08-07/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-july-26-august-1. January 11, 2010. live.
  62. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, August 2–8 (Updated). Anime News Network. August 14, 1009. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20091228050229/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-08-14/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-august-2-8. December 28, 2009. live.
  63. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, September 6–13. Anime News Network. September 18, 2009. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100225100546/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-09-18/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-september-6-13. February 25, 2010. live.
  64. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, October 4–10. Anime News Network. October 16, 2009. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20160918122431/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-10-16/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-october-4-10. September 18, 2016. live.
  65. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, October 25–31. Anime News Network. November 6, 2009. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100308163620/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-11-06/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-october-25-31. March 8, 2010. live.
  66. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, November 29-December 5. Anime News Network. December 11, 2009. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100325234437/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-12-11/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-november-29-december-5. March 25, 2010. live.
  67. Web site: Aoki. Deb. NY Times Manga Bestsellers: Rosario + Vampire Rules, Dogs and Inuyasha Debut. Manga.about.com. April 23, 2010. December 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131217032217/http://manga.about.com/b/2010/04/23/ny-times-manga-bestsellers-rosario-vampire-rules-dogs-and-inuyasha-debut.htm. December 17, 2013. dead.
  68. Season II Volume 2 New York Times Manga Bestseller Rankings:
  69. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, August 8–14. Anime News Network. August 20, 2010. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100922074357/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-08-20/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-august-8-14. September 22, 2010. live.
  70. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, August 29-September 4. Anime News Network. September 10, 2010. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20190509132512/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-09-10/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-august-29-september-4. May 9, 2019. live.
  71. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, December 6–12. Anime News Network. December 17, 2010. December 17, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101220015813/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/0002-75-11/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-december-6-12. December 20, 2010. live.
  72. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, December 13–19. Anime News Network. December 25, 2010. December 31, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101228003205/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-12-25/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-december-13-19. December 28, 2010. live.
  73. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, January 17–23. Anime News Network. January 28, 2011. January 29, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110131124224/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-01-28/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-january-17-23. January 31, 2011. live.
  74. Season II Volume 4 New York Times Manga Bestseller Rankings:
  75. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, July 17–23. Anime News Network. July 29, 2011. July 29, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120501055643/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-07-29/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-july-17-23. May 1, 2012. live.
  76. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, October 9–15. Anime News Network. October 21, 2011. October 21, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111022135952/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-10-21/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-october-9-15. October 22, 2011. live.
  77. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, October 30-November 5. Anime News Network. November 11, 2011. November 11, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111112180427/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-11-11/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-october-30-november-5. November 12, 2011. live.
  78. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, January 1–7. Anime News Network. January 13, 2012. January 20, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120117001831/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-01-13/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-january-1-7. January 17, 2012. live.
  79. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, January 8–14. Anime News Network. January 20, 2012. January 20, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120121062403/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-01-20/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-january-8-14. January 21, 2012. live.
  80. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, January 29–February 4. Anime News Network. February 10, 2012. February 10, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120213050903/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-02-10/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-january-29-february-4. February 13, 2012. live.
  81. News: Taylor. Ihsan. Best Sellers. The New York Times. April 22, 2012. December 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131225043635/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2012-04-22/manga/list.html. December 25, 2013. live.
  82. News: Taylor. Ihsan. Best Sellers. The New York Times. June 3, 2012. December 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20160411061330/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2012-06-03/manga/list.html. April 11, 2016. live.
  83. News: Best Sellers. The New York Times. July 22, 2012. December 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131225040855/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2012-07-22/manga/list.html?date=2012-07-22&category=manga&pagewanted=print. December 25, 2013. live.
  84. News: Taylor. Ihsan. Best Sellers. The New York Times. August 5, 2012. December 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131225054652/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2012-08-05/manga/list.html. December 25, 2013. live.
  85. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, November 4–10 - News. Anime News Network. December 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130824051057/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-11-16/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-november-4-10. August 24, 2013. live.
  86. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, November 25-December 1 - News [2012-12-07|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=December 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219085039/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-12-07/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-november-25-december-1|archive-date=December 19, 2013|url-status=live].
  87. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, March 3–9 - News. Anime News Network. December 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131219083501/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-03-15/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-march-3-9. December 19, 2013. live.
  88. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, March 24–30 - News. Anime News Network. December 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131219083512/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-04-05/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-march-24-30. December 19, 2013. live.
  89. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, September 29-October 5 - News. Anime News Network. December 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131219083507/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-10-12/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-september-29-october-5. December 19, 2013. live.
  90. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, October 13–19 - News. Anime News Network. December 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131031104719/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-10-29/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-october-13-19. October 31, 2013. live.
  91. News: Manga Books - Best Sellers - August 24, 2014 - The New York Times. The New York Times. 7 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20160306181013/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2014-08-24/manga/list.html. 6 March 2016. live.
  92. News: Manga Books - Best Sellers - September 7, 2014 - The New York Times. The New York Times. 7 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20150721173342/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2014-09-07/manga/list.html. July 21, 2015. live.
  93. Web site: New York Times Manga Best Seller List, May 24–30. Anime News Network. October 20, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170428100624/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-06-05/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-may-24-30/.88959. April 28, 2017. live.
  94. Web site: Japanese Comic Ranking, February 3–9 (Updated). Anime News Network. February 9, 2009. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20090417183916/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-02-11/japanese-comic-ranking-february-3-9/2. April 17, 2009. live.
  95. Web site: Japanese Comic Ranking, June 1–7 (Updated). Anime News Network. June 10, 2010. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20140702134135/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-06-10/japanese-comic-ranking-june-1-7. July 2, 2014. live.
  96. Web site: Japanese Comic Ranking, September 28-October 4. Anime News Network. October 7, 2010. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100724165350/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-10-07/japanese-comic-ranking-september-28-october-4. July 24, 2010. live.
  97. Web site: Japanese Comic Ranking, February 1–7 (Updated). Anime News Network. February 10, 2010. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101007122917/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-02-10/japanese-comic-ranking-february-1-7. October 7, 2010. live.
  98. Web site: Japanese Comic Ranking, May 31-June 6 (Updated). Anime News Network. June 9, 2010. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100904141617/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-06-09/japanese-comic-ranking-may-31-june-6. September 4, 2010. live.
  99. Web site: Japanese Comic Ranking, November 1–7 (Updated). Anime News Network. November 10, 2010. November 20, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101113213022/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-11-10/japanese-comic-ranking-november-1-7. November 13, 2010. live.
  100. Web site: Japanese Comic Ranking, December 5–11. Anime News Network. December 14, 2011. December 14, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111215144844/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-12-14/japanese-comic-ranking-december-5-11. December 15, 2011. live.
  101. Web site: Japanese Comic Ranking, February 4–10. Anime News Network. October 1, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20190522132958/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-02-13/japanese-comic-ranking-february-4-10. May 22, 2019. live.
  102. Web site: Japanese Comic Ranking, May 5–11. Anime News Network. October 1, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140927104035/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-05-14/japanese-comic-ranking-may-5-11. September 27, 2014. live.
  103. Web site: 11 Manga Titles in August's Top 20 U.S. Graphic Novels. Anime News Network. September 4, 2008. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100303021119/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-09-04/10-manga-titles-in-august-top-20-u.s-graphic-novels. March 3, 2010. live.
  104. Web site: BookScan's Top 20 Graphic Novels for September 2008. October 2, 2008. ICv2. March 7, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20140812064757/http://www.icv2.com/articles/news/13420.html. August 12, 2014. live.
  105. Web site: Naruto, Rosario, Tsubasa on Bookscan's February Chart. Anime News Network. March 12, 2009. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20090525045119/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-03-12/naruto-rosario-tsuabasa-on-bookscan-january-chart. May 25, 2009. live.
  106. Web site: Rosario+Vampire Was #1 April Manga in U.S. Bookstores. Anime News Network. October 1, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20190520001638/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-05-04/rosario+vampire-was-no.1-april-manga-in-u.s-bookstores. May 20, 2019. live.
  107. Web site: Naruto is #3 Graphic Novel in U.S. Bookstores in March - News. Anime News Network. April 19, 2013. December 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131219083515/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-04-19/naruto-is-no.3-graphic-novel-in-u.s-bookstores-in-march. December 19, 2013. live.
  108. Web site: Attack on Titan Tops Graphic Novels in U.S. Bookstores in October - News. Anime News Network. November 7, 2013. December 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131109025531/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-11-07/attack-on-titan-tops-graphic-novels-in-u.s-bookstores-in-october. November 9, 2013. live.
  109. Web site: Dororororosario!!. Right Turn Only!!. Anime News Network. April 13, 2010. September 27, 2011. Santos. Carlo. https://web.archive.org/web/20111230003556/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/right-turn-only/2010-04-13. December 30, 2011. live.
  110. Web site: Paint it Black Jack. Anime News Network. Right Turn Only!!. August 3, 2010. September 27, 2011. Santos. Carlo. https://web.archive.org/web/20110209134919/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/right-turn-only/2010-08-03. February 9, 2011. live.
  111. Web site: Rosario+Vampire Season 2 Vol. #01. Mania. June 28, 2010. September 28, 2011. Warner. Matthew. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131215210125/http://www.mania.com/rosariovampire-season-2-vol-01_article_121263.html. December 15, 2013.
  112. Web site: Rosario+Vampire Season 2 Vol. #02. Mania. August 12, 2010. September 28, 2011. Warner. Matthew. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121011075525/http://www.mania.com/rosariovampire-season-2-vol-02_article_123466.html. October 11, 2012.
  113. Web site: Rosario+Vampire Season 2 Vol. #03. Mania. March 11, 2011. September 28, 2011. Warner, Matthew. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111224050205/http://www.mania.com/rosariovampire-season-2-vol-03_article_127579.html. December 24, 2011.
  114. Web site: Rosario+Vampire: Season II Volume 3. Comic Book Bin. February 17, 2011. October 28, 2011. Douresseaux. Leroy. https://web.archive.org/web/20121002233036/http://www.comicbookbin.com/rosariovampireseasontwo003.html. October 2, 2012. live.
  115. Web site: Rosario+Vampire: Season II Volume 4. Comic Book Bin. April 1, 2011. October 28, 2011. Douresseaux. Leroy. https://web.archive.org/web/20121003181531/http://www.comicbookbin.com/rosariovampire204.html. October 3, 2012. live.
  116. Web site: Rosario+Vampire: Season II Volume 11 manga review. Comic Book Bin. 2013-03-05. Leroy. Douresseaux. 2014-02-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20140221055703/http://www.comicbookbin.com/rosariovampireseasontwo011.html. 2014-02-21. live.
  117. Web site: 2013 Popular Paperbacks for Young Adults. Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA). American Library Association. April 2013. 2014-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20140605175620/http://www.ala.org/yalsa/booklists/poppaper/2013. 2014-06-05. live.