| Ronald L. Haeberle | |
| Birth Place: | Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Known For: | Photographs taken at the scene of the Mỹ Lai Massacre |
| Occupation: | U.S. Army photographer |
| Years Active: | 1966 - 1968 |
| Sergeant (SGT), Information Office, 11th Infantry Brigade (31st Public Information Detachment)[1] | |
Ronald L. Haeberle (born) is a former United States Army combat photographer best known for the photographs he took of the My Lai Massacre on March 16, 1968. The photographs were definitive evidence of a massacre, making it impossible for the U.S. Army or government to ignore or cover up.[2] On November 21, 1969, the day after the photographs were first published in Haeberle's hometown newspaper, The Cleveland Plain Dealer, Melvin Laird, the Secretary of Defense, discussed them with Henry Kissinger who was at the time National Security Advisor to President Richard Nixon. Laird was recorded as saying that while he would like "to sweep it under the rug," the photographs prevented it.[3] [4] [5]
At the time of the massacre, Haeberle was a sergeant assigned as public information photographer to Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment. With him were three cameras: two Army issued black and white cameras for official photos and his own personal camera containing color slide film.[6] It was the color photographs he took that day that provided evidence of the massacre and elevated the story of My Lai to world-wide prominence.[7] A year after Haeberle returned to his hometown of Cleveland, Ohio with an honorable discharge, he offered them to The Cleveland Plain Dealer, which published a number of them along with his personal account on November 20, 1969.[8] He then sold the photos to LIFE magazine, which published them in the December 5, 1969, issue.[7]
One of Haeberle's photos became an iconic symbol of the massacre, in large part because of its use in the And babies poster, which was distributed around the world, reproduced in newspapers, and used in protest marches.[9] Even though there were many other massacres by U.S. forces during the war, this image and Mỹ Lai itself came to represent them all.[10] [11]
Haeberle was born and raised in a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio. In high school he played football and ran track, graduating in the spring of 1960. In 1962, he began attending Ohio University in Athens, Ohio, where he majored in photography.[12]
During his senior year in 1966 he reduced his classes to part-time not realizing this made him eligible for the draft. At that time the U.S. military was drafting large numbers of young men to expand the war in Vietnam. In fact, 1966 was the high water mark for the number of men who were inducted into the military through the Selective Service System, with over 380,000 drafted that year.[13] He requested a delay to finish his degree, but was denied. In April 1966, he was sent to Fort Benning (now Fort Moore), Georgia, for Army Basic Training.[12]
After basic training, he was trained as a mortarman and was then given orders to report to the 11th Infantry Brigade at Schofield Barracks in Honolulu, Hawaii. When the brigade commander found out he had majored in photography, he was reassigned to a newly formed public information office for the brigade. Here he took pictures of training exercises, award ceremonies and other facets of daily Army life which were published in the brigade newsletter. He also sent official photos and news releases about the brigade's soldiers to hometown newspapers. In late 1967 his brigade was sent to Vietnam. Haeberle only had a little over four months left on his two year draft obligation, and could have stayed in Hawaii, but volunteered to go to Vietnam with the brigade.[12] While in Vietnam, he continued his public information duties recording routine official events - all that was about to change.[14]
Years later Haeberle recalled that his unit received only a one hour briefing on the people and situation in Vietnam. It focused on the dangers they would face and warned of Viet Cong (VC) guerillas and booby traps. Viet Cong was the pejorative name used by the South Vietnamese and American GIs for the military arm of the National Front for the Liberation of the South (NLF).[15] He recalled nothing being said about how to interact with the Vietnamese people, the people they were supposedly helping.[12] In fact, as Time magazine described it quoting him:
On March 15, 1968, he was briefed about Charlie Company's planned operation the next day in the area near a small hamlet called Mỹ Lai. As a "short-timer" with just over a week to go, he could have opted out of the mission, but again volunteered to go. Early the next morning a helicopter dropped him and his three cameras into some rice paddies near a village.[8] He had no idea anything unusual would be happening that day - a day that was later called "the most shocking episode of the Vietnam War".[16] [17]
Eleven days later, Haeberle left Vietnam for the United States and life as a civilian. With him were his undeveloped color photos of the Mỹ Lai Massacre.[12]
On November 20, 1969, when The Plain Dealer published his color photos and eye-witness account of what he had seen, the public in the United States and around the world was able to see and learn the shocking details of the massacre for the first time.[18]
Mỹ Lai was actually the name of only one of two hamlets in the village of Sơn Mỹ in Quảng Ngãi Province.[19] Currently, the event is referred to as the Mỹ Lai Massacre in the United States and the Sơn Mỹ Massacre in Vietnam (see Sơn Mỹ Memorial).[20] The U.S. military was aggressively trying to regain the initiative in South Vietnam after the January 1968 Vietnamese Tet Offensive. U.S. military intelligence was under the impression that a NLF Battalion had taken refuge in Sơn Mỹ. Charlie Company was sent to the village with orders to burn the houses, kill the livestock, destroy food supplies, and destroy and/or poison the wells.[21] Soldiers testified that their orders, as they understood them, were to kill all VC combatants and "suspects", including women and children, as well as all animals.[22] When Charlie Company was briefed the night before, their commanding officer, Captain Ernest Medina was asked "Are we supposed to kill women and children?" Medina's reply was, "Kill everything that moves."[23]
When Haeberle arrived in the area by helicopter he began moving forward with Charlie Company and was soon witnessing scenes he has "never been able to forget". He told The Plain Dealer that "He couldn't stand what was going on". He personally witnessed U.S. soldiers mechanically kill as many as 100 Vietnamese civilians, "many of them women and babies, many left in lifeless clumps."[8] The photos he took provided "horrifying images of piled dead bodies and frightened Vietnamese villagers."[24] In all, a little over 500 unarmed people were killed, including men, women, children, and infants. Some of the women were gang-raped and their bodies mutilated, and some soldiers mutilated and raped children who were as young as 10.[25] [26] [27]
He partially recorded one of these incidents in one of his most dramatic photographs, which was taken just before the women and children in the photo were killed.
As Haeberle described it to The Plain Dealer:
When he testified before Congress in April 1970 he added additional information about what he had seen:
The Army Journalist, Specialist 5th Class Jay Roberts, who was with Haeberle that day, recalled the same scene and "stated that the older woman, who he presumed to be the girl’s mother, had been 'biting and kicking and scratching and fighting off' the group of soldiers."[28]
Perhaps Time magazine described the impact of this photo best: "Haeberle’s picture of terror and distress on these faces, young and old, in the midst of slaughter remains one of the 20th century’s most powerful photographs. When the Plain Dealer (and later, LIFE magazine) published it, along with a half-dozen others, the images graphically undercut much of what the U.S. had been claiming for years about the conduct and aims of the conflict. Anti-war protesters needed no persuading, but 'average' Americans were suddenly asking, What are we doing in Vietnam?"[2] On December 5, 1969, Walter Cronkite, on the CBS Evening News, issued a warning about disturbing images Haeberle's photos were broadcast. According to PBS, "The horrific images immediately cause a country-wide uproar."[29]
Years later, Haeberle admitted that he had destroyed a few of photographs he took during the massacre. Unlike the photographs of the dead bodies, the destroyed photographs depicted American soldiers in the process of murdering Vietnamese civilians.[30] "I destroyed two images. They were of a couple of GIs, where you could identify them doing the killing. I figured, why should I implicate themwe're all guiltythere were one hundred-plus of us there."
Haeberle's verbal account to The Plain Dealer were almost as searing as his photos.
During his Congressional testimony he described additional incidents he had witnessed:
In an interview years later, Haeberle commented:
The official Army press dispatch on the operation said the VC body count was 128 and there was no mention of civilian casualties. "US TROOPS SURROUND REDS, KILL 128," was the headline in the American military newspaper Stars and Stripes.[31] Haeberle told The Plain Dealer, "There were no Viet Cong... they were just poor, innocent illiterate peasants."[8] He reiterated this before Congress when Congressman William L. Dickinson asked him if he ever heard anything that he could identify as enemy fire. Haeberle responded, "No.... the only American casualty I believe that I witnessed, is that person [U.S. soldier] who...shot [himself] in the foot.[1] Seymour Hersh, who wrote the first news stories about the massacre, described the enemy as "nonexistent".[32] After all the eventual investigations it became clear there wasn't a single VC in the village. Private First Class Michael Bernhardt, who was there that day, would later testify, "I don't remember seeing one military-age male in the entire place, dead or alive."[33]
Haeberle waited more than a year before he approached The Plain Dealer with his photos and story. During this time, he created a slideshow and gave talks about his experiences to civic groups and a high school. "The first slides he showed were innocuous: troops with smiling Vietnamese kids; medics helping villagers. Then images of dead and mutilated women and children filled the screen. 'There was just disbelief,' Haeberle said of the reaction. 'People said, "No, no, no. This cannot have happened."'"[2] "One woman said it was a staged production. No one wanted to accept it."[34]
In mid-August 1969, the Army's Criminal Investigation Division (CID) questioned Haeberle. The Army was facing mounting pressure caused by letters written to thirty members of Congress, plus the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the President by Ronald Ridenhour, a former Army door gunner who was convinced that something "rather dark and bloody" had happened at Mỹ Lai.[35] [36] CID had begun an internal investigation of the massacre. The lead investigator told Haeberle details he didn't know: "babies, women, teens raped and mutilated." "It bothered me," Haeberle wrote later, "I thought to myself, You know, maybe the public ought to know what is going on in Vietnam." "I didn't believe in the antiwar protests and the violence, but as soon as I knew it was women and girlsand what age they wereI couldn't accept it."[34]
As he explained during the Congressional investigation, this is when he decided to go to his local newspaper. He was asked a number of times why he had gone to the press. He described how the Army had called and said "Don't do it," but that he decided to publish anyway. He explained "I just felt the public should know what actually happened, what actually went on, transpired." He was asked again, "You say you wanted the public to know?" and he said "Yes." When asked again he said, "I just wanted to get if off my chest, let the people know exactly what happened." He described how as he found out more about what happened that day he "became more disgusted." He decided to approach the editor of his college newspaper who had become a writer for The Plain Dealer. He told him the story and how he felt and said, "I don't want any money. Just print it."[1]
He also knew and wanted others to know that it wasn't just Mỹ Lai: "Everybody said, Oh it was Charlie Company, Charlie Company. But what about B Company, where ninety-plus civilians were massacred in My Khe?"[34]
Haeberle was criticized by the Army and Congressional investigations into the massacre for not reporting what he witnessed or turning in his color photographs. The Army's report said he "withheld and suppressed from proper authorities the photographic evidence of atrocities he had obtained" despite "having a particular duty to report any knowledge of suspected or apparent war crimes".[37] The congressional subcommittee "subjected Haeberle to exhaustive questioning" about why he failed to report what he had seen to his command, and they "badgered him about why he had been carrying" a personal camera and what he "intended to do with the pictures".[5]
He responded that "he had never considered" turning in his personal color photos. He explained, "If a general is smiling wrong in a photograph, I have learned to destroy it.... My experience as a G.I. over there is that if something doesn’t look right, a general smiling the wrong way...I stopped and destroyed the negative." He felt his photographs would never have seen the light of day if he had turned them in.[38] It was confirmed in the U.S. Army's own investigation that Haeberle had, in fact, been reprimanded for taking pictures which "were detrimental to the United States Army."[39] Fear was on his mind as well; as he explained to a reporter, he feared the troops "might have shot him, too, had he stood in their way."[40] And he wasn't just worried about himself. "We had other servicemen in the Public Information Office and Jay [Roberts] still had a year to go. Something could have happened to one of the people in our office. Their lives would be in danger, easily disposed of, it's called 'fragging'. I had only a couple of weeks to go but something could have happened to one of them if they went on another mission with a camera. Everyone was afraid to tell the truth, including us. Look at what happened, it was covered up all the way from the top down. We definitely had a part in the cover-up, it's something we should have reported."
As became clear during the investigations, this was not an unusual sentiment among U.S. troops. Another member of Charlie Company present at Mỹ Lai explained: "You'd expect if you had knowledge of a murder, it would be incumbent on you to do something about it. But there wasn't an avenue to do it and you certainly had second thoughts about taking that kind of a stand.... You got to remember that everybody there has a gun in his hand.... I wasn't prepared to single myself out at that point. You feel like a pretty small pawn in a great big game."
Haeberle has returned to Vietnam numerous times. In 2000 he biked 646 miles from Hue to Ho Chi Minh City and he returned to the area of the massacre for the first time.[12] [41] The massacre has "been etched in his mind", and every time he returns to the Mỹ Lai area he "feels emotional." He goes there "out of respect for the survivors and those who lost their lives during the four hours I was in Sơn Mỹ". He has also met with survivors of the massacre. In 2011 he met Duc Tran Van"Duc was 8 years old in March 1968, and as Haeberle spoke with him, through an interpreter, he realized with a jolt that the woman he had photographed dead [next to her bamboo hat] years earlier was Duc’s mother, Nguyen Thi Tau."[2] (see photograph 3 above) Duc told Haeberle that his mother had told him to try to escape "carrying his fourteen-month-old little sister, Ha, who had been wounded in the abdomen." When Duc heard a helicopter above them, he threw himself to the ground covering his sister. By chance, Haeberle had photographed that moment as well (see image on left with Duc on top protecting his sister Thu Ha Tran). Haeberle had assumed that the two children he had photographed on the trail that day had been killed. He has since also met the sister Ha, and a third surviving sister My, who escaped from under a pile of bodies. The four have become friends (see image of all four at right). Since Haeberle took the last photo of Duc's mother, he gave Duc the historic camera he used that day.[12] [42]
Haeberle has helped raise money for several humanitarian efforts in Vietnam, including for the relief of flood and typhoon victims, and for Project RENEW, which works to make Vietnam safe from unexploded American bombs and mines that still remain in the country. In 2021 he led an effort to raise $28,000 after a series of storms and tropical depressions devastated areas of central Vietnam. Haeberle said, "I have been committed to doing all I can to help the people of Vietnam ever since I personally witnessed American war crimes at My Lai."[43] The RENEW project works to remove and destroy unexploded bombs remaining from the war, teaches children to avoid contact with cluster bombs and other dangerous explosives, and assists the innocent victims still suffering from the war.[44] In March 2023, Haeberle visited a secondary school in Quang Ngai City, near where the massacre occurred, and gave 100 Project RENEW "gift sets to the students, each containing a school bag, pen pouch, and a raincoat."[42]
The Vietnamese people and government have expressed their appreciation to Haeberle for helping to bring the massacre to the attention of the world, as well as for the humanitarian work he does in Vietnam. On the 50th anniversary of the Paris Peace Accords (2013-2023), the Vietnam Union of Friendship Organizations presented Haeberle with an award "for peace and friendship among nations", honoring his contributions to helping to end the "US war in Vietnam, addressing the consequences of the war, [and] reconciling and promoting the Vietnam-US people-to-people exchanges."[45] Haeberle was also honored in March 2023 by the leaders of Quang Ngai province who presented him with a gift and framed thank you letter in appreciation for the photos of the massacre he took in their province in 1968, as well as for his efforts towards peace.[46]
Currently Haeberle's photos are on display in two prominent museums in Vietnam. The first is in Ho Chi Minh City at the War Remnants Museum, which contains exhibits relating to the First Indochina War and the Second Indochina War (the Vietnam War in the United States). This museum is the most popular museum in the city, attracting approximately half a million visitors every year.[47] [48]
The second is the Sơn Mỹ Memorial Museum which is located at the site of the massacre and includes the remains of the village of Sơn Mỹ in Quảng Ngãi Province.[49] [50] A large black marble plaque just inside the entrance to the museum lists the names of all 504 civilians killed by the American troops, including "17 pregnant women and 210 children under the age of 13."[51] [52] A number of enlarged versions of Haeberle's photos are shown inside the museum.[42] The images are dramatically backlit in color and share the central back wall with a life-size recreation of American soldiers "rounding up and shooting cowering villagers."[53] The museum also celebrates American heroes, including Ronald Ridenhour who first exposed the killings, as well as Hugh Thompson and Lawrence Colburn who intervened to save a number of villagers.[51] At the center of the museum grounds, which is at the heart of the destroyed village, is a large stone monument. The two children to the lower right in the sculpture are modeled on the two children in one of Haeberle's photos, often called "Two Children on a Trail". As mentioned above, they have now been identified as Duc Tran Van and his sister Thu Ha Tran.[54]
Haeberle's photos have been exhibited as a part of two of the most recent university stops on the Waging Peace in Vietnam book tour and exhibit ("U.S. Soldiers and Veterans Who Opposed the War") which has visited colleges and universities around the United States. Haeberle wrote the section of the book on the Mỹ Lai massacre. His photos are shown in a separate display due to their graphic nature"My Lai: A Massacre That Took 504 Souls, And Shook the World." The display includes, for the first time anywhere, all 18 of his color photos from the massacre. The first showing, at the University of San Diego, was in March 2022.[55] The second was at the University of Alaska Southeast in Juneau during the months of November and December 2022.[56]
In 2018, for the 50th anniversary of the massacre, Time magazine revisited the publication of Haeberle's photos. Mỹ Lai, they observed, was "hardly the only instance of rape or murder by U.S. troops in Vietnam." In fact, as Nick Turse summarized in Kill Anything That Moves, his encyclopedic examination of U.S. atrocities during the Vietnam War, "the stunning scale of civilian suffering in Vietnam is far beyond anything that can be explained as merely the work of some 'bad apples,' however numerous. Murder, torture, rape, abuse, forced displacement, home burnings, specious arrests, imprisonment without due process — such occurrences were virtually a daily fact of life throughout the years of the American presence in Vietnam. And..., they were no aberration. Rather, they were the inevitable outcome of deliberate policies, dictated at the highest levels of the military."[23] Nonetheless, as Time concluded, "because of Haeberle’s photographs — it remains the emblematic massacre of the war." In other words, Haeberle's photos made all the differencethey were that important. Despite it all, Time described him as "thoughtful", a "plainspoken man" who "never sought the spotlight".[2]