Ron Klain Explained

Ron Klain
Office:30th White House Chief of Staff
President:Joe Biden
Deputy:Jen O'Malley Dillon
Bruce Reed
Term Start:January 20, 2021
Term End:February 7, 2023
Predecessor:Mark Meadows
Successor:Jeff Zients
Office1:White House Ebola Response Coordinator
President1:Barack Obama
Term Start1:October 22, 2014
Term End1:February 15, 2015
Predecessor1:Position established
Successor1:Position abolished
Office2:Chief of Staff to the Vice President
Vicepresident2:Joe Biden
Term Start2:January 20, 2009
Term End2:January 14, 2011
Predecessor2:David Addington
Successor2:Bruce Reed
Vicepresident3:Al Gore
Term Start3:November 1, 1995
Term End3:August 3, 1999
Predecessor3:Jack Quinn
Successor3:Charles Burson
Birth Name:Ronald Alan Klain
Birth Date:8 August 1961
Birth Place:Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.
Party:Democratic
Spouse:Monica Medina
Children:3
Education:Georgetown University (BA)
Harvard University (JD)

Ronald Alan Klain (born August 8, 1961)[1] is an American attorney, political consultant, and former lobbyist who served as White House chief of staff under President Joe Biden from 2021 to 2023.

A Democrat, Klain previously served as chief of staff to two vice presidents: Al Gore from 1995 to 1999 and Biden from 2009 to 2011. He was also appointed by President Barack Obama as White House Ebola Response Coordinator after the appearance of Ebola virus cases in the United States, serving from 2014 to 2015.[2]

Throughout 2020 he worked as a senior advisor to Biden's presidential campaign.[3] [4] Following his victory, Biden announced on November 12 that Klain would serve as White House chief of staff.[5] [6] During his tenure as chief of staff, Klain was often characterized as a key ally of the progressive wing of the Democratic Party within the White House.[7] [8] [9]

In January 2023, Klain announced his plans to step down as chief of staff in the weeks after Biden's State of the Union address in February.[10] [11] He was succeeded in the role by Jeff Zients on February 7.[11]

Early life and education

Ronald Alan Klain was born in Indianapolis, Indiana to Stanley Klain, a building contractor, and Sarann Warner (née Horwitz), a travel agent.[12] [13] [14] [15] Klain is Jewish.[16] [17] He graduated from North Central High School in 1979 and was on the school's Brain Game team which finished as season runner-up. A first-generation college graduate, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree, summa cum laude, from Georgetown University in 1983.[18] In 1987, he received his Juris Doctor degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard Law School, where he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review.[19]

Career

Law clerk and Capitol Hill

From 1983 to 1984, Klain served as legislative director for U.S. representative Ed Markey (D–MA).[20] Klain was a law clerk for Supreme Court justice Byron White during the 1987 and 1988 terms.[21] From 1989 to 1992, he was chief counsel to the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary,[22] overseeing the legal staff's work on matters of constitutional law, criminal law, antitrust law, and Supreme Court nominations, including the 1991 Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination. In 1995, Senator Tom Daschle appointed him the staff director of the Senate Democratic Leadership Committee.

Clinton administration

Klain joined the Clinton-Gore campaign in 1992 and was involved in both of Bill Clinton's presidential campaigns. He oversaw Clinton's judicial nominations. In the White House, Klain was Associate Counsel to the President, directing judicial selection efforts and leading the team that won confirmation of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. In 1994, he became chief of staff and counselor to Attorney General Janet Reno and in 1995, chief of staff to Al Gore.[23]

Gore campaign 1999–2000

Klain continued to serve as Gore's chief of staff following the official launch of Gore's presidential campaign on June 16, 1999.[24] On August 2, 1999, Klain resigned from the role to join the Washington, D.C., office of O'Melveny & Myers, a law firm.[25] [26] As general counsel of Gore's Recount Committee, Klain oversaw the November–December 2000 recount of votes in Florida, which ended when the Supreme Court put an end to the counting and George W. Bush was named the winner.[2]

2004–2014

During the early primaries of the 2004 presidential campaign, Klain worked as an adviser to Wesley Clark during Clark's run for president. After John Kerry won the Democratic nomination, Klain became heavily involved behind the scenes in his campaign.[27] Klain was registered as a lobbyist for Fannie Mae until 2005.[28]

Klain served as an informal adviser to Evan Bayh who is from Klain's home state of Indiana. In 2005, Klain left his partnership at O'Melveny & Myers to become executive vice president and general counsel of Revolution LLC, a technology venture capital firm launched by AOL co-founder Steve Case.[2] At the time of his October 2014 appointment as Ebola response coordinator, he was general counsel at Revolution LLC and President of Case Holdings.[29]

Obama administration 2008–2015

Klain was one of the people who assisted Barack Obama in his preparation for the 2008 United States presidential debates.[30] On November 12, 2008, Roll Call announced that Klain had been chosen to serve as chief of staff to Vice President Joe Biden, the same role he served for Gore.[31] [32] [33]

Klain had worked with Biden, having served as counsel to the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary while Biden chaired the committee and assisted Biden's speechwriting team during the 1988 presidential campaign.[34]

In May 2010, amid concerns about whether the now-defunct solar-panel company Solyndra was viable, Klain gave the go-ahead for an Obama visit to the factory, and stated in an email to White House advisor Valerie Jarrett that "the reality is that if POTUS visited 10 such places over the next 10 months, probably a few will be belly-up by election day 2012."[35]

Klain was mentioned as a possible replacement for White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel,[36] but opted to leave the White House in January 2011 and return to Case Holdings, where he oversaw Revolution LLC and assisted Steve Case and his wife, Jean Case, in administering the Case Foundation.[37]

On October 17, 2014, Klain was appointed the "Ebola response coordinator" sometimes referred to as Ebola "czar."[38] [39] [40] Although Klain, according to Julie Hirschfeld Davis writing in The New York Times, had "no record or expertise in Ebola specifically or public health in general," the choice was praised by Ezra Klein for his bureaucratic experience with coordinating agencies.[41] [42] His term as Ebola response coordinator ended in February 2015.

After his term as Ebola czar, Klain worked as an external advisor to the Skoll Foundation Global Threats Fund.[43] He also served as chairman, public advocate and private advisor for Higher Grounds Labs, which describes itself as supporting "start-ups building products that help progressives win."[44]

Clinton campaign and Trump years

In 2015, Klain joined Hillary Clinton's ultimately unsuccessful presidential campaign.[45] He helped Clinton prepare for the Democratic primary debates,[46] as well as the presidential debates against Republican nominee Donald Trump.[47] After Trump's election, he continued to work at Revolution LLC, and repeatedly criticized the administration in op-eds and television appearances.

Biden campaign and administration

During the 2020 Biden campaign, Klain served as an advisor on the COVID-19 pandemic.[48] In April 2020 he told Wired: "If we’re going to make Covid-19 go away, we’re going to need a very high vaccination rate. The number one public health challenge of 2021 is going to be getting people to take the vaccine." He helped Biden prepare for the presidential debates against Trump.[49] [50] On November 11, 2020, it was announced that President-elect Joe Biden had selected Klain to be White House Chief of Staff.[51] [52]

Klain has received praise for his organizational abilities and for his responsiveness while serving as President Biden's chief of staff, while drawing criticism for being overly concerned with élite opinion, as reflected by his active Twitter presence, and for being too aligned with his party's left bloc. During his first year in his position, Klain used Twitter, saying "I find being on Twitter useful as an early-warning system of things that, to be honest, reporters are talking about." He also uses the platform to take aim at critics and to push pro-Biden messages.[53]

In October 2022, the Office of Special Counsel found that Klain had violated the Hatch Act and was warned not to do so again.[54]

Klain was seen as a highly impactful chief of staff who achieved major legislative victories such as passing the American Rescue Plan Act and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. Klain resigned on a high note for the Biden Administration following an unexpectedly strong showing in the 2022 midterm elections and signs of easing inflation.[55]

On January 21, 2023, it was reported that Klain would resign as chief of staff in the period following the 2023 State of the Union Address on February 7.[56] On February 1, 2023, the White House held a goodbye transition event for Klain.[57] [58] Klain returned to legal services firm, O'Melveny & Myers LLP as a partner, on April 18, 2023, to lead its Strategic Counseling and Crisis Management Practice.[59]

Post-Biden administration

On November 20, 2023, Airbnb announced that Klain would join the company as chief legal officer on January 1, 2024.[60]

During the run-up to the 2024 presidential election, Klain publicly warned the Biden reelection campaign to refocus on immediate economic problems affecting American voters such as inflation rather than long-term projects such as infrastructure investments.[61]

Personal life

Klain is married to Monica Medina, an attorney, consultant, and co-founder of Our Daily Planet, an environmental news platform.[62] They were college sweethearts at Georgetown and in February 2019 he tweeted that they were celebrating their 40th Valentine's Day together.[63] They have three adult children, Hannah, Michael and Daniel.[64] [13]

In financial disclosures, Klain reported owning assets worth $4.4–12.2 million in 2021 compared to $1.4–3.5 million in 2009. He received a salary of almost $2 million in 2020 from the venture capital firm Revolution LLC, where he served as general counsel and executive vice president.[65] [66] In 2009, he reported earning a salary of $1 million.

Klain lives inChevy Chase, Maryland, with neighbors that include U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Brett Kavanaugh. He has referred to his large home as “the House That O’Melveny Built,” after his lucrative time at the international law firm O’Melveny & Myers.[67]

In popular culture

Klain was portrayed by Kevin Spacey in the HBO film Recount, which depicted the tumult of the 2000 presidential election.[32] In 2021, he was included in the Time 100, Times annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world.[68] In 2023, Klain was portrayed by Jon Levine in season four of For All Mankind, which takes place in an alternate timeline in which Al Gore wins the 2000 election and Klain becomes the White House liaison to NASA.[69]

See also

External links

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Notes and References

  1. Book: Warshaw . Shirley Anne . The Clinton Years . 2014 . Infobase Publishing . 978-0-8160-7459-4 . 189 . November 12, 2020 . en . November 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112132614/https://books.google.com/books?id=kDPB1E07cnoC&pg=PA189&dq=Klain+%28born+August+8%2C+1961 . live .
  2. Web site: Ron Klain Harvard Law School. School. Harvard Law. en. 2019-01-08. January 9, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190109011819/https://hls.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/11755/Klain. live.
  3. Web site: Biden for President: More Senior Advisors . Democracy in Action . https://web.archive.org/web/20200812235917/https://www.democracyinaction.us/2020/biden/bidenorg2.html . 12 August 2020 . live .
  4. News: Parnes . Amie . Meet Joe Biden's chief debate guru . September 27, 2020 . The Hill . https://web.archive.org/web/20200927174052/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/518321-meet-joe-bidens-chief-debate-guru . 27 September 2020 . live .
  5. News: Shear . Michael D. . Glueck . Katie . Haberman . Maggie . Kaplan . Thomas . Biden Names Ron Klain as White House Chief of Staff . The New York Times . November 11, 2020 . November 12, 2020 . November 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112132614/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/11/us/politics/ron-klain-biden.html?smtyp=cur&smid=tw-nytimes . live .
  6. Washington. 2020-11-12. President-elect Joe Biden Names Ron Klain as White House Chief of Staff. 2020-11-12. Biden-Harris Transition Team. en-US. November 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112132614/https://buildbackbetter.com/press-releases/president-elect-joe-biden-names-ron-klain-as-white-house-chief-of-staff/. dead.
  7. Strauss . Daniel . 2023-02-09 . Progressives Saw Ron Klain as Their Line to the White House. What Now? . The New Republic . 2023-02-14 . 0028-6583.
  8. Web site: Cancryn . Adam . November 21, 2022 . Progressives, once skeptical of Biden, rally around his chief of staff . 2023-02-14 . POLITICO . en.
  9. News: Trudo . Hanna . 2021-02-22 . How Progressives Are Building Power in the Biden White House . en . The Daily Beast . 2023-02-14.
  10. News: Baker . Peter . Rogers . Katie . 2023-01-21 . Ron Klain Expected to Step Down as Biden's White House Chief of Staff . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-01-22 . 0362-4331.
  11. Web site: Jeff Zients to replace Ron Klain as White House chief of staff. CNN. January 22, 2023. Phil Mattingly. Kaitlan Collins. January 22, 2023.
  12. News: Klain-Medina. The Atlanta Constitution. 1986-10-05. Atlanta, Georgia. 148.
  13. News: The New Team: Ronald Klain . 2020-11-12. The New York Times. November 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109055330/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/44th_president/new_team/show/ronald-klain. live.
  14. News: Student Honors . Indiana Jewish Post . June 18, 1976 . Indianapolis, Indiana . 15 . November 12, 2020 . November 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112132615/https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=JPOST19760618-01.1.15&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- . dead.
  15. News: Kornbluh . Jacob . Jacob Kornbluh . Klain tapped as Biden's incoming White House chief of staff . November 12, 2020 . Jewish Insider . November 11, 2020.
  16. News: Joe Biden to appoint Ron Klain as chief of staff. The Jerusalem Post. Mahmias. Omri. 2020-11-12 . November 13, 2020 . November 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201116163128/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/president-elect-joe-biden-to-name-ron-klain-as-chief-of-staff-648836 . live .
  17. News: Obama Appoints Ron Klain as Ebola 'Czar'. https://web.archive.org/web/20141019185243/http://forward.com/articles/207527/obama-appoints-ron-klain-as-ebola-czar/ . October 19, 2014 . October 17, 2014. Reuters. The Forward.
  18. Web site: Biden stocks his White House with Ivy Leaguers . . May 2, 2021 .
  19. Web site: Ron Klain. GU Politics. en-US. 2019-01-08. August 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160816214549/http://politics.georgetown.edu/ron-klain/. live.
  20. News: Anand. Priya. 2013-07-19. Politicos to Watch: Ron Klain. 2020-11-16. Politico. en.
  21. Web site: Ron Klain. Georgetown Institute of Politics and Public Service McCourt School of Public Policy. 3 August 2016. August 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160816214549/http://politics.georgetown.edu/ron-klain/. live.
  22. Web site: Ron Klain. Washington Post Politics. 2019-01-08. January 8, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200711/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ron-klain/gIQACxyR9O_email.html. dead.
  23. News: Miller . Zeke J. . Rothman . Lily . What Happened to the 'Future Leaders' of the 1990s? . November 2, 2018 . Time Magazine . December 5, 2014 . March 31, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200331125108/http://time.com/3618532/future-leaders-of-the-1990s/ . live .
  24. Web site: Gore launches presidential campaign - June 16, 1999. 2021-01-24. www.cnn.com.
  25. Web site: Gore's Chief of Staff Resigns. 2021-01-24. AP NEWS.
  26. Web site: Ronald A. Klain. Administrative Conference of the United States. 2019-01-08. January 8, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190108201114/https://www.acus.gov/contacts/ronald-klain. live.
  27. News: Kerry, Bush Curtail Schedules as They Prepare for Duel. USA Today. Martin Kasendorf and Richard Benedetto. September 27, 2004. May 11, 2012.
  28. News: Some Former Lobbyists Have Key Roles in Obama Transition. The Washington Post. Matthew. Mosk. November 15, 2008. May 22, 2010. October 29, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101029113359/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/14/AR2008111403922.html. live.
  29. Web site: Allen, Mike. Sources: Klain may succeed Podesta. Politico. October 21, 2014. March 1, 2020. March 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200301055432/https://www.politico.com/story/2014/10/ron-klain-white-house-112067. live.
  30. Book: Barack Obama. . 182.
  31. Koffler, Keith (November 12, 2008). "Sources: Biden Picks Klain to Be Chief of Staff" . Roll Call; accessed October 18, 2014.
  32. Allen, Mike (November 13, 2008). "Klain accepts job as Biden chief of staff" . Politico.
  33. News: Ron Klain Leaving Vice President's Staff. The New York Times. Helene C.. Cooper. January 4, 2011. January 5, 2011. January 5, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110105085822/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/ron-klain-leaving-vice-presidents-staff/. live.
  34. Book: Cramer, Richard Ben. . Vintage Books. 1992. 0-679-74649-8. p. 482.
  35. News: Madhani. Aamer. October 3, 2011. E-mails show White House worried about Solyndra deal. USA Today. live. September 28, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120107154805/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/10/e-mails-show-white-house-worried-about-solyndra-deal/1#.UGTYs43N-gR. January 7, 2012.
  36. News: Henry, Ed . Who might replace Rahm Emanuel? . September 9, 2010 . . September 8, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100910020434/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-08/politics/emanuel.future_1_staff-top-job-democratic-party?_s=PM%3APOLITICS . September 10, 2010 .
  37. News: Heath. Thomas. 2011-01-05. Ron Klain, Biden's chief of staff, resigns to join Case Holdings. The Washington Post. en-US. 2021-07-21. 0190-8286.
  38. Web site: Obama will name Ron Klain as Ebola czar. Jake Tapper. October 17, 2014. CNN. October 18, 2014. October 18, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141018163341/http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/17/politics/ebola-czar-ron-klain/. live.
  39. News: Davis. Julie Hirschfeld. Shear. Michael D.. Ron Klain, Chief of Staff to 2 Vice Presidents, Is Named Ebola Czar. October 17, 2014. New York Times. October 17, 2014. October 17, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141017193952/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/18/us/ron-klain-chief-of-staff-to-2-vice-presidents-is-named-ebola-czar.html. live.
  40. News: Lavender. Paige. Obama To Appoint Ron Klain As Ebola Czar. October 17, 2014. The Huffington Post. October 17, 2014. October 18, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141018025709/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/17/ron-klain-ebola-czar_n_6003108.html. live.
  41. Web site: Klein. Ezra. 2014-10-17. Ron Klain is a great choice for Ebola czar. 2020-11-16. Vox. en. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116163149/https://www.vox.com/2014/10/17/6994041/ron-klain-is-a-great-choice-for-ebola-czar. live.
  42. Web site: The Brief – But Busy – Reign of the Ebola Czar. 2020-11-16. Intelligencer. February 2015 . en-us. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116163218/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2015/01/ron-klain-on-his-tenure-as-americas-ebola-czar.html. live.
  43. News: Klain. Ron. The Growing Zika Threat – and Congress's Inaction. 3 August 2016. The Wall Street Journal. 2 August 2016. December 1, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031937/https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/08/02/the-growing-zika-threat-and-congresss-inaction/. live.
  44. Web site: 2020-11-17. Farewell to Ron Klain. 2021-07-21. Higher Ground Labs. en.
  45. News: Leibovich . Mark . 2021-07-18 . The Ascension of Ron Klain . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-12-22 . 0362-4331.
  46. Book: Allen . Jonathan . Shattered: Inside Hillary Clinton's Doomed Campaign . Parnes . Amie . 2017-04-18 . Crown . 978-0-553-44709-5 . 72 . en.
  47. Book: Allen . Jonathan . Shattered: Inside Hillary Clinton's Doomed Campaign . Parnes . Amie . 2017-04-18 . Crown . 978-0-553-44709-5 . 324 . en.
  48. Obama's Ebola Czar on What Strong Federal Response Looks Like. Levy. Steven. 2020-04-07. en-US. Wired. 2021-07-21. 1059-1028.
  49. Web site: Thompson . Alex . Meyer . Theodoric . Ron Klain's possible resurrection . 2022-12-22 . POLITICO . November 11, 2020 . en.
  50. Web site: McLymore . Arriana . September 28, 2020 . Tuesday's debate is a test for Biden - and O'Melveny alum Ron Klain . 2022-12-22 . Westlaw Today . . Reuters Legal.
  51. News: Shear . Michael D. . Glueck . Katie . Haberman . Maggie . Kaplan . Thomas . Biden to Name Ron Klain as White House Chief of Staff . The New York Times . 12 November 2020 . November 12, 2020 . November 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112132614/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/11/us/politics/ron-klain-biden.html?smtyp=cur&smid=tw-nytimes . live .
  52. Web site: Barrabi. Thomas. 2020-11-11. Biden selects Ronald Klain as White House chief of staff. 2020-11-12. Fox News. en-US. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116163145/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/biden-selects-ronald-klain-white-house-chief-of-staff. live.
  53. News: Sullivan . Sean . Pager . Tyler . Ron Klain had the perfect résumé. His first year showed the limits of that experience. . . 2022-01-25 . 2022-01-25 .
  54. News: Nelson . Steven. 2022-10-26 . Biden chief of staff Ron Klain violated Hatch Act, gets warning for Twitter retweet . 2022-10-27 . New York Post . en-US.
  55. News: Baker . Peter . Rogers . Katie . 2023-01-21 . Ron Klain Expected to Step Down as Biden's White House Chief of Staff . 2024-04-10 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  56. News: Joe Biden's chief of staff Ron Klain expected to step down - reports. BBC News. January 21, 2023. January 21, 2023. Evans. Gareth.
  57. Web site: February 2, 2023 . Remarks by President Biden at White House Chief of Staff Transition Event . The White House.
  58. News: Long . Colleen . Min Kim . Seung . February 1, 2023 . Through tears, outgoing top White House aide says goodbye . The Associated Press . February 10, 2023.
  59. Ron Klain—Former Biden White House Chief of Staff—Rejoins O'Melveny . 2022-04-18 . O'Melveny & Myers LLP . en.
  60. Ron Klain to join Airbnb as Chief Legal Officer . 2024-03-12 . Airbnb . en.
  61. News: Daniels . Eugene . April 9, 2024 . Klain on Biden: He is focused too much on bridges .
  62. Web site: Monica Medina. 2021-02-06. www.csis.org. en.
  63. Klain. Ronald. RonaldKlain. For our FORTIETH Valentines Day we splurged to celebrate at @chefjoseandres unique Minibar! One of a kind for my one of a kind Valentine.. 1096544366083170305. 2019-02-15. 2021-07-21. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20210304221242/https://twitter.com/ronaldklain/status/1096544366083170305. 2021-03-04. live.
  64. Web site: NOAA Leadership: Monica Medina. https://web.archive.org/web/20101228204616/http://www.noaa.gov/medina.html . December 28, 2010. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 14, 2013.
  65. News: 2021-03-21. Obama-era officials return to White House under Biden after getting very rich in the interim. 2021-03-27. The Independent. en-US. Kilander. Gustaf. Washington, DC.
  66. News: Schwartz. Brian. 2021-03-20. Biden's closest advisors have ties to big business and Wall Street with some making millions. 2021-03-27. CNBC. en.
  67. News: Leibovich. Mark. 2021-07-18. The Ascension of Ron Klain. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-07-21. 0362-4331.
  68. Web site: Parsley . Aaron . Bernie Sanders and Cindy McCain Write Tributes for Biden and Other Leaders on TIME 100 List . . November 15, 2021 . en . September 15, 2021.
  69. Web site: Richard Edwards . 2023-12-08 . 'For All Mankind' season 4 episode 5 review: A new asteroid heading for Mars puts a rocket under the season . 2023-12-09 . Space.com . en.

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