| Nativename: | sursilvan |
| Pronunciation: | in Romansh pronounced as /sursilˈvaːn/ |
| States: | Surselva in |
| Familycolor: | Indo-European |
| Fam8: | or [1] |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Glottorefname: | Sursilvan |
Sursilvan (in Romansh pronounced as /sursilˈvaːn/; also romontsch sursilvan in Romansh pronounced as /roˈmɔntʃ sursilˈvaːn/; Sursilvan, Vallader, Surmiran, Sutsilvan, and Rumantsch Grischun: sursilvan; Puter: sursilvaun) is a group of dialects of the Romansh language spoken in the Swiss district of Surselva. It is the most widely spoken variety of Romansh with 17,897 people within the Surselva District (54.8%) naming Romansh as a habitually spoken language in the Swiss census of 2000. The most closely related variety is Sutsilvan, which is spoken in the area located to the east of the district.
The name of the dialect and the Surselva District is derived from Romansh: sur 'above' and Romansh: selva 'forest', with the forest in question being the Uaul Grond in the area affected by the Flims Rockslide. The word Romansh: selva itself has fallen out of use in modern Sursilvan, with the most common word for forest being, an Old High German loanword. Romansh: Selva is only used for in a few more recent terms such as Romansh: selvicultura 'forestry', Romansh: selvicultur 'forest officer', or Romansh: cavrer selvadi 'Long-eared owl'.
Sursilvan is used across most of the Surselva District, with the exception of the Walser villages of Obersaxen, Vals, St. Martin and Safiental. Outside of the Surselva District, Flims is also part of the Sursilvan dialect area. In addition, Sursilvan was previously used as the written Romansh language of parts of the Sutsilvan dialect area. When a separate Sutsilvan written language was introduced in 1944, the villages of Bonaduz, Rhäzüns, Domat/Ems and Trin retained Sursilvan as their written language. In addition, Sursilvan was previously used in the Surmiran dialect area as the language of church, but has now been replaced by Standard Surmiran and Rumantsch Grischun.
Most municipalities in which Sursilvan is the traditional language still have a Romansh-speaking majority today. The exceptions are Flims, Laax, Schnaus, Ilanz, Castrisch, Surcuolm, and Duvin. In all of these, except for Flims, however, a majority of people reported using Romansh daily in the 2000 Swiss census, even if only a minority named it as their language of best command. In about half of the Sursilvan villages, Romansh is the language of best command of over 70% or 80%. The highest percentage is found in Vrin with over 95%. As a daily language, it is used in nearly all municipalities by at least 70%, in about half by more than 80%, and in a third by over 90%. Overall across the Sursilvan dialect area, in the census of 2000, 70.1% named Romansh as a habitually used language, while 58.3% named it as their language of best command.[2]
Sursilvan spelling mostly follows a phonemic system.
| Orthography | IPA | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| а | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘key‘ | |
| аi | /pronounced as /aɪ̯// | ‘tough‘ | |
| аu | /pronounced as /aʊ̯// | ‘bread‘ | |
| b | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘bath‘ | |
| c | /pronounced as /ink// before a, o, u /pronounced as /ink// before i and e | ‘song‘ ‘December‘ | |
| ch | /pronounced as /ink// (only occurs before i and e) | ‘sugar‘ | |
| d | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘inside‘ | |
| e | /pronounced as /ink// /pronounced as /ink// | ‘hut‘ ‘light‘ | |
| è | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘pair‘ | |
| é | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘pear‘ | |
| ei | depending on the region, /pronounced as /ɛɪ̯// (Gruob), /pronounced as /aɪ̯// (Cadi) or /pronounced as /ɔɪ̯// (Breil/Brigels) | ‘three‘ | |
| eu | /pronounced as /ɛʊ̯// | ‘people‘ | |
| f | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘thread‘ | |
| g | /pronounced as /ink// before a, o, u /pronounced as /ink// before i and e (i is silent) | ‘Grisons‘ ‘church‘ | |
| gh | /pronounced as /ink// (only occurs before i and e) | ‘give a gift‘ | |
| gl | /pronounced as /ink// at the end of a word and before i (i is silent) /pronounced as /gl// before a, e, o, u and some loanwords | ‘eye‘ ‘Glarus‘ | |
| gn | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘nerve‘ | |
| h | usually silent /pronounced as /ink// in loanwords | ‘habitation‘ ‘crooks‘ | |
| i | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘you‘ | |
| ia | /pronounced as /ɪ̯a// | ‘seven‘ | |
| /pronounced as /ɪə̯// | ‘cheese‘ | ||
| iu | /pronounced as /ɪʊ̯// | ‘vinegar‘ | |
| iau | /pronounced as /ɪ̯aʊ̯// | ‘farewell‘ | |
| j | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘week‘ | |
| l | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘vegetables‘ | |
| m | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘wall‘ | |
| n | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘snow‘ | |
| o | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘leg‘ | |
| p | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘farmer‘ | |
| r | /pronounced as /ink// or /pronounced as /ink// | - ‘money‘ | |
| s | /pronounced as /ink// /pronounced as /ink// /pronounced as /ink// before c, m, n, p, t, tg /pronounced as /ink// before b, d, g, v | ‘sun‘ ‘house‘ ‘window‘ ‘mistake‘ | |
| sch | /pronounced as /ink// /pronounced as /ink// | ‘book‘ - ‘butter‘ | |
| t | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘Zurich‘ | |
| tsch | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘sky‘ | |
| tg | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘dog‘ | |
| u | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘everything‘ | |
| ua | /pronounced as /ʊ̯a// | ‘four‘ | |
| ue | /pronounced as /ʊ̯ɛ// | ‘this one‘ | |
| uo | /pronounced as /ʊə̯// | ‘boy‘ | |
| uei | /pronounced as /ʊ̯ɛɪ̯// | ‘this‘ | |
| uau | /pronounced as /ʊ̯aʊ̯// | ‘forest‘ | |
| v | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘to work‘ | |
| z | /pronounced as /ink// | ‘Switzerland‘ |
Sursilvan nouns distinguish two genders (masculine and feminine) and two numbers (singular and plural).
Nouns in -a are overwhelmingly feminine (with few exceptions such as duca 'duke'). Nouns in consonants or other vowels can be either masculine or feminine.
Plurals are formed with the suffix -s. Nouns already ending in -s do not add this plural ending, but nouns in -z and -sch follow the general rule. Nominalised past participles in -au have a plural in -ai. In addition, nouns may show vowel alternations or other irregularities:
| Type | singular | plural | Meaning (gender) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regular + -s | frar | frars | brother (.) | |
| sora | soras | sister (.) | ||
| esch | eschs | door (.) | ||
| péz | pézs | summit (.) | ||
| -s > -s | nas | nas | nose (.) | |
| -(t)schi > -(t)schals | purschi | purschals | piglet (.) | |
| utschi | utschals | bird (.) | ||
| -i > -ials | marti | martials | hammer (.) | |
| -agl > -als | cavagl | cavals | horse (.) | |
| -egl > -els | cavegl | cavels | hair (.) | |
| -iel > -euls | migiel | migeuls | glass (.) | |
| -al > -auls | armal | armauls | ox (.) | |
| -au > -ai | delegau | delegai | delegate (.) | |
| -ie- > -o- + -s | iev | ovs | egg (.) | |
| tgiern | corns | horn (.) | ||
| ies | oss | bone (.) | ||
| tgaubriechel | tgaubrochels | somersault (.) | ||
| -ie- > -o- + -s (with irreg.) | piertg | pors | pig (.) | |
| bov | bos | ox (.) | ||
| -ie- > -ia- + -s | vierm | viarms | worm (.) | |
| -ie- > -ia- (no -s) | viers | viars | animal noise (.) | |
| -ie- > -a- + -s | tschierv | tscharvs | stag (.) | |
| Irregular | um | umens | man (.) | |
| dunna | dunnauns (also: dunnas) | woman (.) | ||
| matta | mattauns (also: mattas) | girl (.) | ||
| liug | loghens (also: logs) | place (.) |
In addition to the normal plural in -s many nouns also show a collective plural in -a. These forms typically occur with natural substances (rocks, wood, plants etc.) and human body parts. Syntactically these collective plurals behave like feminine singular nouns: La crappa ei dira. 'The rocks are hard. / The rock (= material) is hard.' (with .. dira 'hard' agreeing with the subject la crappa 'the ') and may best be considered as an intermediate formation between inflection and derivation.
Sursilvan has both a definite and an indefinite article. These are preposed and agree with their noun in gender and number. (The indefinite article only has singular forms.) Forms may differ depending on whether the following word starts with a vowel or a consonant:
| . | in fegl | 'son' | |
| in amitg | 'male friend' | ||
| . before cons. | ina feglia | 'daughter' | |
| . before vowel | in'amitga | 'female friend' |
| singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | before cons. | il bab | ils babs | 'father' |
| before vowel | igl aug | ils augs | 'uncle' | |
| . | before cons. | la mumma | las mummas | 'mother' |
| before vowel | l'onda | las ondas | 'aunt' |
The definite article contracts with a number of prepositions:
| il | igl | la | l' | ils | las | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a 'to' | al | agl | alla | all' | als | allas | |
| cun 'with' | cul | cugl | culla | cull' | culs | cullas | |
| da 'of, by' | dil | digl | dalla | dall' | dils | dallas | |
| en 'in(to)' | el | egl | ella | ell' | els | ellas | |
| per 'for' | pil | pigl | pella | pell' | pils | pellas | |
| sin 'on (to)' | sil | sigl | silla | sill' | sils | sillas | |
| sper 'beside' | spel | spegl | spella | spell' | spels | spellas | |
| tier 'to, at' | tiel | tiegl | tiella | tiell' | tiels | tiellas |
The adjective agrees with its noun in gender and number and (as in other Romance languages) usually follows it.
A peculiarity of Sursilvan is that the adjective distinguishes an attributive and a predicative form in the masculine singular:
in um vegl 'an old man'
igl um ei vegls 'the man is old'
The predicative masculine singular form is morphologically identical with the masculine plural.
The ending of the masculine plural is -s. Feminine adjectives suffix -a in the singular and -as in the plural. The attributive masculine singular often differs from the other forms in its vocalism.
| ... | ../.. | .. | .. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regular | grond | gronds | gronda | grondas | 'big' | |
| -gl > -gli- | vegl | vegls | veglia | veglias | 'old' | |
| -tg > -gi- | lartg | lartgs | largia | largias | 'wide, broad' | |
| -C > -CC | met | mets | metta | mettas | 'dumb' | |
| -el > -l- | fideivel | fideivels | fideivla | fideivlas | 'faithful' | |
| -en > -n- | giuven | giuvens | giuvna | giuvnas | 'young' | |
| -er > -r- | pauper | paupers | paupra | paupras | 'poor' | |
| Irreg. | pign | pigns | pintga | pintgas | 'small' | |
| agen | agens | atgna | atgnas | 'own' | ||
| -i > -ial- | bi | bials | biala | bialas | 'beautiful' | |
| -ie- > -ia- | aviert | aviarts | aviarta | aviartas | 'open(ed)' | |
| -(t)schie- > -(t)scha- | detschiert | detscharts | detscharta | detschartas | 'resolute' | |
| -ie- > -ia- + -er > -r- | siniester | siniasters | siniastra | siniastras | 'left' | |
| -ie- > -o- | niev | novs | nova | novas | 'new' | |
| gries | gross | grossa | grossas | 'thick' | ||
| tgietschen | cotschens | cotschna | cotschnas | 'red' | ||
| -ie- > -u- | bien | buns | buna | bunas | 'good' | |
| Irreg. | bia | biars | biara | biaras | 'much' |
| singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| subject | object | |||
| 1st person | jeu | mei (but: a mi) | nus | |
| 2nd person | ti | tei (but: a ti) | vus | |
| 3rd person | el | els | ||
| ella | ellas | |||
| Pron. | Romansh: quei 'this' | Romansh: quel | Romansh: quels | Romansh: quella | Romansh: quellas | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adj. | Romansh: quei | Romansh: quels | Romansh: quella | Romansh: quellas | ||
| Pron. | Romansh: tschei 'that' | Romansh: tschel | Romansh: tschels | Romansh: tschella | Romansh: tschellas | |
| Adj. | Romansh: tschei | Romansh: tschels | Romansh: tschella | Romansh: tschellas | ||
| Pron. & Adj. | Romansh: quest 'this' | Romansh: quest | Romansh: quests | Romansh: questa | Romansh: questas | |
The fable The Fox and the Crow by Jean de La Fontaine in Sursilvan, as well as a translation into English, the similar-looking but noticeably different-sounding dialect Sutsilvan, and Rumantsch Grischun.
The Swiss vocal group Furbaz mainly performs in the Sursilvan variety of Romansh. Their entry representing Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1989, Viver senza tei, was sung in Sursilvan. They placed 13th out of 22 participating countries with 47 points. It is the only time to date in which Switzerland have sent an entry to the contest in Romansh. [3]
Sursilvan literature is published among others by the Lia Rumantscha in Chur.