| Group: | Romanian Canadians |
| Pop: | 215,885 (by ancestry, 2021 Census)[1] |
| Popplace: | Greater Toronto Area, Greater Montreal |
| Rels: | Mainly Romanian Orthodoxy, but also Romanian Greek Catholicism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism |
| Related-C: | Romanian Americans, European Canadians |
Romanian Canadians are Canadian citizens of Romanian descent or Romania-born people who reside in Canada.
According to the 2021 Canadian census, there are 215,885 Romanian-Canadians.[1]
Romanians moved to Canada in several periods. The first period was at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Romanians had discovered Canada towards the end of the 19th century, after Clifford Sifton – Minister of Home Affairs representing a Liberal government that had promised to populate the West – had visited Bukovina. From 1896 to 1900, a group of Romanians established themselves in Assiniboia (now Saskatchewan), at Clifford Sifton's advice. The first two Romanian families that migrated to Canada from the Bukovina village of Boian stopped in Alberta in 1898. Other 100 Bucovina families took their example and followed them and they gave the settlement the name of their home village.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, many Romanians from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire (Transylvania, Bukovina, Banat, Crişana, and Maramureş) migrated to the Prairie provinces of Canada to work as farmers. The Dominion Lands Act encouraged homesteaders to come to the area. The migrants from the Romanian Old Kingdom were mostly Romanian Jews. Many Romanians moved to Canada and the United States between 1895 and 1920.[2]
St Nicholas's Romanian Orthodox Church (established in 1902[3] in Regina) is the oldest Romanian Orthodox parish in North America;[4] St George's Cathedral (founded in 1914[5] though the present building dates from the early 1960s), is the episcopal seat of the Romanian Orthodox Bishop of Regina. Today, the Romanian school from Boian, Alberta is a museum showcasing Romanian immigration, photos of the first Romanian settlers in the area and the typical Romanian farmer's life in rural Canada.
During the interwar period the number of ethnic Romanians who migrated to Canada decreased as a consequence of the economic development in Romania, but the number of Romanian Jews who migrated to Canada increased, mostly after the rise of the Iron Guard.
According to the 1911 Canadian census, in Canada lived 15,000 Romanians and in 1941: 25,000.
The second period was between 1945 and 1955, when Romanians moved after World War II, during Communist Romania, at a time when Romania was in a difficult period in its history. In this period, 1,460,000 Romanian citizens left their country. Many of them were political refugees. Many of them left for Canada.
Another wave of Romanian emigration to Canada occurred after 1989 following the Romanian Revolution of 1989, when people obtained the right to leave Romania subsequent to the fall of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe. The wave intensified after the Mineriad of 13–15 June 1990. After 1998, for the fourth time, a large number of Romanians were leaving Europe to come to Canada.
In 2001, there were 131,830 Canadian residents who identified themselves of Romanian origin, of which 53,320 were single-origin Romanians and 78,505 were of mixed Romanian and other origins.[6] The largest concentrations of Romanian-Canadians are in the Greater Toronto Area (approx. 75,000) and in the Greater Montreal Area (approx. 40,000). According to the 2001 Canadian census, the number of people of Romanian mother tongue in Canada was 50,895 and 61,330 Canadians claimed to speak Romanian. The number of people born in Romania was 61,330 and 2,380 were born in Moldova.
According to the 2016 census, there were 238,050 Canadian residents who identified themselves of Romanian origin, of which 96,910 were single-origin Romanians and 141,145 were of mixed Romanian and other origins.[7] Almost 100,000 Romanian Canadians live in Ontario.[8]
According to the 2021 census, there were 215,885 Canadian residents declaring themselves of Romanian origin;[9] Romanian was the mother tongue of 93,160 of Canadian residents.[1] There were 86,770 Canadian residents who were born in Romania.[9]
Immigration from Romania reached a high in the early 2000s. Figures from Citizenship and Immigration Canada show that the annual number of new permanent residents from Romania increased from an average of over 3,700 per year in the late 1990s to an average of over 5,500 per year since 2001, peaking in 2004 at 5,658. After 2004, the immigration from Romania constantly decreased.
| Year | Number of people | |
|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 3,851 | |
| 1996 | 3,670 | |
| 1997 | 3,916 | |
| 1998 | 2,976 | |
| 1999 | 3,468 | |
| 2000 | 4,431 | |
| 2001 | 5,589 | |
| 2002 | 5,688 | |
| 2003 | 5,466 | |
| 2004 | 5,658 | |
| 2005 | 4,964 | |
| 2006 | 4,468 | |
| 2007 | 3,834 | |
| 2008 | 2,836 | |
| 2009 | 2,076 | |
| 2010 | 1,922 | |
| 2011 | 1,776 | |
| 2012 | 1,588 | |
| 2013 | 1,512 | |
| 2014 | 1,552 | |
| 2015 | 1,183 | |
| 2016 | 1,361 | |
| 2017 | 980 | |
| 2018 | 810 | |
| 2019 | 675 |
Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 2014:,[10] 2015:[11] Facts and Figures 2016:[12]
A few parishes and non-profit organizations deal with a series of community related issues. These include the "Buna Vestire" Parish Montreal, the Romanian Association of Canada, the Federation of Romanian Associations of Canada, Women's Society, and Constantin Brancoveanu Society.
In 1914-18 was built the "Buna Vestire" Church (Annunciation Church) (Cernăuți Metropolitan seat), the oldest Romanian Orthodox Church in Montreal. Among the Buna Vestire Church priests were Jida, Glicherie Moraru (1930–1938), Constantin Juga (1938–1950), Petre Popescu (June 10, 1951 – 2003), and Nicolae Stoleru, Tofan
In 1939, on Iberville Street, in Montreal, was built "Casa Romana", where was set up a Romanian school.
In 1957, was set up the Romanian Cultural Association of Hamilton, Ontario. Cuvântul românesc is the newspaper of the association. "The Week of the Romanians" continues the tradition of almost 40 years of the "Romanian Field Week" at Hamilton, Ontario. Through the years, the place has combined cultural tributes to Romania with anticommunist manifestations from Romanians in North America. The Romanian Field covers 40acres in a natural environment near Hamilton. The place features the Nae Ionescu Cultural Center, the St. Mary Chapel, sports fields, a pool, as well as a couple of bungalows and accommodation for mobile homes. The place for the St. Mary Chapel was chosen by Valerian Trifa. The Writers' Alley (Rotonda) includes busts (sculptor Nicăpetre (1936–2008) of Nae Ionescu, Vasile Posteucă, George Donev, Aron Cotruş, Vintilă Horia, Mircea Eliade and Mihai Eminescu.
Another recreational and Romanian cultural facility in Canada is the Camp at Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Although not quite completed, the camp was blessed and opened for use by Archbishop Valerian Trifa in the summer of 1971.
On July 24, 1998, the Romanian community of Boian, Alberta celebrated its centenary. Besides religious services, there was a cultural program and demonstrations of the early life of the Romanians in Canada. The Romanian Orthodox parish in Boian has a Romanian ethnic museum housed on its premises. The museum and St. Mary Orthodox Church was proclaimed historical site by the authorities.
Association of Romanian Writers in Canada was incorporated in 2001. Association of Romanian Engineers in Canada was founded in 2003.
See main article: article, Canada–Romania relations, Embassy of Canada in Bucharest and Embassy of Romania in Ottawa.
Clifford Sifton visited Bukovina in 1895. From 1912 to 1913 Robert W. Service was a correspondent for the Toronto Star during the Balkan Wars.
Joseph W. Boyle served the king and queen of Romania during the World War I, helping to protect the country from the Central Powers and to operate Romania's railroads. He was awarded the special title of "Saviour of Romania" for these and many other deeds. He remained a close friend, and was at one time a possible lover of the Romanian Queen, British-born Marie of Edinburgh.
The formal Canadian-Romanian relations were established on August 16, 1919, when the General Consulate of Romania was established in Montreal[13] by Vasile Stoica.
Canadian general, diplomat and peacekeeper John de Chastelain was born in Bucharest to a Scottish father and an American mother.
Bilateral relations at embassy level were initiated on April 3, 1967. Canada commissioned its first resident ambassador in Romania in December 1967. The Embassy of Romania in Ottawa[14] was opened in 1970. In 1991, the Consulate General of Romania was established in Toronto, while the consulate general in Montreal resumed its initial functions. In 2011, a consulate general was established in Vancouver.[15]
The Ambassador of Romania in Ottawa, Maria Ligor presented her credentials on June 10, 2013, to David Johnston, Governor General of Canada, at Rideau Hall, in Ottawa. The Ambassador of Canada in Bucharest,[16] Joanne Lemay, presented her credentials on November 13, 2013. Romania has an honorary consulate general in Moncton, and an honorary consulate in Quebec City.[17]
| Province | Population | Percentage | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 98,235 | 0.7% | [18] | ||
| 53,060 | 0.7% | [19] | ||
| 34,230 | 0.9% | [20] | ||
| 31,250 | 0.7% | [21] | ||
| 12,730 | 1.2% | [22] | ||
| 5,835 | 0.5% | [23] | ||
| 1,195 | 0.1% | [24] | ||
| 940 | 0.1% | [25] | ||
| 185 | 0.0% | [26] | ||
| 125 | 0.1% | [27] | ||
| 120 | 0.3% | [28] | ||
| 15 | 0.0% | [29] | ||
| 135 | 0.4% | [30] | ||
| 238,050 | 0.7% | [31] |