Colonia (Roman) Explained

A Roman Latin: colonia (: Latin: coloniae) was originally a settlement of Roman citizens, establishing a Roman outpost in federated or conquered territory, for the purpose of securing it. Eventually, however, the term came to denote the highest status of a Roman city. It is also the origin of the modern term "colony."

Characteristics

Under the Roman Republic, which had no standing army, their own citizens were planted in conquered towns as a kind of garrison. There were two types:^{[1] [2]}

• Roman colonies, coloniae civium Romanorum or coloniae maritimae, as they were often built near the sea, e.g. Ostia (350 BC) and Rimini (268 BC). The colonists consisted of about three hundred Roman veterans with their families who were assigned from 1 to 2.5 hectares of agricultural land from the ager colonicus (state land), as well as free use of the ager compascus scripturarius (common state land) for pasture and woodland.^[3]
• Latin colonies (coloniae Latinae) were considerably larger than Roman colonies. They were military strongholds near or in enemy territory. They may have been similar to the Athenian cleruchy. The colonists were given large estates up to 35 hectares. They lost their citizenship which they could regain if they returned to Rome.

After 133 BC tribunes introduced reforms to support the urban poor to become farmers again in new colonies as agricultural settlements (e.g. Tarentum in 122 BC).

Under Caesar and in the Imperial era starting from Augustus, thousands of Roman legionary veterans were granted lands in many coloniae in the empire and were responsible for the Romanization of many territories (mainly in the spread of Latin language and of Roman laws and customs).

History

According to Livy, Rome's first colonies were established in about 752 BC at Antemnae and Crustumerium, both in Latium.^[4]

Other early colonies were established at Signia in the 6th century BC, Velitrae and Norba in the 5th century BC, and Ostia, Antium, and Tarracina in the late 4th century. In this first period of colonisation, which lasted down to the end of the Punic Wars, colonies were primarily military in purpose, being intended to defend Roman territory.

The first Roman colony outside Italy was probably Italica in Hispania^[5] founded in 206 BC by Publius Cornelius Scipio during the Second Carthaginian War.^[6]

In the Empire colonies became large centres for the settlement of army veterans, especially in Roman north Africa which had the largest density of Roman colonies per region in the Roman Empire, where the Italic population constituted more than one third of the total population during the second century AD.

Under the Kingdom

• BC 752 at Antemnae and Crustumerium, both in Latium.
• BC 745 (or 737) Fidenae became a Roman colony
• BC 737 Cameria

Under the Republic

• BC 396 Veii and Fidenae defeated. 4 new tribus [election district] organised (Stellatina, Tromentana, Sabatina, Arniensis)
• BC 385 Satricum (lost and burned in BC 346)
• BC 354–349 Tibur, Praeneste, Caere(Latium) alliance agreement
• BC 332 (or after): Sutrium, Nepete (Latium),
• BC 338 Ostia colony and port

New bilateral defence contracts with Falerii, Tarquinii (Etruria) Caere (again), Pomptina and Poplilia tribus (tribes) formed in territories of Antium

• BC 338 Capua inhabitants got Roman civil rights
• BC 335 Cales (Latium)
• BC 332 (two new voting tribus established): Scaptia, Maecia
• BC 329 Anxur (Latium)
• BC 318 Falerna tribus established, Cales made contract with Rome again
• BC 318 Canusium (Apulia)

New Roman municipia made from small towns around Rome: Aricia, Lanuvium, Nomentum, Pedum, Tusculum. Latin ius contracts made with Tibur, Praeneste, Lavinium, Cora (Latium) Ius comercii contracts made with Circei, Notba, Setia, Signia, Nepi, Ardea, GabiiIus migrationi and ius connubiiUfentina tribus established (on territories of Volscus city Antium), Privernum, Velitrae, Terracia, Fondi and Fotmiae made contract with Rome (cives sine suffragio)

• BC 303 Alba Fucens, Carsioli (Latium)
• BC 313 Suessula, Saticula (Campania)
• BC 315 Luceria (Apulia)
• BC 303 Sora (Latium)
• BC 299 Nequinum (Narnia/Narni in Etruria and Umbria) was a keypoint fortress against the Samnis tribes
• BC 296 Minturnae (Latium)
• BC 291 Venusia (Apulia) colonia (20,000 male inhabitants) to control the Samnis tribes
• BC 290 Pinceum besieged and occupied, soon became a Roman colony
• BC 290(?) Hatri (Atria) by Adriatic sea (Abruzzo)
• BC 269 Castrum Novum Picenii in BC 286), BC 264(?) Picenum colonies (Abruzzo)
• BC 289 (or in BC 283) Sena Gallica (Umbria)
• BC 273 Paestum (Latium)
• BC 273 Cosa (Etruria)
• BC 268 Beneventum (Samnium)
• BC 268 Ariminum (Aemilia)
• BC 268 Brundisium (Apulia)
• BC 264 Firmum
• BC 263 Aesernia (Samnium)
• BC 247 Alsium (Etruria)
• BC 245 Fregenae (Etruria)
• BC 222 Mediolanum (Transoadana)
• BC 218 Placentia (Aemilia)
• BC 218 Cremona (Venetia et Histria)
• BC 197–192 Volturnum, Liternum, Puteoli, Salernum (Campania) Sipontum, Buxentum (Calabria)
• BC 196 Brixia (Venetia et Histria)
• BC 193 Copia (Lucania et Bruttii)
• BC 192 Vibo Valentia (Lucania et Bruttii)
• BC 189 Bononia (Aemilia)
• BC 184 Pisaurum (Umbria), Potentia Romanorum (Lucania et Bruttii)
• BC 183 Mutina, Parma (Aemilia)
• BC 181 Aquilea (Venetia es Histria) Gravisca (Latium)
• BC 180 Portus Pisanus (Etruria)
• BC 177 Luna (Etruria)
• BC 125 Pollentia, Vardacate (Liguria)
• BC 123–118 Hasta, Dertona (Liguria)
• BC 100 Eporedia (Transpadana, today Piemonte region)
• BC 36 Tauromenium (Sicily)
• BC 21 Catina (Sicily)
• BC 21 Syracusæ (Sicily)
• BC 21 Thermæ (Sicily)
• BC 21 Tyndaris (Sicily)

Under the Principate

Colonies were not founded on a large scale until the inception of the Principate. Augustus, who needed to settle over a hundred thousand of his veterans after the end of his civil wars, began a massive colony creation program throughout his empire. However, not all colonies were new cities. Many were created from already-occupied settlements and the process of colonization just expanded them. Some of these colonies would later grow into large cities (modern day Cologne was first founded as a Roman colony). During this time, provincial cities can gain the rank of colony, gaining certain rights and privileges.^[7] After the era of the Severan emperors the new "colonies" were only cities that were granted a status (often of tax exemption), and in most cases during the Late Imperial times there was no more settlement of retired legionaries.

Effects and legacy of colonization

Roman colonies sometimes served as a potential reserve of veterans which could be called upon during times of emergency. However, these colonies more importantly served to produce future Roman citizens and therefore recruits to the Roman army.

Roman colonies played a major role in the spread of the Latin language within the central and southern Italian peninsula during the early empire.^[8] The colonies showed surrounding native populations an example of Roman life.^[9] Since the veterans settled there were usually single until discharge and married local women, colonies tended to become culturally integrated in their surroundings within a few generations.

Examples

Modern name	Latin name	Modern country	Roman province	Foundation or Promotion	Founder or Promotor	additional Info
Arles	Colonia Iulia Paterna Arelatensis Sextanorum	France	Gallia Narbonensis	45 BC	Julius Caesar
Belgrade	Singidunum	Serbia	Moesia Superior	239 AD		founded by Celts c.279 BC, conquered by Romans in 15 BC
Budapest	Aquincum	Hungary	Pannonia	41-54
Carteia	Carteia	Spain	Hispania Ulterior	171 BC	Roman Senate
Colchester	Colonia Claudia Victricensis Camulodunum	United Kingdom	Britannia / Britannia Superior / Maxima Caesariensis	49	Claudius
	Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium	Germany	Germania Inferior	50	Claudius
Jerusalem (on the site of)	Colonia Aelia Capitolina Hierosoloma	Israel and Palestine	Judaea	After Bar Kokhba's revolt	Hadrian
Lincoln	Lindum Colonia or Colonia Domitiana Lindensium	United Kingdom	Britannia / Britannia Inferior / Flavia Caesariensis	71	Domitian
Narbonne	Colonia Iulia Paterna Claudius Narbo Martius Decumanorum	France		118 BC	Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus	refounded by Caesar in 45 BC^[10]
Patras	Colonia Augusta Achaica Patrensis	Greece	Achaia	After the battle of Actium	Augustus
Şebinkarahisar	Colonia (Κολώνεια)	Turkey	Bithynia et Pontus	1st century BC	Pompey	^[11]
Colonia Iulia Concordia Apamea		Turkey	Bithynia-Pontus	ca. 45 BC	Iulius Caesar
York	Eboracum	United Kingdom	Britannia / Britannia Inferior / Britannia Secunda	early 3rd century ^[12]	Caracalla
Mérida	Colonia Emerita Augusta	Spain	Hispania / Lusitania	25 BC	Augustus	for war veterans of V Alaudae and X Gemina legions
Sarmizegetusa	Colonia Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa	Romania	Dacia	106-110	Trajan
Alba Iulia	Apulum	Romania	Dacia	180-192 ^[13]	Commodus
Cluj Napoca	Napoca	Romania	Dacia	2nd half of 2nd century	Commodus
Drobeta-Turnu Severin	Drobeta	Romania	Dacia	198-208 ^[14]	Septimius Severus
Gigen	Oescus	Bulgaria	Moesia Inferior	106-112	Trajan
Ljubljana	Colonia Iulia Aemona	Slovenia	Illyricum	14 or 15	Decree of Augustus, completed by Tiberius
Debelt	Colonia Flavia Pancensis Deultum	Bulgaria	Thracia	After the Year of the Four Emperors	Vespasian	for veterans of VIII Augusta
Qalunya	Colonia Amosa or Colonia Emmaus^[15]	Israel	Judaea	After 71	Vespasian	Might have been Emmaus of the New Testament.^[16]
Zaragoza/Saragossa	Caesaraugusta	Spain	Hispania Tarraconensis	Between 25 BC and 11 BC^[17]	Augustus	To settle army veterans from the Cantabrian wars.
Augsburg	Augusta Vindelicorum	Germany	Raetia	15 BC ^[18]	Augustus	The name means "the Augustan city of the Vindelici" ^[19]

See also

• Local government (ancient Roman)
• Duumviri
• Colonies in antiquity
• List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia
• List of ancient cities in Illyria

Further reading

• Bradley, Guy, and John-Paul Wilson, eds. 2006. Greek and Roman Colonization: Origins, Ideologies and Interactions. Swansea, UK: Classical Press of Wales.
• Broadhead, William. 2007. "Colonization, Land Distribution, and Veteran Settlement". In A Companion to the Roman Army. Edited by Paul Erdkamp, 148–163. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
• Crawford, Michael H. 2014. "The Roman History of Roman Colonisation". In The Roman Historical Tradition: Regal and Republican Rome. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Edited by James H. Richardson and Federico Santangelo. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
• Curchin, Leonard A. 1991. Roman Spain: Conquest and Assimilation. London: Routledge.
• Fuhrmann, Christopher J. 2012. Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
• Salmon, Edward T. 1955. "Roman Expansion and Roman Colonization in Italy". Phoenix 9.2: 63–75.
• Stek, Tesse D. and Gert-Jan Burgers eds. 2015. The Impact of Rome on Cult Places and Religious Practices in Ancient Italy. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Supplement 132. London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London.
• Sears, Gareth. 2011. The Cities of Roman Africa. Stroud, UK: History Press.
• Termeer, Marleen K. 2010. "Early Colonies in Latium (ca. 534–338 BC): A Reconsideration of Current Images and the Archaeological Evidence". Bulletin Antieke Beschaving 85:43–58.
• Woolf, Greg. 1998. Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

External links

• Jona Lendering, “Coloniae”, Livius.org (2006)
• L. Adkins and R.A. Adkins, “Coloniae”, in L. Adkins and R.A. Adkins, Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome, New York, 1994.
• M. Bunson, “colonies, Roman”, in M. Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, New York, 1994.

Notes and References

1. E.T. Salmon, The Coloniae Maritimae, Athenaeum, N.S.41 (1963) 3-33
2. A.N. Sherwin-White, The Roman Citizenship, 86
3. C.G.Severino, Crotone. Da polis a città di Calabria, 1988, p. 29
4. [Livy]
5. Book: Hannibal's War: Books 21-30. 978-0-19-955597-0. Livy. 25 June 2009. 17 February 2023. 17 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230217133018/https://books.google.com/books?id=0KwVDAAAQBAJ&q=Italica+first+roman+city+outside+of+Italy&pg=PA689. live.
6. Appian, Iberian Wars 38
7. Book: Nigel., Rodgers. Roman Empire. 2006. Lorenz Books. Dodge, Hazel.. 0754816028. London. 62177842.
8. Encyclopedia: History of Europe - Romans. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2018-07-03. en. .
9. Web site: Colonia - Livius. www.livius.org. en. 2018-07-02. 2018-07-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20180702233437/http://www.livius.org/articles/concept/colonia/. live.
10. Web site: CHRONOLOGIE - Les grandes dates - Narbo Martius . fr . 4 February 2017 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023814/http://bib.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/simulacraromae/narbona/crono.htm . live .
11. [Procopius]
12. Web site: EBORACUM or Eburacum or Eburaco (York) Yorkshire, England . en . 4 May 2021 . 10 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200810204221/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:entry=eboracum . live .
13. Web site: APULUM (Alba Iulia) Romania . en . 4 May 2021 . 4 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210504131350/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:id=apulum . live .
14. Web site: DROBETA or Drubeta (Drobeta-Turnu Severin) Romania . en . 4 May 2021 . 4 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210504131352/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:alphabetic+letter=D:entry+group=3:entry=drobeta . live .
15. Khalidi, 1992, p. 309
16. Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 40
17. Web site: Places: 246344 (Col. Caesaraugusta) . Sivan, H. . S. Keay . R. Mathisen . DARMC, R. . Talbert, S. . Gillies, J. . Åhlfeldt . J. Becker . T. Elliott . 23 December 2014 . Pleiades . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141224023056/http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/246344 . 24 December 2014 .
18. Book: Imperial Augsburg: Renaissance Prints and Drawings, 1475-1540 . Gregory . Jecmen . Freyda . Spira . 2012 . 25 . National Gallery of Art (U.S.) . 9781848221222.
19. Book: A Natural History of Latin . Tore Janson . 2007 . 169 . OUP Oxford . 9780191622656.