| Birth Place: | Halmstad, Sweden |
| Height: | 1.86m (06.1feet) |
| Weight: | 77kg (170lb) |
| Sport: | Canoe sprint |
| Club: | Halmstads Kanotklubb, Kanotföreningen Kanotisterna, Södertälje |
| Show-Medals: | yes |
Rolf Peterson (born 11 May 1944) is a retired Swedish sprint canoeist. He competed in the K-1 1000 m event at the 1964, 1968 and 1972 Olympics and won a gold medal in 1964 and a silver in 1972, finishing fifth in 1968. At the world championships Peterson won two gold and one silver medals in K-2 events in 1970–1971, all with Lars Andersson. He was awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 1964 and served as the Swedish Olympic flag bearer in 1968.