Rogers–Ramanujan identities explained

In mathematics, the Rogers–Ramanujan identities are two identities related to basic hypergeometric series and integer partitions. The identities were first discovered and proved by, and were subsequently rediscovered (without a proof) by Srinivasa Ramanujan some time before 1913. Ramanujan had no proof, but rediscovered Rogers's paper in 1917, and they then published a joint new proof . independently rediscovered and proved the identities.

Definition

The Rogers–Ramanujan identities are

G(q) = \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =0} (q ^{n ^{2}})/((q;q) _{n}) = (1)/((q;q ^{5 )} _{inf ty} (q ^{4;} q ^{5 )} _{inf ty}) =1+ q + q ^{2} + q ^{3} +2 q ^{4+2q} ^{5} +3 q ^{6+ …} andH(q) = \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =0} (q ^{n ^{2+n}})/((q;q) _{n}) = (1)/((q ^{2 ;q} ^{5 )} ^{inf ty} (q ^{3;} q ^{5 )} _{inf ty}) =1+ q ^{2} + q ^{3} + q ^{4+q} ^{5} +2 q ^{6+ …} .

Here,

(a;q) _{n} denotes the q-Pochhammer symbol.

Combinatorial interpretation

Consider the following:

(q ^{n ^{2}})/((q;q) _{n}) is the generating function for partitions with exactly n parts such that adjacent parts have difference at least 2.(1)/((q;q ^{5 )} _{inf ty} (q ^{4;} q ^{5 )} _{inf ty}) is the generating function for partitions such that each part is congruent to either 1 or 4 modulo 5.(q ^{n ^{2+n}})/((q;q) _{n}) is the generating function for partitions with exactly n parts such that adjacent parts have difference at least 2 and such that the smallest part is at least 2.(1)/((q ^{2 ;q} ^{5 )} ^{inf ty} (q ^{3;} q ^{5 )} _{inf ty}) is the generating function for partitions such that each part is congruent to either 2 or 3 modulo 5.

The Rogers–Ramanujan identities could be now interpreted in the following way. Let

n be a non-negative integer.

1. The number of partitions of

n such that the adjacent parts differ by at least 2 is the same as the number of partitions of n such that each part is congruent to either 1 or 4 modulo 5.

1. The number of partitions of

n such that the adjacent parts differ by at least 2 and such that the smallest part is at least 2 is the same as the number of partitions of n such that each part is congruent to either 2 or 3 modulo 5.

Alternatively,

1. The number of partitions of

n such that with k parts the smallest part is at least k is the same as the number of partitions of n such that each part is congruent to either 1 or 4 modulo 5.

1. The number of partitions of

n such that with k parts the smallest part is at least k +1 is the same as the number of partitions of n such that each part is congruent to either 2 or 3 modulo 5.

Application to partitions

Since the terms occurring in the identity are generating functions of certain partitions, the identities make statements about partitions (decompositions) of natural numbers. The number sequences resulting from the coefficients of the Maclaurin series of the Rogers–Ramanujan functions G and H are special partition number sequences of level 5:

G(x) = (1)/((x;x ^{5 )} _{inf ty} (x ^{4;} x ^{5 )} _{inf ty}) = 1 + \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} P _{G} (n)x ^{n} H(x) = (1)/((x ^{2 ;x} ^{5 )} ^{inf ty} (x ^{3;} x ^{5 )} _{inf ty}) = 1 + \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} P _{H} (n)x ^{n} The number sequence P _{G} (n) (OEIS code: A003114^[1]) represents the number of possibilities for the affected natural number n to decompose this number into summands of the patterns 5a + 1 or 5a + 4 with a ∈ N _{0} . Thus P _{G} (n) gives the number of decays of an integer n in which adjacent parts of the partition differ by at least 2, equal to the number of decays in which each part is equal to 1 or 4 mod 5 is.

And the number sequence

P _{H} (n) (OEIS code: A003106^[2]) analogously represents the number of possibilities for the affected natural number n to decompose this number into summands of the patterns 5a + 2 or 5a + 3 with a ∈ N _{0} . Thus P _{H} (n) gives the number of decays of an integer n in which adjacent parts of the partition differ by at least 2 and in which the smallest part is greater than or equal to 2 is equal the number of decays whose parts are equal to 2 or 3 mod 5. This will be illustrated as examples in the following two tables:

Partition number sequence P _{G} (n) !Natural number n!P _{G} (n) !Sum representations with the described criteria

1	1	1
2	1	1+1
3	1	1+1+1
4	2	4, 1+1+1+1
5	2	4+1, 1+1+1+1+1
6	3	6, 4+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1
7	3	6+1, 4+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1
8	4	6+1+1, 4+4, 4+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1
9	5	9, 6+1+1+1, 4+4+1, 4+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1
10	6	9+1, 6+4, 6+1+1+1+1, 4+4+1+1, 4+1+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1
11	7	11, 9+1+1, 6+4+1, 6+1+1+1+1+1, 4+4+1+1+1, 4+1+1+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1
12	9	11+1, 9+1+1+1, 6+6, 6+4+1+1, 6+1+1+1+1+1+1, 4+4+4, 4+4+1+1+1+1, 4+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1
13	10	11+1+1, 9+4, 9+1+1+1+1, 6+6+1, 6+4+1+1+1, 6+1+1+1+1+1+1+1, 4+4+4+1, 4+4+1+1+1+1+1, 4+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1
14	12	14, 11+1+1+1, 9+4+1, 9+1+1+1+1+1, 6+6+1+1, 6+4+4, 6+4+1+1+1+1, 6+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1, 4+4+4+1+1, 4+4+1+1+1+1+1+1, 4+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1
15	14	14+1, 11+4, 11+1+1+1+1, 9+6, 9+4+1+1, 9+1+1+1+1+1+1, 6+6+1+1+1, 6+4+4+1, 6+4+1+1+1+1+1, 6+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1, 4+4+4+1+1+1, 4+4+1+1+1+1+1+1+1, 4+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1
16	17	16, 14+1+1, 11+4+1, 11+1+1+1+1+1, 9+6+1, 9+4+1+1+1, 9+1+1+1+1+1+1+1, 6+6+4, 6+6+1+1+1+1, 6+4+4+1+1, 6+4+1+1+1+1+1+1, 6+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1, 4+4+4+4, 4+4+4+1+1+1+1, 4+4+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1, 4+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1

Partition number sequence P _{H} (n) !Natural number n!P _{H} (n) !Sum representations with the described criteria

1	0	none
2	1	2
3	1	3
4	1	2+2
5	1	3+2
6	2	3+3, 2+2+2
7	2	7, 3+2+2
8	3	8, 3+3+2, 2+2+2+2
9	3	7+2, 3+3+3, 3+2+2+2
10	4	8+2, 7+3, 3+3+2+2, 2+2+2+2+2

Rogers–Ramanujan continued fractions R and S

Definition of the continued fractions

R(q) is called Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction,^{[3] [4]} Continuing fraction S(q) is called alternating Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction!

The factor

q ^{(1)/(5)} creates a quotient of module functions and it also makes these shown continued fractions modular:

This definition applies for the continued fraction mentioned:

R (q) = q ^{1/5} ((q;q ^{5 )} _{inf ty} (q ^{4;q} ^{5 )} ^{inf ty})/((q ^{2 ;q} ^{5 )} ^{inf ty} (q ^{3;q} ^{5 )} ^{inf ty}) R (q) = q ^{1/5} \prod ^{inf ty} _{k =0} (( 1- q ^{5k+1} ) ( 1- q ^{5k+} ))/(( 1- q ^{5k+2} )( 1- q ^{5k+3} )) = q ^{1/5} (H(q))/(G(q))

This is the definition of the Ramanujan theta function:

f (a,b) = \sum ^{inf ty} _{k =-inf ty} a ^{(k (k +1 ))/(2)} b ^{(k ( k -1 ))/(2)}

With this function, the continued fraction R can be created this way:

R(q) = q ^{1/5} (f ( - q, - q ^{4)})/(f ( - q ^{2,} - q ^{3} )) .

The connection between the continued fraction and the Rogers–Ramanujan functions was already found by Rogers in 1894 (and later independently by Ramanujan).

The continued fraction can also be expressed by the Dedekind eta function:

R(q) = \tan l \{ (1)/(\arccot l [ 2) (η _{W} (q ^{1/5} ))/(2η _{W} (q ^{5} )) + (1)/(2) r ] r \}

The alternating continued fraction

S(q) has the following identities to the remaining Rogers–Ramanujan functions and to the Ramanujan theta function described above:S(q) = q ^{1/5} (H( - q))/(G( - q)) S(q) = q ^{1/5} (f (q, - q ^{4)})/(f ( - q ^{2,} q ^{3} )) S(q) = (R(q ^{4)})/(R(q)R(q ^{2)}) S(q) = q ^{1/5} (G(q)G(q ^{2)H(q} ^{4)})/(H(q)H(q ^{2)G(q} ^{4)})

Identities with Jacobi theta functions

The following definitions are valid for the Jacobi "Theta-Nullwert" functions:

\vartheta _{00} (x) = 1 + 2 \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} x ^{\Box(n)} \vartheta _{01} (x) = 1 - 2 \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} ( -1 ) ^{n} x ^{\Box(n)} \vartheta _{10} (x) = 2 x ^{1/4} + 2 x ^{1/4} \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} x ^{2triangleup(n)}

And the following product definitions are identical to the total definitions mentioned:

\vartheta _{00} (x) = \prod ^{inf ty} _{n =1} ( 1- x ^{2n} )( 1+ x ^{2n-1} ) ^{2} \vartheta _{01} (x) = \prod ^{inf ty} _{n =1} ( 1- x ^{2n} )( 1- x ^{2n-1} ) ^{2} \vartheta _{10} (x) = 2 x ^{1/4} \prod ^{inf ty} _{n =1} ( 1- x ^{2n} )( 1+ x ^{2n} ) ^{2} These three so-called theta zero value functions are linked to each other using the Jacobian identity:\vartheta _{10} (x) = \sqrt[ 4 ]{\vartheta _{00} (x) ^{4} - \vartheta _{01} (x) ^{4}}

The mathematicians Edmund Taylor Whittaker and George Neville Watson^{[5] [6]} discovered these definitional identities.

The Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction functions

R(x) and S(x) have these relationships to the theta Nullwert functions:R(x) = \tan l \langle (1)/(\arccot l \{ 2) (\vartheta _{01} (x ^{1/5} )[ 5 \vartheta _{01} (x ^{5)} ^{2} - \vartheta _{01} (x) ^{2]})/(2 \vartheta _{01} (x ^{5 )[\vartheta} _{01} (x) ^{2} - \vartheta _{01} (x ^{1/5} ) ^{2]}) + (1)/(2) r \} r \rangle S(x) = \tan l \langle (1)/(\arccot l \{ 2) (\vartheta _{00} (x ^{1/5} )[ 5 \vartheta _{00} (x ^{5)} ^{2} - \vartheta _{00} (x) ^{2]})/(2 \vartheta _{00} (x ^{5 )[\vartheta} _{00} (x ^{1} ) ^{2} - \vartheta _{00} (x) ^{2]}) - (1)/(2) r \} r \rangle

The element of the fifth root can also be removed from the elliptic nome of the theta functions and transferred to the external tangent function. In this way, a formula can be created that only requires one of the three main theta functions:

R(x) = \tan l \{ (1)/(\arctan l [ 2) (1)/(2) - (\vartheta _{01} (x) ^{2})/(2 \vartheta _{01} (x ^{5)} ^{2}) r ] r \} ^{1/5} \tan l \{ (1)/(\arccot l [ 2) (1)/(2) - (\vartheta _{01} (x) ^{2})/(2 \vartheta _{01} (x ^{5)} ^{2}) r ] r \} ^{2/5} S(x) = \tan l \{ (1)/(\arctan l [ 2) (\vartheta _{00} (x) ^{2})/(2 \vartheta _{00} (x ^{5)} ^{2}) - (1)/(2) r ] r \} ^{1/5} \cot l \{ (1)/(\arccot l [ 2) (\vartheta _{00} (x) ^{2})/(2 \vartheta _{00} (x ^{5)} ^{2}) - (1)/(2) r ] r \} ^{2/5}

Modular modified functions of G and H

Definition of the modular form of G and H

An elliptic function is a modular function if this function in dependence on the elliptic nome as an internal variable function results in a function, which also results as an algebraic combination of Legendre's elliptic modulus and its complete elliptic integrals of the first kind in the K and K' form. The Legendre's elliptic modulus is the numerical eccentricity of the corresponding ellipse.

If you set

q = e ^{2} (where the imaginary part of \tau \in C is positive), following two functions are modular functions!G _{M} (q) = q ^{(-1)/(60)} G(q) H _{M} (q) = q ^{(11)/(60)} H(q)

If q = e^2πiτ, then q^-1/60G(q) and q^11/60H(q) are modular functions of τ.

For the Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction R(q) this formula is valid based on the described modular modifications of G and H:

R(q) = (H _{M} (q))/(G _{M} (q))

Special values

These functions have the following values for the reciprocal of Gelfond's constant and for the square of this reciprocal:

\begin{align} G _{M} l [\exp( - \pi) r ] & = 2 ^{-1/2} 5 ^{-1/4} (\sqrt{ 5 } - 1 ) ^{1} (\sqrt[ 4 ]{ 5 } + 1 ) ^{1/2} R l [\exp( - \pi) r ] ^{-1/2} = \\[ 4 pt] & = 2 ^{1/4} 5 ^{-1/8} \Phi ^{1/2} {\color{blue}\cos l [\tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }\arctan( 2 ) + \tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\arcsin(\Phi ^{-2} ) r ]} \end{align} \begin{align} H _{M} l [\exp( - \pi) r ] & = 2 ^{-1/2} 5 ^{-1/4} (\sqrt{ 5 } - 1 ) ^{1} (\sqrt[ 4 ]{ 5 } + 1 ) ^{1/2} R l [\exp( - \pi) r ] ^{1/2} = \\[ 4 pt] & = 2 ^{1/4} 5 ^{-1/8} \Phi ^{1/2} {\color{blue}\sin l [\tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }\arctan( 2 ) + \tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\arcsin(\Phi ^{-2} ) r ]} \end{align} \begin{align} G _{M} l [\exp( -2 \pi) r ] & = 10 ^{-1/4} (\sqrt{ 5 } - 1 ) ^{1/4} R l [ \exp( -2 \pi) r ] ^{-1/2} = \\[ 4 pt] & = 2 ^{1/2} 5 ^{-1/8} {\color{blue}\cos l [\tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }\arctan( 2 ) r ]} \end{align} \begin{align} H _{M} l [\exp( -2 \pi) r ] & = 10 ^{-1/4} (\sqrt{ 5 } - 1 ) ^{1/4} R l [ \exp( -2 \pi) r ] ^{1/2} = \\[ 4 pt] & = 2 ^{1/2} 5 ^{-1/8} {\color{blue}\sin l [\tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }\arctan( 2 ) r ]} \end{align}

The Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction takes the following ordinate values for these abscissa values:

\begin{align} R[\exp( - \pi)] {} & = \tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }(\sqrt{ 5 } +1 )(\sqrt{ 5 } - \sqrt{\sqrt{ 5 } +2 }) (\sqrt{\sqrt{ 5 } +2 } + \sqrt[ 4 ]{ 5 }) = \\[ 4 pt] & {} = \Phi ^{3/2} \operatorname{cl}(\tfrac{ 1 }{ 5 }\varpi) ^{-3/2} \operatorname{cl}(\tfrac{ 2 }{ 5 } \varpi) ^{3/2} \operatorname{cl}(\tfrac{ 1 }{ 10 }\varpi) ^{2} \operatorname{cl}(\tfrac{ 3 }{ 10 }\varpi) \operatorname{slh} (\tfrac{ 2 }{ 5 }\sqrt{ 2 }\varpi) = \\[ 4 pt ] & {} = {\color{blue}\tan l [\tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }\arctan( 2 ) + \tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\arcsin(\Phi ^{-2} ) r ]} \\[ 4 pt] \end{align}

\begin{align} R[\exp( -2 \pi)] {} & = 4 \sin(\tfrac{ 1 }{ 20 }\pi)\sin(\tfrac{ 3 }{ 20 }\pi) = \\[ 4 pt] & {} = {\color{blue}\tan l [\tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }\arctan( 2 ) r ]} \end{align}

Dedekind eta function identities

Derivation by the geometric mean

Given are the mentioned definitions of

G _{M} and H _{M} in this already mentioned way:G _{M} (q) = q ^{(-1)/(60)} (1)/((q;q ^{5 )} _{inf ty} (q ^{4;q} ^{5 )} ^{inf ty}) H _{M} (q) = q ^{(11)/(60)} (1)/((q ^{2 ;q} ^{5 )} ^{inf ty} (q ^{3;q} ^{5 )} ^{inf ty})

The Dedekind eta function identities for the functions G and H result by combining only the following two equation chains:

The quotient is the Rogers Ramanujan continued fraction accurately:

H _{M} (q) ÷ G _{M} (q) = R(q)

But the product leads to a simplified combination of Pochhammer operators:

H _{M} (q) G _{M} (q) = q ^{1/6} (1)/((q;q ^{5 )} _{inf ty} (q ^{4;q} ^{5 )} ^{inf ty} (q ^{2;q} ^{5 )} ^{inf ty} (q ^{3;q} ^{5 )} ^{inf ty}) = = q ^{1/6} ((q ^{5 ;q} ^{5 )} ^{inf ty})/((q;q) _{infty}) = (η _{W} (q ^{5)})/(η _{W} (q))

The geometric mean of these two equation chains directly lead to following expressions in dependence of the Dedekind eta function in their Weber form:

G _{M} (q) = η _{W} (q ^{5)} ^{1/2} η _{W} (q) ^{-1/2} R(q) ^{-} H _{M} (q) = η _{W} (q ^{5)} ^{1/2} η _{W} (q) ^{-1/2} R(q) ^{1}

In this way the modulated functions

G _{M} and H _{M} are represented directly using only the continued fraction R and the Dedekind eta function quotient!

With the Pochhammer products alone, the following identity then applies to the non-modulated functions G and H:

G(q) = (q;q ^{-1} _{inf ty} (q ^{4;q} ^{-1} ^{inf ty} = (q ^{5} ;q ^{1 / 2} _{inf ty} (q;q) ^{-1 / 2} _{inf ty} l [ (H(q))/(G(q)) r ] ^{-1/2} H(q) = (q ^{2;q} ^{-1} ^{inf ty} (q ^{3;q} ^{-1} ^{inf ty} = (q ^{5;q} ^{1 / 2} ^{inf ty} (q;q) ^{-1 / 2} _{inf ty} l [ (H(q))/(G(q )) r ] ^{1/2}

Pentagonal number theorem

For the Dedekind eta function according to Weber's definition^[7] these formulas apply:

η _{W} (x) = 2 ^{-1/6} \vartheta _{10} (x) ^{1/6} \vartheta _{00} (x) ^{1/6} \vartheta _{01} (x) ^{2/3} η _{W} (x) = 2 ^{-1/3} \vartheta _{10} (x ^{1/2} ) ^{1/3} \vartheta _{00} (x ) ^{1/3} \vartheta _{01} (x ^{1/2} ) ^{1/3} η _{W} (x) = x ^{1/24} \prod ^{inf ty} _{n =1} ( 1- x ^{n)} = x ^{1/24} (x; x) _{infty} η _{W} (x) = x ^{1/24} l \{ 1 + \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} l [ - x ^{Fn} - x ^{Kr(2n-1)} + x ^{Fn(2n)} + x ^{Kr(2n)} r ] r \} η _{W} (x) = x ^{1/24} l \{ 1 + \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} P (n) x ^{n} r \} ^{-1}

The fourth formula describes the pentagonal number theorem^[8] because of the exponents!

These basic definitions apply to the pentagonal numbers and the card house numbers:

Fn (z) = \tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }z( 3 z -1 ) Kr (z) = \tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }z( 3 z +1 )

The fifth formula contains the Regular Partition Numbers as coefficients.

The Regular Partition Number Sequence

P (n) itself indicates the number of ways in which a positive integer number n can be split into positive integer summands. For the numbers n = 1 to n = 5 , the associated partition numbers P with all associated number partitions are listed in the following table:

Example values of P(n) and associated number partitions!n!P(n)!Corresponding partitions

1	1	(1)
2	2	(1+1), (2)
3	3	(1+1+1), (1+2), (3)
4	5	(1+1+1+1), (1+1+2), (2+2), (1+3), (4)
5	7	(1+1+1+1+1), (1+1+1+2), (1+2+2), (1+1+3), (2+3), (1+4), (5)
6	11	(1+1+1+1+1+1), (1+1+1+1+2), (1+1+2+2), (2+2+2), (1+1+1+3), (1+2+3), (3+3), (1+1+4), (2+4), (1+5), (6)

Further Dedekind eta identities

The following further simplification for the modulated functions

G _{M} and H _{M} can be undertaken. This connection applies especially to the Dedekind eta function from the fifth power of the elliptic nome:(η _{W} (q ^{5)})/(η _{W} (q)) = (η _{W} (q ^{2)} ^{4})/(η _{W} (q) ^{4}) (\vartheta _{01} (q ^{5)})/(l [ \vartheta _{01} (q)) (5 \vartheta _{01} (q ^{5)} ^{2})/(4 \vartheta _{01} (q) ^{2}) - (1)/(4) r ] ^{-1}

These two identities with respect to the Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction were given for the modulated functions

G _{M} and H _{M} :G _{M} (q) = η _{W} (q ^{5)} ^{1/2} η _{W} (q) ^{-1/2} R(q) ^{-} H _{M} (q) = η _{W} (q ^{5)} ^{1/2} η _{W} (q) ^{-1/2} R(q) ^{1}

The combination of the last three formulas mentioned results in the following pair of formulas:

G _{M} (q) = (η _{W} (q ^{2)} ^{2})/(l [ η _{W} (q) ^{2}) (\vartheta _{01} (q ^{5)})/(\vartheta _{01} (q)) r ] ^{1/2} l [ (5 \vartheta _{01} (q ^{5)} ^{2})/(4 \vartheta _{01} (q) ^{2}) - (1)/(4) r ] ^{-1/2} R(q) ^{-1/2}
H _{M} (q) = (η _{W} (q ^{2)} ^{2})/(l [ η _{W} (q) ^{2}) (\vartheta _{01} (q ^{5)})/(\vartheta _{01} (q)) r ] ^{1/2} l [ (5 \vartheta _{01} (q ^{5)} ^{2})/(4 \vartheta _{01} (q) ^{2}) - (1)/(4) r ] ^{-1/2} R(q) ^{1/2}

Reduced Weber modular function

The Weber modular functions in their reduced form are an efficient way of computing the values of the Rogers–Ramanujan functions:

First of all we introduce the reduced Weber modular functions in that pattern:

w _{Rn} (\varepsilon) = (2 ^{(n} [q(\varepsilon) ^{n} ;q(\varepsilon) ^{2n} ] _{infty})/([q(\varepsilon);q(\varepsilon) ^{n} _{inf ty}) w _{R5} (\varepsilon) = (2 [q(\varepsilon) ^{5} ;q(\varepsilon) ^{10} ] _{infty})/([q(\varepsilon);q(\varepsilon) ^{5} _{inf ty})

This function fulfills following equation of sixth degree:

w _{R5} (\varepsilon) ^{6} - 2 w _{R5} (\varepsilon) ^{5} = \tan l [ 2 \arctan(\varepsilon) r ] ^{2 l [ 2 w} _{R 5} (\varepsilon) + 1 r ]

Therefore this

w _{R5} function is an algebraic function indeed.

But along with the Abel–Ruffini theorem this function in relation to the eccentricity can not be represented by elementary expressions.

However there are many values that in fact can be expressed elementarily.

Four examples shall be given for this:

First example:

w _{R5} (\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\sqrt{ 2 }) ^{6} - 2 w _{R5} (\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\sqrt{ 2 }) ^{5} = 16 w _{R5} (\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\sqrt{ 2 }) + 8
w _{R5} (\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\sqrt{ 2 }) = \sqrt[ 4 ]{ 5 } + 1

Second example:

w _{R5} (\sqrt{ 2 } - 1 ) ^{6} - 2 w _{R5} (\sqrt{ 2 } - 1 ) ^{5} = 2 w _{R5} (\sqrt{ 2 } - 1 ) + 1

w _{R5} (\sqrt{ 2 } - 1 ) = \tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } l \{\tfrac{ 4 }{ 3 }\sqrt{ 2 }\cos(\tfrac{ 1 }{ 10 }\pi)\cosh[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 3 }\operatorname{artanh}(\tfrac{ 3 }{ 8 }\sqrt{ 6 })] + \tfrac{ 1 }{ 3 }\tan(\tfrac{ 1 }{ 5 }\pi) r \} ^{2} - \tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } = = \Phi ^{-1} \cot l [\tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }\pi - \arctan l (\tfrac{ 1 }{ 3 }\sqrt{ 5 } - \tfrac{ 1 }{ 3 }\sqrt[ 3 ]{ 6 \sqrt{ 30 } + 4 \sqrt{ 5 }} + \tfrac{ 1 }{ 3 }\sqrt[ 3 ]{ 6 \sqrt{ 30 } - 4 \sqrt{ 5 }} r ) r ] =

Third example:

w _{R5} l [( 2 - \sqrt{ 3 })(\sqrt{ 3 } - \sqrt{ 2 }) r ] ^{6} - 2 w _{R5} l [( 2 - \sqrt{ 3 })(\sqrt{ 3 } - \sqrt{ 2 }) r ] ^{5} = (\sqrt{ 2 } - 1 ) ^{4} l \{ 2 w _{R5} [( 2 - \sqrt{ 3 })(\sqrt{ 3 } - \sqrt{ 2 }) r ] + 1 r \}
w _{R5} [( 2 - \sqrt{ 3 })(\sqrt{ 3 } - \sqrt{ 2 }) r ] = \cot l [\tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }\pi - \tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }\arccsc(\tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }\sqrt{ 10 } + \tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }) r ]

Fourth example:

w _{R5} l [( 2 - \sqrt{ 3 })(\sqrt{ 3 } + \sqrt{ 2 }) r ] ^{6} - 2 w _{R5} l [( 2 - \sqrt{ 3 })(\sqrt{ 3 } + \sqrt{ 2 }) r ] ^{5} = (\sqrt{ 2 } + 1 ) ^{4} l \{ 2 w _{R5} [( 2 - \sqrt{ 3 })(\sqrt{ 3 } + \sqrt{ 2 }) r ] + 1 r \}
w _{R5} [( 2 - \sqrt{ 3 })(\sqrt{ 3 } + \sqrt{ 2 }) r ] = \cot l [\tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }\arccsc(\tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }\sqrt{ 10 } + \tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }) r ]

For that function, a further expression is valid:

w _{R5} (\varepsilon) = (5 \vartheta _{01} [q(k) ^{5]} ^{2})/(2 \vartheta _{01} [q(k)] ^{2}) - (1)/(2)

Exact eccentricity identity for the functions G and H

In this way the accurate eccentricity dependent formulas for the functions G and H can be generated:

Following Dedekind eta function quotient has this eccentricity dependency:

(η _{W} [q(\varepsilon) ^{2]})/(η _{W} [q(\varepsilon)]) = 2 ^{-1/4} \tan l [ 2 \arctan(\varepsilon) r ] ^{1/12}

This is the eccentricity dependent formula for the continued fraction R:

R[q(\varepsilon)] = \tan l \{ (1)/(\arctan l [ 2) (w _{R5} (\varepsilon) -2)/(2 w _{R5} (\varepsilon) +1) r ] r \} ^{1/5} \tan l \{ (1)/(\arccot l [ 2) (w _{R5} (\varepsilon) -2)/(2 w _{R5} (\varepsilon) +1) r ] r \} ^{2/5}

The last three now mentioned formulas will be inserted into the final formulas mentioned in the section above:

G _{M} l [q(\varepsilon) r ] = (\tan l [ 2 \arctan(\varepsilon) r ] ^{1/6} l [ 2 w _{R5} (\varepsilon) +1 r ] ^{1/4})/(\tan l \{ 5 ^{1/4} w _{R5} (\varepsilon) ^{1/2}) (1)/(\arctan l [ 2) (w _{R5} (\varepsilon) -2)/(2 w _{R5} (\varepsilon) +1) r ] r \} ^{-1/10} \tan l \{ (1)/(\arccot l [ 2) (w _{R5} (\varepsilon) -2)/(2 w _{R5} (\varepsilon) +1) r ] r \} ^{-1/5}
H _{M} l [q(\varepsilon) r ] = (\tan l [ 2 \arctan(\varepsilon) r ] ^{1/6} l [ 2 w _{R5} (\varepsilon) +1 r ] ^{1/4})/(\tan l \{ 5 ^{1/4} w _{R5} (\varepsilon) ^{1/2}) (1)/(\arctan l [ 2) (w _{R5} (\varepsilon) -2)/(2 w _{R5} (\varepsilon) +1) r ] r \} ^{1/10} \tan l \{ (1)/(\arccot l [ 2) (w _{R5} (\varepsilon) -2)/(2 w _{R5} (\varepsilon) +1) r ] r \} ^{1/5}

On the left side of the balances the functions

G _{M} (q) and H _{M} (q) in relation to the elliptic nome function q(\varepsilon) are written down directly.

And on the right side an algebraic combination of the eccentricity

\varepsilon is formulated.

Therefore these functions

G _{M} (q) = q ^{-1/60} G(q) and H _{M} (q) = q ^{11/60} H(q) are modular functions indeed!

Application to quintic equations

Discovery of the corresponding modulus by Charles Hermite

The general case of quintic equations in the Bring–Jerrard form has a non-elementary solution based on the Abel–Ruffini theorem and will now be explained using the elliptic nome of the corresponding modulus, described by the lemniscate elliptic functions in a simplified way.

x ^{5} + 5 x = 4 c

The real solution for all real values

c \in \R can be determined as follows:\begin{align} x = {} & (S l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh)/([\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}(c)]) ^{2\}r\rangle} ^{2} - R l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}(c)] ^{2\}} ^{2r\rangle}{Sl\langle} q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}(c)] ^{2\}r\rangle} ^{2}} x \\[ 4 pt] & {} x (1- R l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh)/([\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}(c)]) ^{2} \} ^{2} r \rangleS l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}(c)] ^{2\}} r \rangle}{R l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}(c)] ^{2\}} ^{2} r \rangle ^{2}} x \\[ 4 pt] & {} x (\vartheta _{00} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh)/([\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}(c)]) ^{2\}} ^{5} r \rangle\vartheta _{00} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}(c)] ^{2\}} ^{1/5} r \rangle ^{2} - 5 \vartheta _{00} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } \operatorname{aclh}(c)] ^{2\}} ^{5r\rangle} ^{3 }{ 4 \vartheta} ^{10} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } \operatorname{aclh}(c)] ^{2 \} r \rangle\vartheta} _{01} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } \operatorname{aclh}(c)] ^{2 \} r \rangle\vartheta} _{00} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } \operatorname{aclh}(c)] ^{2\}r\rangle} \end{align}}

Alternatively, the same solution can be presented in this way:

\begin{align} x = {} & (5 \vartheta _{00} (Q ^{5)} ^{3} - \vartheta _{00} (Q ^{5 )\vartheta} _{00} (Q) ^{2})/(4 \vartheta _{10} (Q)\vartheta _{01} (Q)\vartheta _{00} (Q)) x (S(Q) ^{2} + R(Q ^{2)})/(S(Q)) x l [ R(Q ^{2)S(Q)} + R(Q ^{2)} + S(Q) - 1 r ] \\[ 4 pt] & with Q = q l \{ ctlh l [ \tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } \operatorname{aclh}(c) r ] ^{2r\} \end{align}}

The mathematician Charles Hermite determined the value of the elliptic modulus k in relation to the coefficient of the absolute term of the Bring–Jerrard form. In his essay "Sur la résolution de l'Équation du cinquiéme degré Comptes rendus" he described the calculation method for the elliptic modulus in terms of the absolute term. The Italian version of his essay "Sulla risoluzione delle equazioni del quinto grado" contains exactly on page 258 the upper Bring–Jerrard equation formula, which can be solved directly with the functions based on the corresponding elliptic modulus. This corresponding elliptic modulus can be worked out by using the square of the Hyperbolic lemniscate cotangent. For the derivation of this, please see the Wikipedia article lemniscate elliptic functions!

The elliptic nome of this corresponding modulus is represented here with the letter Q:

Q = q l \{ ctlh l [\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}(c) r ] ^{2r\}} = = q l [ l (\sqrt{\sqrt{c ^{4} + 1 } + 1 } + c r ) l ( 2 c ^{2} + 2 + 2 \sqrt{c ^{4} + 1 } r ) ^{-1/2} r ]

The abbreviation ctlh expresses the Hyperbolic Lemniscate Cotangent and the abbreviation aclh represents the Hyperbolic Lemniscate Areacosine!

Calculation examples

Two examples of this solution algorithm are now mentioned:

First calculation example:

Quintic Bring–Jerrard equation:x ^{5} + 5 x = 8 Solution formula: \begin{align} x = {} & (S l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh)/([\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 2 )]) ^{2\}r\rangle} ^{2} - R l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 2 )] ^{2\}} ^{2r\rangle}{Sl\langle} q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 2 )] ^{2\}r\rangle} ^{2}} x \\[ 4 pt] & {} x (1- R l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh)/([\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 2 )]) ^{2} \} ^{2} r \rangleS l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 2 )] ^{2\}} r \rangle}{R l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 2 )] ^{2\}} ^{2} r \rangle ^{2}} x \\[ 4 pt] & {} x (\vartheta _{00} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh)/([\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 2 )]) ^{2\}} ^{5} r \rangle\vartheta _{00} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 2 )] ^{2\}} ^{1/5} r \rangle ^{2} - 5 \vartheta _{00} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } \operatorname{aclh}( 2 )] ^{2\}} ^{5r\rangle} ^{3 }{ 4 \vartheta} ^{10} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } \operatorname{aclh}( 2 )] ^{2 \} r \rangle\vartheta} _{01} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } \operatorname{aclh}( 2 )] ^{2 \} r \rangle\vartheta} _{00} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } \operatorname{aclh}( 2 )] ^{2\}r\rangle} \end{align}} Decimal places of the nome: q l \{ ctlh l [\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 2 ) r ] ^{2r\}} = q l [ l (\sqrt{\sqrt{ 17 } + 1 } + 2 r ) l ( 10 + 2 \sqrt{ 17 } r ) ^{-1/2} r ] = = 0 {,} 3063466544466074265361088194021326272090461143559097382981847144 \ldots Decimal places of the solution: x = 1 {,} 1670361837016430473110194319963961012975521104880199105205748723 \ldots

Second calculation example:

Quintic Bring–Jerrard equation:x ^{5} + 5 x = 12 Solution: \begin{align} x = {} & (S l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh)/([\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 3 )]) ^{2\}r\rangle} ^{2} - R l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 3 )] ^{2\}} ^{2r\rangle}{Sl\langle} q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 3 )] ^{2\}r\rangle} ^{2}} x \\[ 4 pt] & {} x (1- R l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh)/([\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 3 )]) ^{2} \} ^{2} r \rangleS l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 3 )] ^{2\}} r \rangle}{R l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 3 )] ^{2\}} ^{2} r \rangle ^{2}} x \\[ 4 pt] & {} x (\vartheta _{00} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh)/([\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 3 )]) ^{2\}} ^{5} r \rangle\vartheta _{00} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 3 )] ^{2\}} ^{1/5} r \rangle ^{2} - 5 \vartheta _{00} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } \operatorname{aclh}( 3 )] ^{2\}} ^{5r\rangle} ^{3 }{ 4 \vartheta} ^{10} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } \operatorname{aclh}( 3 )] ^{2 \} r \rangle\vartheta} _{01} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } \operatorname{aclh}( 3 )] ^{2 \} r \rangle\vartheta} _{00} l \langle q\{\operatorname{ctlh}[\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 } \operatorname{aclh}( 3 )] ^{2\}r\rangle} \end{align}} Decimal places of the nome: q l \{ ctlh l [\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }\operatorname{aclh}( 3 ) r ] ^{2r\}} = q l [ l (\sqrt{\sqrt{ 82 } + 1 } + 3 r ) l ( 20 + 2 \sqrt{ 82 } r ) ^{-1/2} r ] = = 0 {,} 3706649511520240756244325221775686571518680899597473957509743879 \ldots Decimal places of the solution: x = 1 {,} 3840917958231463592477551262671354748859350601806764501691889116 \ldots

Applications in Physics

The Rogers–Ramanujan identities appeared in Baxter's solution of the hard hexagon model in statistical mechanics.

The demodularized standard form of the Ramanujan's continued fraction unanchored from the modular form is as follows::

(H(q))/(G(q)) = \left[ 1+ (q)/(1+ (q ^{2})/(1+ (q ^{3})/(1+ …))) \right]

Relations to affine Lie algebras and vertex operator algebras

James Lepowsky and Robert Lee Wilson were the first to prove Rogers–Ramanujan identities using completely representation-theoretic techniques. They proved these identities using level 3 modules for the affine Lie algebra

\widehat{ ak{sl} _{2}} . In the course of this proof they invented and used what they called Z -algebras. Lepowsky and Wilson's approach is universal, in that it is able to treat all affine Lie algebras at all levels. It can be used to find (and prove) new partition identities. First such example is that of Capparelli's identities discovered by Stefano Capparelli using level 3 modules for the affine Lie algebra A ^{( 2 )} _{2} .

See also

• Rogers polynomials
• Continuous q-Hermite polynomials

References

• • • • • • W.N. Bailey, Generalized Hypergeometric Series, (1935) Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, No. 32, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• George Gasper and Mizan Rahman, Basic Hypergeometric Series, 2nd Edition, (2004), Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications, 96, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. .
• Bruce C. Berndt, Heng Huat Chan, Sen-Shan Huang, Soon-Yi Kang, Jaebum Sohn, Seung Hwan Son, The Rogers–Ramanujan Continued Fraction, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 105 (1999), pp. 9–24.
• Cilanne Boulet, Igor Pak, A Combinatorial Proof of the Rogers–Ramanujan and Schur Identities, Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Ser. A, vol. 113 (2006), 1019–1030.
  • James Lepowsky and Robert L. Wilson, Construction of the affine Lie algebra

A ^{( 1 )} _{1} , Comm. Math. Phys. 62 (1978) 43-53.

• James Lepowsky and Robert L. Wilson, A new family of algebras underlying the Rogers–Ramanujan identities, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78 (1981), 7254-7258.
• James Lepowsky and Robert L. Wilson, The structure of standard modules, I: Universal algebras and the Rogers–Ramanujan identities, Invent. Math. 77 (1984), 199-290.
• James Lepowsky and Robert L. Wilson, The structure of standard modules, II: The case

A ^{( 1 )} _{1} , principal gradation, Invent. Math. 79 (1985), 417-442.

• Stefano Capparelli, Vertex operator relations for affine algebras and combinatorial identities, Thesis (Ph.D.)–Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick. 1988. 107 pp.

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2022-08-06. A003114 - OEIS.
2. Web site: 2022-08-06. A003106 - OEIS.
3. Web site: Weisstein . Eric W. . Rogers-Ramanujan Continued Fraction . 2024-09-30 . mathworld.wolfram.com . en.
4. https://faculty.math.illinois.edu/~berndt/articles/rrcf.pdf Bruce Berndt et al., The Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction, pdf
5. http://wayback.cecm.sfu.ca/ ~pborwein/TEMP_PROTECTED/pi-agm.pdf
6. Web site: 2022-08-13. DLMF: 20.5 Infinite Products and Related Results.
7. Web site: 2022-04-02. Eric W. Weisstein. en. Dedekind Eta Function.
8. Web site: Download PDF - A Brief Introduction to Theta Functions [PDF] [6v41da306900] .