| Roderick Aeneas Chisholm | |
| Nickname: | Rory |
| Birth Date: | 23 November 1911 |
| Birth Place: | Bridge of Allan, Scotland |
| Allegiance: | United Kingdom |
| Branch: | Royal Air Force |
| Serviceyears: | 1931–1946 |
| Rank: | Air Commodore |
| Commands: | Fighter Interception Unit (1942–43) |
| Battles: | Second World War |
| Awards: | Commander of the Order of the British Empire Distinguished Service Order Distinguished Flying Cross & Bar Mentioned in Despatches (2) |
Air Commodore Roderick Aeneas Chisholm, (23 November 1911 – 7 December 1994) was a British night fighter pilot, flying ace—a title awarded to a pilot credited with shooting down at least five enemy aircraft in aerial combat—and a highly decorated British airman of the Second World War. As a Beaufighter night-fighter pilot between 13 March and 9 July 1941, he was credited with seven aerial victories, one probable and one damaged.
Chisholm had been a night fighter pilot with No. 604 Squadron RAF, flying the Bristol Beaufighter. During the war, he had been credited with seven night aerial victories, one probable and one damaged in 1941. Following a rest period, he returned to operations briefly in 1943 ending his combat career with nine victories. Chisholm championed radar-equipped night fighter intruder operations over Europe to apply pressure to the German air defence system and reduce losses to Bomber Command. He was appointed to the staff of a new organisation, named No. 100 Group RAF, created in 1943 for this purpose. As second in command of 100 Group from November 1943, his mission in Germany at the end of the war was to gather any useful information on enemy tactics and technology. He later wrote a book about his experiences entitled Cover of Darkness, published in 1953.