List of rodents of the Caribbean explained

The Caribbean region is home to a diverse and largely endemic rodent fauna. This includes the endemic family Capromyidae (hutias), which are largely limited to the Greater Antilles, and two other groups of endemic hystricognaths, the heteropsomyines and giant hutias, including the extinct bear-sized^[1] Amblyrhiza inundata. Lesser Antillean rodent faunas mostly consist of oryzomyines, members of a distantly related group of rodents, and include two of the largest known oryzomyines, Megalomys desmarestii and "Oryzomys hypenemus". Various other rodents are limited to land-bridge islands such as Trinidad, which were connected to the mainland during glacial-period lowered sea levels in the Pleistocene, or to smaller portions of the Caribbean archipelago. Much of the native rodent fauna of the Caribbean are extinct because of human influences, particularly following the introduction of invasive species such as Old World rats.

For the purposes of this article, the "Caribbean" includes all islands in the Caribbean Sea (except for small islets close to the mainland) and the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, and Barbados, which are not in the Caribbean Sea but biogeographically belong to the same Caribbean bioregion.

Overview

The Caribbean rodent fauna is dominated by oryzomyines (rice rats), members of the family Cricetidae, and by three groups of hystricognaths: hutias (family Capromyidae), giant hutias (taxonomy unclear), and heteropsomyines (subfamily Heteropsomyinae), which are part of the spiny rat family (Echimyidae). Many other rodent groups are known from the Caribbean, but these are either introduced or limited to islands outside the limits of the West Indian faunal region as defined by Koopman.^[2]

So far, no rodents have been recorded from Navassa Island, the Turks and Caicos Islands, the British Virgin Islands, Saint Barthélemy, Redonda, Saba, the federal dependencies of Venezuela, or the Insular Region of Colombia.

Oryzomyines are a diverse group, consisting of over a hundred species found from the eastern United States south to Tierra del Fuego, including also the Galápagos Islands. In the Caribbean, they are found on many islands close to the mainland, from the Florida Keys to Tobago, but also on Jamaica and throughout the Lesser Antilles north to Anguilla. Their invasion of the Lesser Antilles must have been relatively recent, as sigmodontine rodents only reached South America from North America about 5 million years ago.^[3] In the Lesser Antilles, most species have not been named or described, and the true diversity of the group in that region remains unclear. All endemic Caribbean oryzomyines are now extinct, though several island populations of mainland species survive.^[4]

Hutias are the most diverse endemic Caribbean hystricognath group and the only one that still survives, although many species are extinct. Most species are known from Cuba and Hispaniola, but hutias are also indigenous to Jamaica and some smaller islands and they have been introduced to several other parts of the Caribbean. The hutia family is divided into four subfamilies, of which one or two are now extinct.^[5] They have been present in the Caribbean for a considerable span of time, as documented by the find of a hutia, Zazamys, in early Miocene sediments on Cuba. This represents more than half the age (~32 million years) of the earliest known hystricognath rodent in South America (a continent hystricognaths colonized by rafting across the Atlantic from their ancestral home in Africa).^[6]

Giant hutias are a heterogeneous group of hystricognaths that include not only truly giant forms like Amblyrhiza, but also the small Xaymaca. All are now extinct. Some have previously been included in a family Heptaxodontidae, but there is little evidence that the group is truly natural. Giant hutias are known from Jamaica (Clidomys, Xaymaca, and possibly another, very large form), Hispaniola (Quemisia), Puerto Rico (Elasmodontomys, Tainotherium), and Anguilla and Saint Martin in the northern Lesser Antilles (Amblyrhiza).^[7]

Heteropsomyines form a distinct subfamily of the widespread Neotropic family of spiny rats, which is known only from Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. On each island, a distinct genus with two species has been found, but all are now extinct. A fourth genus, Puertoricomys, is known from an older, perhaps Pliocene, deposit on Puerto Rico.^[8] These animals exhibited characters intermediate between hutias and spiny rats and have sometimes been treated as a subfamily of the Capromyidae.^[9]

Among introduced rodents, the house mouse (Mus musculus), brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), and black rat (Rattus rattus) are most common; these three species, originally from the Old World, have been introduced to all parts of the world and occur throughout the Caribbean.^[10] They are not mentioned specifically in the faunal lists in this article.

Agoutis, members of a mainland American hystricognath genus that is also indigenous to some Caribbean islands, have also been widely introduced, resulting, among others, in the presence of the red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) on most of the Lesser Antilles. Several other hystricognaths have also been introduced in parts of the Caribbean.^[5]

The genera of Caribbean rodents are classified as follows:^[11]

• Order Rodentia
  • Suborder Hystricomorpha
    • Infraorder Hystricognathi (hystricognaths)
      • Family Capromyidae (hutias)
        • Subfamily Capromyinae: Capromys, Geocapromys, Mesocapromys, Mysateles
        • Subfamily Hexolobodontinae: Hexolobodon
        • Subfamily Isolobodontinae: Isolobodon, Zazamys
        • Subfamily Plagiodontiinae: Plagiodontia, Rhizoplagiodontia
      • Giant hutias (informal group, likely not monophyletic)^[12]
        • Subfamily Clidomyinae: Clidomys
        • Subfamily Heptaxodontinae: Amblyrhiza, Elasmodontomys
        • Not assigned to subfamily: Quemisia, Tainotherium, Xaymaca
      • Family Echimyidae (spiny rats)
        • Subfamily Heteropsomyinae: Boromys, Brotomys, Heteropsomys, Puertoricomys
        • Subfamily Echimyinae: Makalata, Pattonomys, Proechimys
        • Subfamily Eumysopinae: Proechimys
      • Family Dasyproctidae: Dasyprocta (agoutis; partly introduced)
      • Family Cuniculidae (pacas): Cuniculus (partly introduced)
      • Family Caviidae
        • Subfamily Caviinae (cavies): Cavia (introduced)
        • Subfamily Hydrochoerinae (capybaras): Hydrochoerus
      • Family Erethizontidae (New World porcupines): Coendou
  • Suborder Sciuromorpha
    • Family Sciuridae (squirrels)
      • Subfamily Sciurinae: Sciurus
  • Suborder Castorimorpha
    • Superfamily Geomyioidea
      • Family Geomyidae (pocket gophers): Orthogeomys
      • Family Heteromyidae (heteromyids): Heteromys
  • Suborder Myomorpha
    • Superfamily Muroidea (muroids)
      • Family Muridae
        • Subfamily Murinae (Old World rats and mice, murines): Mus, Rattus (both introduced)
      • Family Nesomyidae
        • Subfamily Cricetomyinae: Cricetomys (introduced)
      • Family Cricetidae
        • Subfamily Neotominae
          • Tribe Neotomini: Neotoma (woodrats)
          • Tribe Reithrodontomyini: Peromyscus (deermice), Reithrodontomys (harvest mice)
        • Subfamily Sigmodontinae (sigmodontines)
          • Tribe Akodontini (akodontines): Necromys
          • Tribe Oryzomyini (rice rats, oryzomyines): Agathaeromys, Dushimys, Hylaeamys, Megalomys, Nectomys, Oecomys, Oligoryzomys, Oryzomys, Pennatomys, Zygodontomys, various unidentified genera
          • Tribe Phyllotini (phyllotines): Calomys
          • Tribe Sigmodontini (cotton rats): Sigmodon
          • Tribe Thomasomyini (thomasomyines): Rhipidomys

Greater Antilles

The four islands of the Greater Antilles, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, are home to a diverse indigenous hystricognath fauna. Jamaica also harbors an indigenous oryzomyine and various introduced rodents now occur on all islands.

Cuba

Cuba, the largest of the Antilles, and its surrounding islands, of which the Isla de la Juventud is the most significant, harbor a diverse hutia fauna, including many species with very limited distributions. Various other hutias and an endemic genus of heteropsomyine became extinct during the Quaternary and the oldest known hutia, Zazamys, has been found in Miocene Cuban deposits.

• † Boromys - Cuban cave rats
  • † Boromys offella - Oriente cave rat, an extinct spiny rat known from both the main island and the Isla de la Juventud.^[13]
  • † Boromys torrei - Torre's cave rat, another extinct spiny rat from both Cuba and the Isla de la Juventud.^[13]
• Capromys
  • † Capromys acevado, an extinct hutia, sometimes placed in a separate genus Macrocapromys.^[14]
  • † Capromys antiquus, an extinct hutia.^[14]
  • † Capromys arrendondoi, an extinct hutia.^[14]
  • Capromys garridoi, - Garrido's hutia, a hutia known only from a small island close to Cayo Largo del Sur in the Canarreos Archipelago off southwestern Cuba.^[15]
  • † Capromys latus, an extinct hutia.^[14]
  • † Capromys pappus, an extinct hutia known from Isla de la Juventud.^[14]
  • Capromys pilorides - Desmarest's hutia or Cuban hutia, the most common and largest extant hutia, widespread on Cuba and many nearby islands, including Isla de la Juventud.^[16] The previously recognized Geocapromys megas is a synonym of this species.^[17]
  • † Capromys robustus, an extinct hutia.^[14]
• Cuniculus - Paca
  • Cuniculus paca - Lowland paca, a large hystricognath indigenous to Central and South America, including Trinidad and Tobago and introduced to Cuba.^[18]
• Dasyprocta - Agouti
  • Dasyprocta mexicana - Mexican agouti, an agouti from Mexico that has been introduced to Cuba.^[19]
  • Dasyprocta punctata - Central American agouti, a Central and South American agouti introduced to both the Cayman Islands and Cuba.^[19]
• Geocapromys
  • Geocapromys brownii - Jamaican coney, a hutia indigenous to Jamaica. It was found in an Amerindian archeological site, probably indicating transport by humans.^[20]
  • † Geocapromys columbianus - Cuban coney, an extinct hutia related to extant Bahamian and Jamaican Geocapromys that persisted until after the first European contact.^[21] It was found on both Cuba and Isla de la Juventud.
  • † Geocapromys pleistocenicus, an extinct species of Cuba known from Cuba and Isla de la Juventud.^[14]
• Mesocapromys
  • Mesocapromys angelcabrerai - Cabrera's hutia, a small hutia from Cayos de Ana Maria, Ciego de Ávila Province, and possibly the nearby mainland.
  • Mesocapromys auritus - Large-eared hutia, a hutia from Cayo Fragoso in the Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago.
  • † Mesocapromys barbouri, an extinct hutia.^[14]
  • † Mesocapromys beatrizae, an extinct hutia.^[14]
  • † Mesocapromys delicatus, an extinct hutia.^[14]
  • † Mesocapromys gracilis, an extinct hutia.^[14]
  • † Mesocapromys kraglievichi, an extinct hutia.^[14]
  • Mesocapromys melanurus - Black-tailed hutia, a hutia from eastern mainland Cuba which was formerly placed in Mysateles.^[22]
  • † Mesocapromys minimus, an extinct hutia.^[14]
  • Mesocapromys nana - Dwarf hutia, a small hutia from the Zapata Swamp in Matanzas Province on mainland Cuba.^[22]
  • Mesocapromys sanfelipensis - San Felipe hutia, a hutia from Cayo Juan Garcia in Pinar del Río Province.^[22]
  • † Mesocapromys silvai, an extinct hutia.^[14]
• Mysateles
  • † Mysateles jaumei, an extinct hutia.^[14]
  • Mysateles prehensilis - Prehensile-tailed hutia, a hutia from western mainland Cuba.^[15]
    • M. p. meridionalis - Isla De La Juventud tree hutia, a hutia from the southwestern part of the Isla de la Juventud.^[15]
• † Zazamys
  • † Zazamys veronicae, the earliest known hutia. It is known from a few teeth found at the early Miocene locality of Domo de Zaza in a fauna that also includes the monkey Paralouatta marianae and the sloth Imagocnus zazae. Unlike all later Cuban hutias, it belongs to the subfamily Isolobodontinae.^[23]

Hispaniola

Hispaniola, the second largest of the Antilles, is politically divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Various hutias and other hystricognaths are known from both the main island and several surrounding islands, including Gonâve Island.

• †Brotomys voratus, a spiny rat from both mainland Hispaniola and Gonâve. It is now extinct, but it possibly survived into the mid-20th century.^[13]
• Capromys pilorides, the common hutia of Cuba. While not extant on Hispaniola in the present day, it has been recorded from an archeological site on the islet of San Gabriel in Samana Bay, Dominican Republic, where it was most likely introduced by the Taíno.^[24]
• †Hexolobodon phenax, a hutia classified in its own subfamily that is now extinct. It occurred on both Hispaniola itself and Gonâve and includes H. poolei as a junior synonym.^[25]
• †Hyperplagiodontia araeum, a large extinct hutia from mainland Hispaniola. Hyperplagiodontia stenocoronalis is a synonym.^[26]
• †Isolobodon montanus, a hutia known from both Hispaniola and Gonâve that is now also extinct. It was formerly placed in its own genus, Aphaetreus.^[27]
• †Isolobodon portoricensis, a hutia known from both mainland Hispaniola and several offshore islands. It was introduced to Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands by the Taíno, but is now extinct.
• Plagiodontia aedium, the only extant hutia known from Hispaniola and Gonâve. It includes P. a. hylaeum, formerly a separate species, as a subspecies.^[27]
• †Plagiodontia ipnaeum, another large mainland Hispaniolan hutia that is now extinct.
• †Plagiodontia spelaeum, yet another large hutia that went extinct recently.^[28]
• †Quemisia gravis, an extinct giant hutia known only from the main island.^[29]
• †Rhizoplagiodontia lemkei, an extinct hutia related to Plagiodontia, but classified in its own genus; the specimen was found in the Massif de la Hotte of southwestern Haiti, but it was extant throughout the island.

Jamaica

The rodent fauna of Jamaica is relatively poor at the species level, including only five indigenous species, but diverse at higher taxonomic levels, including the only oryzomyine of the Greater Antilles and several distantly related hystricognaths.

• †Clidomys osborni, an extinct giant hutia from Jamaica. Numerous morphological variants have been described under separate names, but these are now all recognized as synonyms.^[30]
• Geocapromys brownii, or the Jamaican coney; Jamaica's only extant native land mammal.
• A femur of a large rodent, somewhat similar to that of Amblyrhiza, provides evidence for the possible occurrence of a large hystricognath, perhaps a heptaxodontine, on Jamaica.^[31]
• †Oryzomys antillarum, a medium-sized oryzomyine closely related to extant Central and North American Oryzomys which became extinct around 1880. Its taxonomic status as either a subspecies of the mainland species Oryzomys couesi or Oryzomys palustris or as a separate species has been disputed, but it is now recognized as a separate species.^[32] It is also found in late Pleistocene deposits.^[33]
• †Xaymaca fulvopulvis, a small hystricognath that may be most closely related to the giant hutias of Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Leeward Islands.^[31]

Puerto Rico

Several extinct hystricognaths are known from Puerto Rico, the easternmost of the Greater Antilles, which is under United States sovereignty. Today hutias are absent from the indigenous fauna, unlike on the other Greater Antilles, but giant hutias and heteropsomyines were formerly present.

• †Elasmodontomys obliquus, a giant hutia native to the island that is now extinct.^[29]
• †Heteropsomys antillensis, an extinct spiny rat from Puerto Rico only.^[13]
• †Heteropsomys insulans, an extinct spiny rat known only from cave deposits on Puerto Rico.^[13]
• †Isolobodon portoricensis, a hutia native to Hispaniola and introduced to Puerto Rico and nearby Mona Island that was first described from Puerto Rico. It is now extinct.^[27]
• †Puertoricomys corozalus, a spiny rat known from a single mandible from a possibly Pliocene deposit on Puerto Rico. It is notably more primitive than other heteropsomyines.^[34]
• †Tainotherium valei, a giant hutia known from a single femur from a Quaternary deposit. Its systematic position is unclear.^[35]

Leeward Islands

The Leeward Islands, the northern segment of the Lesser Antilles, have various indigenous oryzomyines and a single indigenous hystricognath in addition to a series of introduced rodents.

U.S. Virgin Islands

The United States Virgin Islands are a group of islands east of Puerto Rico, centered around the three main islands of Saint Thomas, Saint John and Saint Croix. No native rodents are known, but several species have been introduced.

• Dasyprocta leporina, a South American agouti introduced over much of the Lesser Antilles. The Virgin Islands population derives from a Brazilian form of D. leporina.^[36]
• Isolobodon portoricensis, a Hispaniolan hutia introduced on Saint Thomas and Saint Croix by Amerindians, but now extinct there.^[27]

Anguilla

Anguilla is a British island with some native rodents, including the giant Amblyrhiza.

• Amblyrhiza inundata, an extremely large giant hutia also known from nearby Saint Martin. It is known from Quaternary fossils but may not have survived until its first contact with humans.^[37]
• Both Mus musculus and Rattus have been recorded from archeological sites.^[38]
• An oryzomyine, similar in size to "Undescribed species A" from Montserrat, has been recorded from several Amerindian archeological sites on Anguilla.^[39]

Saint Martin

The island of Saint Martin is divided into a French and a Dutch part. Its rodent fauna is similar to that of nearby Anguilla.

• Amblyrhiza inundata, a giant hutia also known from Anguilla (see there).^[37]
• An oryzomyine has been recorded at an Amerindian site at Hope Estate on the French side of the island which dates from about 500 BCE.^[40]

Sint Eustatius

Sint Eustatius is a small island near Saint Kitts that is part of the Netherlands.

• Dasyprocta leporina, an introduced agouti. It has been recorded only from an archeological site.^[41]
• Pennatomys nivalis, an extinct oryzomyine, is known from archeological sites.^[42]

Saint Kitts

Saint Kitts forms the nation of Saint Kitts and Nevis together with nearby Nevis.

• Dasyprocta leporina, an introduced northern South American agouti. The subspecies on Saint Kitts is D. l. noblei.^[43] This agouti has also been round in an archeological site.^[44]
• Pennatomys nivalis, an extinct oryzomyine, is known from archeological sites.^[42]

Nevis

Nevis is the second main island of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Its rodents are known from archeological finds only.

• Dasyprocta leporina, a northern South American agouti. It was recorded on the basis of remains from several archeological sites ranging in age from 100 BCE to 1200 CE.^[45]
• Pennatomys nivalis, an extinct oryzomyine, is known from archeological sites.^[42] Ages for these sites range from 790 BCE to 1200 CE.^[45]

Antigua

Antigua, which together with Barbuda forms Antigua and Barbuda, was home to a giant oryzomyine which has been described from a site named Mill Reef under the invalid name "Oryzomys hypenemus".^[46] Subsequently, rice rats were also reported from two other Antigua sites, Burma Quarry and Indian Creek; although not explicitly equated with "O. hypenemus", the oryzomyines from the two new sites and Mill Reef were reported under the same species.^[47] A more detailed study on the remains from Burma Quarry, an Amerindian site which is about 4500 to 2500 years old, reported the presence of a large rice rat, known as "Undescribed species B", which also occurred on nearby Barbuda, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, and Marie Galante. The femora from this site fell into three different size classes, however, suggesting the presence of more than one species of oryzomyine.^[48] At another archeological site, Indian Creek, dated at 1 to 600 CE, a large oryzomyine was found. Its weight was estimated at 408 g on the basis of an average femur depth of 4.8 mm.^[49] An unidentified Rattus, the agouti Dasyprocta leporina, and the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), all of which were introduced to the island by humans, have also been found in archeological sites.^[50]

Barbuda

Barbuda is the other main island of Antigua and Barbuda. In addition to "Oryzomys hypenemus", another, smaller oryzomyine has also been recorded, Megalomys audreyae, though on the basis of very limited material.^[51] It has been suggested that this species is from Barbados instead.^[52] A later study reported "Undescribed species B", which was apparently widespread in the region, from archeological sites on Barbuda (see under Antigua).^[53]

Montserrat

Montserrat is a small British island which has hosted several rodents.

• Dasyprocta leporina, an introduced northern South American agouti. The subspecies on Montserrat is D. l. noblei.^[43] It is also known from archeological deposits.^[54]
• The Trant's and Radio Antilles Amerindian sites on Montserrat yielded possibly four different oryzomyines, each represented by limited and fragmentary material. A relatively small form, designated "Undescribed species A", is similar in size to oryzomyines from Saint Kitts and Anguilla, and a larger form is apparently identical to "Undescribed species B", described from Antigua and other islands. Two other possible species, one larger than the second and the other smaller than the first species, are documented by even more fragmentary material. Some of these may have been introduced by the Amerindians.^[55]

Guadeloupe

The double island of Guadeloupe, which consists of two parts separated only by a narrow channel, is the core of the French overseas department of Guadeloupe. Several rodents are known.

• Dasyprocta leporina, an introduced northern South American agouti. The subspecies on Guadeloupe is D. l. noblei.^[43] It has also been recorded from archeological deposits.^[56]
• A large oryzomyine, designated as "Undescribed species B" (see also Antigua) is known from several archeological sites on Guadeloupe.^[57]
• An unidentified Rattus has been recorded from an archeological deposit on Guadeloupe.^[56]

Marie Galante

Marie Galante is a smaller island that politically belongs to nearby Guadeloupe.

• Dasyprocta leporina is known from an archeological deposit.^[44]
• A large oryzomyine, later designated as "Undescribed species B" (see under Antigua) has been described from an archeological site.^[58]

Dominica

Dominica, the southernmost of the Leeward Islands, is an independent state. Unlike in most nearby islands, no oryzomyines have been recorded, but several introduced rodents are known.

• Dasyprocta leporina, an introduced northern South American agouti. The subspecies on Dominica is D. l. noblei.^[43]

Windward Islands

The rodent fauna of the Windward Islands is more diverse than that of the Leeward Islands, reflecting the islands' location closer to the South American mainland.

Martinique

Martinique is a French overseas department. In addition to a very large oryzomyine, some introduced hystricognaths are known.

• Dasyprocta leporina, an introduced northern South American agouti. The subspecies on Martinique is D. l. fulvus.^[43]
• Makalata didelphoides, a northern South American spiny rat also known from Trinidad and Tobago, has been recorded from Martinique, but the record is probably erroneous.^[59] In 1878, as museum curator, True ^[60] received an animal captured on the island, but believed it to have been a single individual transported on a sailing vessel and not part of a local breeding population. This individual is represented by a single skin (NMNH 13039), but no cranial material.^[61]
• Megalomys desmarestii, a very large oryzomyine that became extinct by about 1900. It was closely related to Megalomys luciae, which occurred further south on Saint Lucia.^[62] It was as large as a cat.^[63]

Saint Lucia

The island of Saint Lucia is an independent state. Its rodent fauna is similar to that of its northern neighbor, Martinique.

• Dasyprocta leporina, an introduced northern South American agouti. The subspecies on Saint Lucia is D. l. fulvus.^[43]
• Megalomys luciae, an oryzomyine slightly smaller than its Martinique congener, Megalomys desmarestii, that became extinct during the 19th century.^[64]

Saint Vincent and Grenadines

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an independent state, composed of the main island of Saint Vincent and the northern portion of the Grenadines. A few rodents are known.

• Dasyprocta leporina, an introduced northern South American agouti on Saint Vincent. The subspecies on Saint Vincent is D. l. albida.^[43]
• Oligoryzomys victus, a small oryzomyine related to South American Oligoryzomys. Known only from a single specimen captured on Saint Vincent around 1892, it is now presumed extinct.^[65]

Grenada

The island of Grenada, the southernmost of the main island chain of the Lesser Antilles, is part of an independent state that also comprises the southern Grenadines, including Carriacou. In addition to some Recent rodents, a small Pliocene fauna is known.

• An unidentified hutia (reported simply as "Capromyidae") is known from archeological deposits on Carriacou.
• Dasyprocta leporina, an introduced northern South American agouti. The subspecies on Grenada is D. l. albida.^[43] An unidentified agouti has been recorded from archeological deposits on Carriacou.^[66]
• Hydrochoerus gaylordi, an endemic capybara known from a few teeth of late Pliocene age. The same fauna also contained some sloth remains.^[67]
• Oryzomyines have been found in archeological deposits on Carriacou (reported as Oryzomys sp.)^[66] and Grenada itself, where two forms occur, which correspond in size to "Undescribed species A" and "B" recorded from Montserrat.^[68]

Barbados

Barbados lies east of the main island chain of the Lesser Antilles. There are some anecdotal records of small indigenous mouse-like rodents, probably oryzomyines, from historic times and an oryzomyine ("Oryzomys new sp.") has been recorded in archeological deposits.^[69] It has been suggested that Megalomys audreyae, described from similarly named Barbuda, actually came from Barbados.^[70] The Barbados giant rice rat was described as Megalomys georginae in 2012.^[71]

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago, two islands off northeastern Venezuela, form an independent country. Trinidad has a more diverse fauna than smaller and more remote Tobago, but as Pleistocene land-bridge islands, both have faunas that are more diverse than those of most Caribbean islands. On the other hand, endemism is much more limited than on other islands, with only one definite endemic species known.

• Coendou prehensilis, a porcupine widespread on mainland South America that also occurs on Trinidad.^[72]
• Cuniculus paca, a large hystricognath widespread in Central and South America that also occurs on Trinidad.^[73]
• Dasyprocta leporina, an agouti from northern South America that occurs on Trinidad, as well as on Tobago; it has also been introduced to much of the Lesser Antilles.^[74]
• Heteromys anomalus, a heteromyid that occurs on both Trinidad and Tobago and also in northern South America and on Isla Margarita.^[75]
• Hylaeamys megacephalus, an oryzomyine that reaches the northern limit of its distribution in Trinidad and northern Venezuela and that occurs south to Paraguay.^[76]
• Makalata didelphoides, a spiny rat from northern South America that is found on both main islands.^[59] See also Martinique.
• Megalomys, or an animal similar to it, was described from Tobago in two 17th-century accounts, but no evidence to confirm its occurrence there has ever been found and the records may have referred to agoutis instead or have been borrowed from accounts of the Martinique Megalomys.^[77]
• Necromys urichi, an akodontine from both Trinidad and Tobago that also occurs in the highlands of Venezuela and adjacent countries. It was formerly placed in Akodon.^[78]
• Nectomys palmipes, an oryzomyine from Trinidad and the nearby mainland.^[79]
• Oecomys speciosus, an oryzomyine from Trinidad and nearby Colombia and Venezuela.^[80]
• Oecomys trinitatis, an oryzomyine from both islands with a large distribution in northern South America and into Central America. The taxonomic status of many populations is in doubt, however.^[81]
• Oligoryzomys fulvescens, an oryzomyine widespread in Central and northern South America and also reported from Trinidad.^[82]
• Proechimys trinitatus, a spiny rat known only from Trinidad that is part of a group containing several northern South American Proechimys.^[83]
• Rhipidomys couesi, a thomasomyine from lowland forests from Colombia east to Trinidad.^[84]
• Rhipidomys venezuelae, a thomasomyine that is found on Trinidad and Tobago and in the mountains of northern Venezuela and nearby Colombia.^[85]
• Sciurus granatensis, a squirrel from both main islands, also known from northern South America and southern Central America, as well as from Isla Margarita.^[86]

• Zygodontomys brevicauda, an oryzomyine with a distribution that spans northern South America and southern Central America, and also Trinidad and Tobago.^[87] Pleistocene fossils are known from Aruba.
• Zygodontomys sp., an extinct and undescribed oryzomyine from Trinidad. It was mentioned in a 1962 paper, but has received no attention since and no detailed information has been published.^[88]

ABC islands

The ABC islands are three islands off northwestern Venezuela that are part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. They have a diverse rodent fauna, including many oryzomyines and several others, notably including many from Pleistocene faunas.

Bonaire

Bonaire is the easternmost of the ABC islands. Two species of oryzomyines in a single genus, restricted to Bonaire, are known from Pleistocene fossil deposits, together with an indeterminate third species:

• Agathaeromys donovani is known from four sites that are probably 900 000 to 540 000 years old.^[89]
• Agathaeromys praeuniversitatis is known from a single site that is probably 540 000 to 230 000 years old.^[90]
• An indeterminate sigmodontine is known from a single edentulous mandible from one of the sites that also yielded A. donovani.^[91]

Curaçao

Curaçao is the largest of the ABC islands and it has received the most mammalogical attention. Its known rodent fauna includes several species, some with restricted distributions.

• Calomys hummelincki, a small phyllotine also known from nearby Aruba and the adjacent mainland. It has been suggested to have been introduced to the area, but this is no longer accepted.^[92]
• Dushimys larsi, an oryzomyine found at a single Middle Pleistocene site near Duivelsklip.^[93]
• Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, the capybara, which is widespread in South America. It is known from fragmentary remains from Tafelberg Santa Barbara on southeastern Curaçao, a site that may be of considerable antiquity.^[94]
• Megalomys curazensis, a large oryzomyine from several Pleistocene sites that may also have occurred on Aruba.^[94]
• Oryzomys gorgasi, a rare oryzomyine also known from mainland Colombia and Venezuela that formerly occurred on Curaçao, but that is now extinct there. It was described as a separate species, Oryzomys curasoae, but it cannot be distinguished from mainland examples of O. gorgasi.^[95]
• Oryzomys sp. Several different oryzomyines from Curaçao have been recorded under this name from locations including Tafelberg Santa Barbara, Bullenbaai, and Noordkant.^[96] Some may be referable to O. curasoae (currently Oryzomys gorgasi).^[97]

Aruba

Aruba is the smallest of the ABC islands and the closest to the mainland. Several rodents are known, none of which are definitely endemic. Most are from Pleistocene deposits, but Calomys hummelincki is extant.

• Calomys hummelincki, a phyllotine also known from nearby Curaçao (see there).^[92]
• Megalomys curazensis. A few molars from a cave at Seroe Canashito form the only record of this species from Aruba; it has been suggested that they were transported there by raptors.^[96]
• Oligoryzomys sp. An unnamed species of this genus occurs in the Pleistocene of Aruba.^[98]
• Oryzomys sp. An extinct oryzomyine from Seroe Canashito has been recorded under this name.^[96]
• Sigmodon hirsutus, a widespread Central American and northern South American species known from Isla and Seroe Canashito.^[99]
• Zygodontomys brevicauda, another widespread Central American and northern South American species, but known only from Seroe Canashito.^[96]

Miscellaneous

Florida Keys

The Florida Keys are a group of islands near the Florida mainland. The rodent fauna includes two species which both also occur on the adjacent mainland.

• Cricetomys gambianus, an introduced nesomyid from Africa. It has established a breeding population on Grassy Key.^[100]
• Neotoma floridana, a widespread woodrat from the eastern United States. The Florida Keys population has been recognized as a separate subspecies, N. f. smalli.^[101]
• Oryzomys palustris, another species that is widespread in the eastern U.S. Different portions of the Florida Keys population have been recognized as the subspecies O. p. natator and as a separate species, O. argentatus; the latter is not currently accepted.^[102]

Bahamas

The Bahamas are a large archipelago north of Cuba and east of Florida. The only indigenous rodent is a hutia.

• Geocapromys ingrahami, a hutia indigenous to the Plana Cays that has later also been introduced to Little Wax Cay and Waderick Wells Cay.^[103] It is also known from archeological remains on many other islands, which represent two subspecies that are now extinct.^[104]

Cayman Islands

The Cayman Islands are a group of British islands west of Jamaica. Their native rodent fauna consisted of several species of hutia, which are now extinct.

• Capromys sp., an undescribed hutia known from abundant subfossil material. It is close to the common Cuban Capromys pilorides, but smaller. The earliest radiocarbon records are latest Pleistocene and the latest are from around 1600 CE.^[105]
• Dasyprocta punctata, a Central and South American agouti that has been introduced to the Cayman Islands and also to Cuba.^{[19] [106]}
• Geocapromys sp., another undescribed hutia. Two species are known: a smaller one on Grand Cayman and a larger on Cayman Brac. They are most similar to the Cuban Geocapromys columbianus, but smaller. As with the Cayman Capromys, the earliest records are latest Pleistocene and the latest are post-Columbian.^[107]

Cozumel

Cozumel is a large island near the mainland of the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. The rodent fauna includes several species, all with close relations to forms from the adjacent mainland. The pocket gopher Orthogeomys hispidus has also been recorded, but most likely in error.^[108]

• Cuniculus paca, the lowland paca, has been recorded a few times; it is not known whether or not it has been introduced.
• Dasyprocta punctata, an agouti that was introduced to the island.^[109]
• Oryzomys couesi, a species widespread from southern Texas to northern Colombia. The Cozumel population has been regarded as a separate species, O. cozumelae, but this is not currently accepted.^[110]
• Peromyscus leucopus, a widespread deermouse species in Mexico, the U.S., and southern Canada. The Cozumel population has been recognized as a separate subspecies, P. l. cozumelae.^[111] Another species of deermouse, P. yucatanicus, has also been recorded, but this is likely the result of confusion with P. leucopus.^[109]
• Reithrodontomys spectabilis, a large harvest mouse restricted to Cozumel and most closely related to the mainland R. gracilis.^[112]

Honduran islands

Several Caribbean islands are under the sovereignty of Honduras. These islands harbor two endemic rodents, one of which is now extinct. Several other species also occur on the Central American mainland.

• Dasyprocta ruatanica, an agouti known only from Roatán in the Bay Islands. It resembles the mainland Dasyprocta punctata, but is smaller.^[19]
• Geocapromys thoracatus, a hutia which occurred only on the remote Swan Islands. It probably became extinct in the 1950s and may be most closely related to the Jamaica species Geocapromys brownii.^[113]
• Oryzomys couesi, a widespread mainland species also known from Roatán.^[114]
• Sigmodon hispidus has been recorded from Roatán and nearby Guanaja,^[115] but the systematic status of Honduran populations previously ascribed to this species is presently unclear.^[116]

Nueva Esparta

Nueva Esparta is a Venezuelan state that comprises Isla Margarita and some nearby islands. Like Trinidad and Tobago, Isla Margarita is a land-bridge island with a relatively diverse rodent fauna.

• Heteromys anomalus, a heteromyid from both Isla Margarita and Trinidad and Tobago (see there).^[75]
• Oryzomys sp. An indeterminate Oryzomys was recorded from Isla Margarita in 1940 on the basis of isolated mandibles found in a cave, but the record has not been revised since.^[117]
• Pattonomys. Echimys semivillosus is known from Isla Margarita,^[118] but this species has since been transferred to the genus Pattonomys and split into four species; it is unclear which of those occurs on Isla Margarita.^[119]
• Sciurus granatensis, a squirrel known from Isla Margarita as well as Trinidad and Tobago (see there).^[86]

Escudo de Veraguas

Escudo de Veraguas is a small island off northwestern Panama. Despite the fact that it has been isolated from the mainland for only 9000 years, it supports at least two mammals that occur nowhere else, including a bat and a sloth.^[120] Several other mammals on the island also differ from mainland forms.^[121]

• Hoplomys gymnurus, a myocastorine rodent, appears larger and more robust on the island than mainland individuals (found from Honduras to Ecuador), but has smaller and weaker 'spines'.^[122]

See also

• List of North American rodents
• List of Mexican rodents
• List of Central American rodents
• List of South American rodents

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Notes and References

1. Nowak, 1999, p. 1711
2. Koopman, 1959
3. Marshall . L. G. . Butler, R. F. . Drake, R. E. . Curtis, G. H. . Tedford, R. H. . Calibration of the Great American Interchange . Science . 204 . 4390 . 272–279 . 1979-04-20 . 10.1126/science.204.4390.272 . 2008-04-15 . 17800342. 1979Sci...204..272M . 8625188 .
4. Musser and Carleton, 2005; Pregill et al., 1994
5. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005
6. Flynn et al., 2007
7. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005; MacPhee and Flemming, 2003; Turvey et al., 2009
8. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005; MacPhee et al., 2003, p. 18
9. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005 p. 1591
10. Musser and Carleton, 2005
11. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005; Musser and Carleton, 2005; Thorington and Hoffmann, 2005; Patton, 2005
12. Turvey et al., 2009, pp. 588–589
13. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1592
14. Woods et al., 2001, p. 336
15. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1597
16. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1594
17. Díaz-Franco, 2001
18. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1559
19. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1558
20. Díaz-Franco and Jímenez Vázquez, 2008
21. in IUCN, 2009 (accessed September 13, 2009); cf. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1595
22. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1596
23. MacPhee et al., 2003; Woods et al., 2001, p. 337
24. Díaz-Franco and Jímenez-Vázquez, 2008, p. 44
25. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, pp. 1597–1598
26. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, pp. 1598–1599
27. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1598
28. Fabre, P.-H., Upham, N. S., Emmons, L. H., Justy, F., Leite, Y. L. R., Loss, A. C., Orlando, L., Tilak, M.-K., Patterson, B. D., and Douzery, E. J. P. (2017). Mitogenomic Phylogeny, Diversification, and Biogeography of South American Spiny Rats. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (3): 613–633. Retrieved from https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#species-id=1001393.
29. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1600
30. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1599
31. MacPhee and Flemming, 2003
32. Weksler et al., 2006, table 1; Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1147; Ray, 1962, pp. 27–47
33. McFarlane et al., 2002
34. MacPhee et al., 2003, p. 18; Williams and Koopman, 1951
35. Turvey et al., 2009
36. in IUCN, 2009 (accessed September 13, 2009); Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1557, mention the "Virgin Islands", but do not specify whether the U.K. or U.S. Virgins are meant
37. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1600; Biknevicus et al., 1993
38. Pregill et al., 1994, p. 10
39. Crock, 2000, p. 221; Steadman et al., 1984b, p. 23; Pregill et al., 1994, p. 10
40. Wing, 1995; Pregill et al., 1994, p. 14
41. Pregill et al., 1994, p. 15
42. Turvey et al., 2010, p. 761
43. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1557
44. Wing, 1973
45. Kozuch and Wing, 2006
46. Ray, 1962, p. 109
47. Wing et al., 1968, p. 128; Steadman et al., 1984a
48. Pregill et al., 1988, p. 22
49. Rouse and Morse, 1999
50. Wing et al., 1968, pp. 128–129; Rouse and Morse, 1999; Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1557 for nomenclature
51. Ray, 1962
52. Ray, 1962, pp. 90–92
53. Watters et al., 1984, p. 405
54. Steadman et al., 1984b, p. 24
55. Steadman et al., 1984b, pp. 23–24
56. Nokkert, 2006
57. Nokkert, 2006; Steadman et al., 1984b, p. 23; Pregill et al., 1994, pp. 23–24
58. Wing, 1973; Steadman et al., 1984b, p. 23; Pregill et al., 1994, p. 28
59. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1579
60. True, 1885, p. 550
61. Hall, 1981, p. 1180
62. Musser and Carleton, 2005, pp. 1124–1125
63. Flannery and Schouten, 2001, p. 104
64. Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1125
65. Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1144; Ray, 1962, pp. 48–61
66. LeFebvre, 2007
67. MacPhee et al., 2000; Haynes, 2009, table 9.2 for spelling of generic name as Hydrochoerus, not Hydrochaeris as in the original description
68. Pregill et al., 1994, p. 31
69. Ray, 1962, pp. 90–91; Pregill et al., 1994, p. 30
70. Ray, 1962, pp. 90–91
71. Turvey et al., 2012
72. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1547
73. in IUCN, 2009; also AMNH specimens 4764 and 6041 (both accessed September 13, 2009)
74. in IUCN, 2009; also AMNH specimens 4761, 4762, 4763, 4796, 6038, 6039, 6040, 31226, and 31227 (both accessed September 13, 2009)
75. Patton, 2005, p. 850
76. Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1151
77. Ray, 1962, pp. 64–65
78. Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1131
79. Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1132
80. Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1138
81. Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1139
82. Allen and Chapman, 1897, p. 17; Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1141 for nomenclature
83. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1588
84. Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1168
85. Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1171
86. Thorington and Hoffmann, 2005, p. 761
87. Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1186
88. Ray, 1962, table 1
89. Zijlstra et al., 2010, p. 863
90. Zijlstra et al., 2010, p. 866
91. Zijlstra et al., 2010, p. 867
92. Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1107
93. Zijlstra, 2012
94. Hooijer, 1959; De Buisonjé, 1974
95. Voss and Weksler, 2009
96. De Buisonjé, 1974
97. McFarlane and Debrot, 2001
98. Zijlstra, 2012, p. 62
99. De Buisonjé, 1974; Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1175 for referral to S. hirsutus instead of S. hispidus
100. Perry et al., 2006
101. Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1055
102. Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1152-1153
103. Woods and Kilpatrick, 2005, p. 1595
104. Woods, 1989, pp. 12–13
105. Morgan, 1994b, pp. 489–491
106. Morgan, 1994a
107. Morgan, 1994b, pp. 491–492
108. Jones and Lawlor, 1965, p. 418
109. Jones and Lawlor, 1965, p. 416
110. Jones and Lawlor, 1965, p. 413; Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1147; Engstrom et al., 1989, p. 414
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