Beyer, Peacock and Company explained

Beyer, Peacock and Company Limited
Industry:	Locomotive manufacturing
Predecessors:	-->
Successors:	-->
Founded:	1854 England
Founders:	Charles Beyer Richard Peacock Henry Robertson
Hq Location City:	Greater Manchester
Areas Served:	Africa, South America, Asia, Australia and South Pacific
Products:	Locomotives and machine tools

Beyer, Peacock and Company was an English general engineering company and railway locomotive manufacturer with a factory in Openshaw, Manchester. Charles Beyer, Richard Peacock and Henry Robertson founded the company in 1854. The company closed its railway operations in the early 1960s. It retained its stock market listing until 1976, when it was bought and absorbed by National Chemical Industries of Saudi Arabia.

Founders

German-born Charles Beyer had undertaken engineering training related to cotton milling in Dresden before moving to England in 1831 aged 21. He became draughtsman at Sharp, Roberts and Company's Atlas works in central Manchester, which manufactured cotton mill machinery and had just started building locomotives for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. There he was mentored by head engineer and prolific inventor of cotton mill machinery Richard Roberts. By the time he resigned 22 years later he was well established as the company's head engineer; he had been involved in producing more than 600 locomotives.

Richard Peacock had been chief engineer of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway's locomotive works in Gorton when he resigned in 1854, confident in his ability to secure orders to build locomotives. Beyer's resignation presented Peacock with a partnership opportunity. However, the business at the outset (Beyer, Peacock & Co.) was a legal partnership and the partners were therefore liable for debts should the business fail; in a mid-Victorian economic climate of boom and bust, it was a risky venture. Beyer could raise £9,524 (nearly £900,000 in 2015) and Peacock £5,500, but they still required a loan from Charles Geach (founder of the Midland Bank and first treasurer to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, of which Beyer and Peacock had been founding members). Soon afterwards, however, Geach died, the loan was recalled, and the whole project nearly collapsed. Thomas Brassey came to the rescue, persuading Henry Robertson to provide a £4,000 loan in return for being the third (sleeping) partner.^[1] It was not until 1883 that the company was incorporated as a private limited company and renamed Beyer, Peacock & Co. Ltd. In 1902 it took on its final form as a public limited company.^{[2] [3]}

During the Great Depression, faced with competition from tramways and electric railways, the company began to look for alternatives so that they were not dependent on one product. In 1932 they acquired their first company and in 1949 formed a joint company with Metropolitan-Vickers to build locomotives other than steam. By 1953 Beyer, Peacock had acquired more than five subsidiary companies; two others followed five years later. In 1958 Beyer, Peacock (Hymek) Ltd was formed.^[2]

Gorton Foundry

Beyer and Peacock started building their Gorton Foundry in 1854 two miles east from the centre of Manchester at Openshaw on a 12-acre site, on the opposite (south) side of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (MS&LR) line from Peacock's previous works.^[4] The site was chosen because land was cheaper than in the city, allowing ample room to expand, and there was a good water supply from an MS&LR reservoir. At the Foundry, Beyer designed and manufactured machine tools needed to build the locomotives, and oversaw locomotive design and production. Peacock dealt with the business side, often travelling to continental Europe to secure orders.^[5]

In July 1855 the first locomotive, built for the Great Western Railway, left Gorton Foundry. Between 1854 and 1868 the company built 844 locomotives, of which 476 were exported. The company sold mainly to the British colonies, Southern Africa and South America. The London and North Western Railway had commissioned Beyer, Peacock to build a single copy of its Dreadnought Class for the Pennsylvania Railroad,^[6] as the former railway's shops were not legally permitted to sell their locomotives.^[2] Aside from this locomotive, and nine 2-6-0's built for the Costa Rica Railway,^[7] the company remained out of the North American market.

During the First World War Beyer, Peacock manufactured artillery; in August 1915 Gorton Works was put under government control with production switching almost entirely to the war effort, especially heavy field artillery. During the Second World War, the company was again brought under government control but continued to build locomotives throughout the war.^[2]

Condensing locomotives for underground railways

A technological innovation that strengthened the company's reputation was the world's first successful condensing^[8] locomotive design for London's first underground railway – the Metropolitan Railway A Class 4-4-0 tank engine. Between 1864 and 1886, 148 were built for various railways; most operated until the lines' electrification in 1905. The locomotives' main designer, Hermann Ludwig Lange (1837–92), was a native of Beyer's home town, Plauen, Saxony (now Germany) who had undertaken an apprenticeship followed by engineering training. Beyer had invited him to England in 1861 and employed him for the first year in the company workshops, then as a draughtsman under his direction. He became chief draughtsman in 1864 or 1865. After Beyer's death in 1876, he became chief engineer and co-manager of the company.^{[1] [9]}

Beyer-Garratt articulated locomotives

An articulated locomotive design that became renowned in the 20th century was another innovation, the Garratt articulated locomotive, invented by Herbert William Garratt, who was granted a patent in 1908; Beyer, Peacock had sole rights of manufacture in Britain. After the patents ran out in 1928, the company began to use the name "Beyer-Garratt" to distinguish their locomotives.^[2] They became widely used throughout Africa, South America, Asia, Australia and the South Pacific, where difficult terrain and lightly laid, tightly curved track, usually narrow-gauge, severely limited the weight and power output of conventional locomotives. In Garratt's design, two girders holding a boiler^[10] and a cab were slung between two "engine" units, each with cylinders, wheels and motion. The weight of the locomotive was therefore spread over a considerable distance. Both engine units were topped by water tanks. The unit adjoining the cab end also held a fuel bunker.^{[11] [12]}

Between 1909 and 1958, Beyer, Peacock built more than a thousand Garratts; significant types are listed below. Among them, three of the most significant are preserved (see the "Preserved steam locomotives" table below):

• first: the Tasmanian Government Railways K class, built in 1909 for the North East Dundas Tramway of western Tasmania
• most powerful: the East African Railways 59 class of 1955
• last: the South African Railways NG G16 class locomotive of 1958.^[13]

Diesel and electric locomotives

In the decade following 1954, the company built four types of diesel-powered locomotives and two electric types, listed below.

Decline and closure

Locomotive manufacturing transformed rapidly in the late 1950s. In 1955 British Railways decided to switch from steam to diesel traction and by then overseas railways had done the same. A major problem the company soon faced was that it had chosen to make diesel-hydraulic locomotives when the Western Region had opted for lightweight locomotives with hydraulic transmission under the British Railways Modernisation Plan of 1955; but British Railways opted for diesel-electrics.^[14] The company all but closed down the Gorton Foundry at the end of 1958.^[2]

In 1966, after 112 years of operation, all production ceased at Gorton Foundry.^[2] During that time, the company had built nearly 8,000 locomotives.

In 1976 Beyer Peacock was sold to Sheikh Mohammed Y. Al Bedrawi's National Chemical Industries of Saudi Arabia. The remaining industrial parts of the company then were Space Deck, a supplier of steel roofing units, and its main industrial company Richard Garrett Engineering, a company that manufactured machines which made cardboard boxes in factories in Dereham with 90 employees and in Suffolk with 500 employees.^[15]

Space Deck and Beyer Peacock International were praised in 1982 for having achieved increased profitability.^[16]

National Chemical Industries itself went bust in the early to mid-1980s.^[17]

As of 2012 the building that housed the former boiler shop, tender shop and boiler mounting shop – 550 feet (167 metres) in length – remained in use as part of the Hammerstone Road Depot of Manchester City Council.

Beyer, Peacock & Company Ltd last filed accounts to Companies House in 1989.^[18] Since then it has been compulsorily struck off several times, but restored on the request of creditors. No activity has been registered since 2015.

Companies House also lists another company called Beyer, Peacock & Company that was founded it 1998, and is now dormant. It is not clear what connection there is between the two firms. ^[19]

Archives

Beyer Peacock's archives are held at the Science and Industry Museum in Manchester.

Gallery

(click to enlarge)

Classes of locomotives

Steam

Non-articulated

List shows delivery year(s), railway and locomotive class, wheel arrangement (Whyte notation) and number in order.

• 1859 Victorian Railways J class (1859), later
  • 1859 Victorian Railways P class 1861 Victorian Railways B class (1861) (19)
• 1861 Victorian Railways O class (11)
  • 1864–1885 Metropolitan Railway A class 1867–1868, 1872 Great Southern and Western Railway Class 101 (12)
• 1869 South Australian Railways G class (5)
• 1869 Holdfast Bay Railway Company (later, became South Australian Railways G class) (3)
  • • 1871–1886 District Railway 1873–1926 Various locomotives for the Isle of Man Railway 1880–1881 Midland Great Western Railway Class D (6)
• 1874 Victorian Railways F class (pattern engine)
• 1874 Victorian Railways T class (pattern engine)
• 1875 South Australian Railways J class (2)
• 1876 South Australian Railways U class (8)
• 1876 South Australian Railways V class (4)
• 1877–1882 South Australian Railways W class (35)
  • 1878 New South Wales Government Railways Z12 class 1879 South Australian Railways L class (4)
• 1879–1884 South Australian Railways K class (18)
• 1879 Victorian Railways M class (pattern engine)
• 1879 Victorian Railways 'Old' R class (pattern engine + 3)
• 1880 Holdfast Bay Railway Company (later, became South Australian Railways Gd class) (2)
• 1882, 1895, 1899 Sligo, Leitrim and Northern Counties Railway Leitrim Class (5)
• 1884 South Australian Railways P class (6)
  • • 1884 Victorian Railways 'Old' A class 1885–1898 South Australian Railways Y class 1885–1907 Tasmanian Government Railways C class (27)
• 1888–1907 Silverton Tramway Y class ; two (50)
• 1889 Western Australian Government Railways G class (7)
• 1897–1898 Belfast and Northern Counties Railway Class B (5)
• 1897 Glenelg Railway Company (later, became South Australian Railways Ge class) (2)
• 1898 Tobu Railway B1 class (12 locos)^[20]
• 1902 Victorian Railways D^D class (20)
• 1904 Great Northern Railway (Ireland) Q Class (2)
• 1905 Dublin, Wicklow and Wexford Railway nos 65 & 66 (2)
• 1905 Dublin, Wicklow and Wexford Railway nos 67 & 68 (2)
• 1906–1920 Cork, Bandon and South Coast Railway Bandon Tank (8)
• 1908, 1911 Great Northern Railway (Ireland) Class RT (4)
• 1912, 1915 Silverton Tramway A class (4)
• 1913, 1915 Great Northern Railway (Ireland) Class S & S2 (8)
• 1913, 1915 Great Northern Railway (Ireland) Class SG & SG2 (10)
• 1913 Great Northern Railway (Ireland) Class T (5)
• 1915, 1947 Great Northern Railway (Ireland) Class U (10)
• 1921, 1929–1930 Great Northern Railway (Ireland) Class T2 (10)
• 1921 Rhymney Railway R class (6)
• 1922 Dublin and South Eastern Railway nos 15 & 16 (2)
• 1924 Dublin and South Eastern Railway nos 34 & 35 (2)
• 1928 Great Eastern Railway class S69 (later, became London and North Eastern Railway class B12)
• 1931 Great Western Railway 5700 class (25)
• 1932 Great Northern Railway (Ireland) Class V (5)
• 1948 Great Northern Railway (Ireland) Class VS (5)
• 1949 Sligo, Leitrim and Northern Counties Railway Lough Class (2)
• 1951–1952 Silverton Tramway W class (4)
• 1951–1952 Western Australian Government Railways W class (60)
• 1955 Western Australian Government Railways V class (sub-contracted to Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns) (24)

Beyer-Garratt (articulated)

List shows delivery year(s), railway and locomotive class, wheel arrangement (Whyte notation) and number in order.

• 1909 Tasmanian Government Railways K class
• 1910 Darjeeling Himalayan Railway D class
• 1911 Western Australian Government Railways M class (6)
• 1913 Western Australian Government Railways Ms class (7)
• 1925 London and North Eastern Railway class U1
• 1926 Victorian Railways G class
• 1927 London, Midland and Scottish Railway Garratt
• 1928 New Zealand Railways G class
• 1928 South African Railways GL class
• 1936–1939 Fyansford Cement Works Railway (nos 1&2)
• 1939 South African class NG G16
• 1940–1952 Rhodesia Railways 15th class
• 1949 East African Railways 56 class
• 1951 Queensland Railways Beyer-Garratt class
• 1951 South Australian Railways 400 class (10)
• 1952 RFFSA (6)(serial numbers 6966 to 6969 & 7136 to 7137)^[21]
• 1952–1954, 1957 New South Wales Government Railways AD60 class (42)
• 1954-68 Rhodesia Railways 20th class
• 1955 East African Railways 59 class
• 1956 South African Railways GMA/M Class

Steam turbine

• 1935 Beyer-Ljungström steam turbine locomotive, under licence, for the LMS

Diesel

• 1954–56 Western Australian Government Railways X class
• 1961–63 British Rail Class 35
• 1962 British Rail Class 25
• 1964 British Rail Class 17 (as sub-contractor to Clayton Equipment Company)

Electric

• 1956–58 New South Wales 46 class
• 1960–62 British Rail Class 82

Preserved locomotives

Click "Show" to display.

Preserved steam locomotives built by Beyer, Peacock
BP No.	Built	Company built for	Locomotive number	Class	Wheel arrangement	Preserved at
33	1856		3 (43) Prins August			On display at Swedish Railway Museum, Gävle
239	1861		22 (506) Thor			On display at Swedish Railway Museum, Gävle
295	1863	T.B./later NORTE	29 Basconia			On display at Abando Station, Bilbao
533	1865		13 (NS 705)	9-16		On display at Dutch Railway Museum, Utrecht
710	1866		23			London Transport Museum, at Covent Garden
627	1866		75 Göta			On display at Swedish Railway Museum, Gävle
809	1867		93 Jernsida			Nynäs, Swedish Railway Museum, Gävle, see 1442
846	1868	St. Petersburg & Helsingfors Railway	9			Finnish Railway Museum, Hyvinkää
992	1870		21 Alf			Norwegian Railway Museum, Hamar
1253	1873		1 Sutherland			Stored pending rebuild (Isle of Man Railway)
1255	1873		3 Pender			On display at the Manchester Museum of Science and Industry (sectioned exhibit)
1412	1874		30587			On display at the Locomotion Museum
1414	1874		30585			On display at the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre
1416	1874		4 Loch			In service (Isle of Man Steam Railway)
1417	1874		5 Mona			Stored (Isle of Man Railway)
1442	1874		161 Wik			Nynäs, Swedish Railway Museum, Gävle marked Gc 93
1524	1875		6 Peveril			On display at the Port Erin Railway Museum
1647	1877		1905			NSW Rail Museum
1767	1878		120 (1210 after 1924)			Canberra Railway Museum
1827	1879	Beyer, Peacock and Company	1827			Operational at Foxfield Railway
1933	1880		27	K		Nynäs, Swedish Railway Museum, Gävle
1950	1880		3 Thornhill			Privately preserved (Isle of Man)
1958	1880		7 Tynwald			Dismantled for spares. Frames moved to Southwold Railway
1989	1881		752			Keighley & Worth Valley Railway
2101	1881		326 (NS 1326)	301-475		On display at Dutch Railway Museum, Utrecht
2237	1883		46	?		Mar del Plata railway station on static display
2464	1885		47	John Bull		National Tramway Museum
2601	1886		1 The Major	I		NSW Rail Museum, Thirlmere, NSW, Australia
2605	1886		5 Cecil Raikes	I		Museum of Liverpool
2711	1886		A11			Meredith, Victoria, Australia?
2734	1886		131	84		National Tramway Museum
2840	1887		957			Keighley & Worth Valley Railway
3276	1890		2 Villalonga			On display at Al-Azraq Square, Alcoi, Spain
3282	1891		7 Cocentaina			On display at Gandia station, Spain
3402	1891		3203			NSW Rail Museum
3413	1892		3214			Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum
3436	1892					Operational, Lachlan Valley Railway
3610	1894		8 Fenella			In service (Isle of Man Railway)
3641	1894	Nippon Railway, Japan	B104	B10	->	Kominato Railway, Ichihara, Chiba, Japan
3815	1896		9 Douglas			Stored (Isle of Man Railway)
3824	1896	Companhia Mogiana de Estradas de Ferro	302			Stored, awaiting rebuild in Campinas, Brazil
3911	1897	Nippon Railway, Japan	5540	5500		Ome Railway Park, Ome, Tokyo, Japan
4028	1898	Tobu Railway, Japan	5	B1		Tobu Museum, Sumida, Tokyo, Japan
4029	1898	Tobu Railway, Japan	6	B1		Tobu Museum, Sumida, Tokyo, Japan
4221	1901		3265 Hunter			Operational, Powerhouse Museum
4231	1901		30			On display at Ulster Folk & Transport Museum, Cultra
4372	1902		5069			Dorrigo Steam Railway & Museum
4662	1905		10 G.H. Wood			In service (Isle of Man Steam Railway)
4663	1905		11 Maitland			Stored pending rebuild (Isle of Man Railway)
4748	1906		88	N		On display (Paysandú station, Uruguay)
4750	1906		92	N		On display in bad shape (San José, Uruguay)
4751	1906		93	N		On display (Young, Uruguay)
4943	1907		96	N		On display (City bus terminal, Artigas, Uruguay)
5054	1908		5112			Bathurst
5074	1909		5132			Dorrigo Steam Railway & Museum
5126	1908		12 Hutchinson			In service (Isle of Man Steam Railway)
5292	1909		K1	K		Welsh Highland Railway (Caernarfon)
5382	1910		13 Kissack			Awaiting new boiler (Isle of Man Railway)
5399	1910		119	N3		In working order (CEFU, Montevideo, Uruguay)
5400	1910		120	N3		In service (AUAR, Montevideo, Uruguay)
2254	1911		10, 17–20, 22–28, 30–31			2 Operational, 12 in
5548	1912		D^2 604			On display at ARHS Vic Railway Museum, Australia
5757	1913		171 Slieve Gullion			Operational with the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland, Whitehead
5807	1914					Stored, Private ownership, Canberra
6112	1922		GSR 461			Operational with the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland, Whitehead
6268	1926		G 42			Puffing Billy Railway
6296	1926		16 Mannin			On display at the Port Erin Railway Museum
1572	1928		8572			Operational at the North Norfolk Railway
6639	1930		2352			Manchester Museum of Science and Industry
6733	1932		85 Merlin			Railway Preservation Society of Ireland, Whitehead, Co. Antrim (run by) Ulster Folk & Transport Museum, Cultra, Belfast (owned)
6841	1937		6841 William Francis			Bressingham Steam and Gardens
6935	1939		2			Bellarine Railway, Victoria, Australia
7242	1949		Lough Erne			Operational with the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland, Whitehead
7340	1950		398 Isidumuka
7428	1951		127			Puffing Billy Railway, Victoria, Australia
7430	1951		129			Puffing Billy Railway, Victoria, Australia
7624	1951		402			National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide
7631	1951		409			National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide
7582	1953		509
	1952		612			RFFSA Central Station Museum, Recife, Pernambuco
7531	1954					Canberra Railway Museum
7650	1955		5918			Nairobi Railway Museum
7702	1955		5930			Nairobi Railway Museum
7541	1956		6039			Dorrigo Steam Railway & Museum
7542	1956		6040			NSW Rail Museum
7544	1956		6042			Dorrigo Steam Railway & Museum
7681	1956		4083
7863	1958		NG138			Welsh Highland Railway (Caernarfon)
7865	1958		NG140			Welsh Highland Railway (Caernarfon)
7868	1958		NG143			Welsh Highland Railway (Caernarfon)

Preserved diesel locomotives built by Beyer, Peacock
BP No.	Built	Company built for	Locomotive number(s)	Class	Wheel arrangement	Preserved at
7911	1962	British Railways	D7017		Bo-Bo	West Somerset Railway
7912	1962	British Railways	D7018		Bo-Bo	West Somerset Railway
7923	1962	British Railways	D7029		Bo-Bo	Severn Valley Railway
7980	1963	British Railways	D7076		Bo-Bo	East Lancs Railway
8038	1965	British Railways	D7628, 25278 Sybilla		Bo-Bo	North Yorkshire Moors Railway - Operational
8039	1965	British Railways	D7629, 25279		Bo-Bo	Great Central Railway (Nottingham) - Operational
8043	1965	British Railways	D7633, 25283		Bo-Bo	Dean Forest Railway - Operational
8069	1966	British Railways	D7659, 25309		Bo-Bo	Peak Rail - Operational

Preserved electric locomotives built by Beyer, Peacock
BP No.	Built	Company built for	Locomotive number(s)	Class	Wheel arrangement	Preserved at
	1956		4601		Co-Co	Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum
	1956		4602		Co-Co	Dorrigo Steam Railway & Museum
	1956		4615		Co-Co	Junee Roundhouse Museum on permanent loan from the Sydney Electric Train Society
	1956		4627		Co-Co	Sydney Electric Train Society
	1956		4638		Co-Co	NSW Rail Museum, Broadmeadow Locomotive Depot^[22]
	1961	British Railways	E3054, 82008		Bo-Bo	Barrow Hill Engine Shed

Select bibliography

• Book: Atkins, P. . The golden age of steam locomotive building . 1999 . Atlantic . 978-0906899878 . 66–67.
• Book: Durrant, A.E. . Garratt locomotives of the world (rev. and enl. ed.) . 1981 . David & Charles . 0715376411.
• Book: Beyer, Peacock, locomotive builders to the world . Transport Publishing Co . 1982 . 0-903839-41-5 . Glossop . Hills . Richard L. . Richard L. Hills . Patrick . D..
• Book: Lowe, James W. . British steam locomotive builders . Guild Publishing . London . 1975 . 1989 . 0900404213 . . Beyer, Peacock & Company . 59–64.

External links

• Finnish Railway Museum
• Steam Locomotives in Finland Including the Finnish Railway Museum
• London Transport Museum Website https://web.archive.org/web/20091130115237/http://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/tfl/collections/vehicles/steam-locomotive.aspx

Notes and References

1. Book: Bruce, J. Graeme. Steam to silver. London Transport. 1971. 9780853290124. London.
2. Web site: Beyer Peacock & Co Ltd . . 2019 . Science Museum Group . 8 January 2020 .
3. The public company was incorporated as Beyer, Peacock & Co. (1902) Ltd; the "(1902)" was dropped in 1903.
4. The two works were adjacent, on either side of the line between the present-day stations of Ashburys and Gorton.
5. Book: Hills . R.L.. Patrick . D.. 1982 . Beyer, Peacock: Locomotive builders to the world . Glossop . Transport Publishing Co.. 0903839415.
6. Nock, O. S., et al. Railways at the Turn of the Century, 1895-1905. Blandford P., 1969.
7. http://www.railwaysofthefarsouth.co.uk/Resources/Central%20American%20steam%20loco%20list.pdf Part 16 Central American countries steam locomotive list (other than Panama)
8. By condensing steam, little of it emanated from the locomotives, and using coke (later, "smokeless" Welsh coal) greatly reduced smoke pollution.
9. Web site: Hermann Ludwig Lange . . 2019 . Grace's Guide to British industrial history . Grace's Guide Project . 2 January 2020 .
10. Significant in the performance of the boiler, hence power output, was that the Garratt's firebox was no longer confined to the narrow space between a locomotive's frame but was constrained only by the much greater distance between girders.
11. Web site: Walker . Rosanne . Encyclopedia of Australian Science. Garratt, Herbert William (1864-1913) . The University of Melbourne eScholarship Research Centre . 18 August 2011 . 2 January 2020.
12. Web site: Beyer-Garratt . . 2019 . Encyclopedia Britannica . 4 January 2020.
13. Book: Paxton . Leith . Bourne . David . 1985 . Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town . Struik . 109–110 . 0869772112 .
14. Beyer Peacock (Hymek) Ltd was formed as a joint venture between Bristol Siddeley Engines, which was licensed to build Maybach engines, and Stone-Platt Industries, licensed to build Mekydro transmissions.
15. "Promises, promises ...", Daily Mail (London), 16 September 1977, p.30
16. "Copydex Jumps to £169,000", Financial Times (London), 27 May 1982, p. 30
17. [New York Times]
18. Web site: BEYER,PEACOCK & COMPANY,LIMITED filing history - Find and update company information - GOV.UK .
19. Web site: BEYER, PEACOCK & CO LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK .
20. http://www.tobu.co.jp/museum/floor_map/hozon.html Tobu Museum exhibit guide
21. Web site: Rede Ferroviária Federal S.A. (Brazil) - RFFSA "Beyer Garratt" type 4-8-2+2-8-4 steam locomotive Nr. 612 at Recife Central Station in 1978 (Henschel Locomotive Works, Kassel 25258 / 1952) - a photo on Flickriver .
22. 'Veteran electric finds new home as in-traffic units face uncertain future'. Railway Digest. July 1998. p. 10.