Robert Turner (scientist) explained

Robert Turner
Birth Place:Northamptonshire, England
Nationality:British
Fields:Imaging neuroscience, Physics, MRI technology, Social Anthropology, Neuroanthropology
Alma Mater:University College London
Simon Fraser University
Cornell University
Thesis Title:The Velocity of Sound in Liquid Copper-Tin Alloys
Thesis Url:http://summit.sfu.ca/item/4368
Thesis Year:1972
Doctoral Advisor:John F. Cochran
Awards:Simon Fraser University Outstanding Achievement Award 2009, Thorsten Almen Prize 1995 (University of Munich), Wellcome Principal Research Fellow and Professor, International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Fellow

Robert Turner is a British neuroscientist, physicist, and social anthropologist. He has been a director and professor at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig, Germany, and is an internationally recognized expert in brain physics and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Coils inside every MRI scanner owe their shape to his ideas.[1]

Background

Robert Turner is the son of British cultural anthropologist Victor Turner and Edith Turner, and brother of poet Frederick Turner. He was born in Northamptonshire, England. He lived for several years in Zambia before returning to England, completing his secondary education at Manchester Grammar School.

He studied mathematics and physics at Cornell University 1964–1968, graduating with a BA magna cum laude. He then went on to study physics at Simon Fraser University and was awarded a PhD in 1973. For his PhD thesis, he invented and used a novel technique to measure the velocity of sound in molten metal alloys.[2] He also completed a Post-graduate Diploma in Social Anthropology at University College London between 1975 and 1977, and conducted field ethnographic research resulting in several academic publications.

Between 2006 and his retirement in 2014, Turner was the director of the Department of Neurophysics, which he established at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.

Academic achievements

Robert Turner is among a group of pioneering physicists who helped create magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), which today is the most widely used method of brain mapping.[3] In the 1980s, he worked with distinguished scientists including 2003 Nobel Prize winner Sir Peter Mansfield to produce a mathematical framework for MRI coil design which was crucial to the development of ultra-fast echoplanar imaging (EPI).[4] [5] [6] This technique allows the recording of changes in blood flow in the brain associated with brain function and was crucial to the development of fMRI.[7]

From 1988 until 1993 he worked as a researcher at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Working with Denis le Bihan, a French neuroradiologist, he initially showed that EPI could be used to provide high quality maps of water diffusion in brain tissue, a discovery (known as Diffusion MRI) which has led to the widespread clinical use of MRI in stroke, where water diffusion in the affected brain tissue drops very rapidly after the ischemic event.[8] The technique also lies at the heart of diffusion tensor imaging, a method for non-invasive study of connecting pathways within the brain's white matter.[9]

In 1991, still at NIH, he was the first to show that EPI could be used to monitor the time course of oxygenation changes in animal brain resulting from changes in the breathing gas.,.[10] [11] This led to the discovery, made in collaboration with noted researcher Kenneth Kwong[12] that EPI could accurately track within seconds the local changes in blood oxygenation in human brain (BOLD) caused by task-related neural activity. For the first time, human brain activity could thus be observed entirely non-invasively, using the natural contrast agent of deoxyhaemoglobin.[13] In 1992, papers by Kwong et al.[14] and Seiji Ogawa et al.[15] appeared, showing similar results demonstrating that BOLD contrast enables the mapping of activation patterns in the working human brain.[16] These findings led to an explosion of interest in fMRI, which depends almost entirely on the use of EPI to investigate human brain function, and the subsequent development of what has come to be known as Imaging Neuroscience.

In 1993 he returned to the United Kingdom as a Wellcome Principal Research Fellow to become head of MRI at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging at University College London,[17] a position he held from 1993 to 2003. In 1994 he was awarded a professorship by University College London.[18] From 2006 until his retirement in 2014, he was director of the Department of Neurophysics at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig. His work there centred on the quest to gain more precise knowledge of the structure and function of the human brain, by using more powerful MRI scanners and improved hardware and methodology.[19] He continues to explore the implications for neuroscience and brain modelling of this improved knowledge, and he also contributes to the development of Neuroanthropology, which brings together insights from the study of culture and the study of the brain.[20]

Author of over 280 refereed articles in the fields of neurophysics, physics, anthropology and music, Turner has a Web of Science h-index of over 70, meaning he has authored a large number of highly cited academic papers. His work has also resulted in several patents in the US and worldwide,[21][22][23][24][25] and UK,[26][27][28][29] for coils used in imaging.[17] [18] [19] [20] [21] and UK,[22] [23] [24] [25] for coils used in imaging.

Memberships

Committees: Scientific Advisory Board, Brown University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility, Brown University. Advisory Committee, Centre for Cognition, Computation and Culture, Goldsmiths College, University of London. International Advisory Board, CEA, Orsay, Paris. Scientific Advisory Committee, Institute for Music in Human and Social Development, University of Edinburgh. External Advisory Committee, 7 T Facility, Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, Nottingham, UK. International Advisory Board, Grenoble Institute for Neuroscience, Grenoble, France. Professional Journals: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (Associate Editor), Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine (Editorial Board), Frontiers in Neuroscience (Review Editor)Societies: International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (Fellow), Leipziger Neuromusik Gesprächskreis (Co-Director)

Awards

Selected works

External links

Notes and References

  1. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/mansfield-autobio.html Sir Peter Mansfield – Autobiography
  2. http://www.physics.sfu.ca/news/newsitem?id=45 News Item
  3. Buxton, R.B. (2009) Introduction to functional magnetic resonance imaging: Principles and techniques (2nd ed). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  4. Turner, R. Schmitt, F., & Stehling, M. K. (1998) The historical development of echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging. In, F. Schmitt, M. K. Stehling & R. Turner (Eds), Echo-planar imaging: Theory, technique and application. Berlin, Springer Verlag.
  5. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/mansfield-autobio.html Nobelprize.org
  6. Stehling, M.K., & Liu, L. (1999). Echo planar imaging's impact on modern diagnostic MR-imaging: general principles and historic facts. Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine 9, 125–133
  7. Huettel, S.A., Song, A.W., & McCarthy, G (2004). Functional magnetic resonance imaging. Sunderland, MA. Sinauer Associates, Inc.
  8. Turner, R., Le Bihan, D., Maier, J., Vavrek, R., Hedges, L.K, & Pekar, J. (1990). Echo-planar imaging of intravoxel incoherent motion. Radiology 177: 407–414.
  9. Le Bihan, D., Mangin, J. F., Poupon, C., Clark, C. A., Pappata, S., Molko, N., & Chabriat, H. (2001).Diffusion tensor imaging: concepts and applications. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 13(4):534–46.
  10. Cohen, M. S. & Bookheimer, S. Y. (1994) Localization of brain function with magnetic resonance imaging. Trends in Neurosciences 1 (7): 268–277.
  11. Turner, R., Le Bihan, D., Moonen, C. T., Despres, D., & Frank, J. (1991). Echo-planar time course of cat brain oxygenation changes. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 22 (1): 159–66.
  12. Science (1993), vol. 261, 30 July 1993
  13. Turner, R. & Jones, T. (2003). Techniques for imaging neuroscience. British Medical Bulletin 65:3–20.
  14. Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S., Turner, R., Cheng, H., Brady, T .J., & Rosen B. R. (1992). Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. PNAS 89(12):5675–5679
  15. Ogawa, S., Tank, D. W., Menon, R., Ellermann, J. M., Kim, S. G, Merkle, H., & Ugurbil, K. (1992). Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging. PNAS 89(13):5951–55
  16. Buxton, R. B. (2009). Introduction to functional magnetic resonance imaging: Principles and techniques (2nd Edition). Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
  17. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=45&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=5,284,144&OS=5,284,144&RS=5,284,144 United States Patent: 5492122
  18. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=24&f=G&l=50&d=PTXT&p=1&p=1&S1=5185576&OS=5185576&RS=5185576 United States Patent: 5185576
  19. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=41&f=G&l=50&d=PTXT&p=1&p=1&S1=4,978,920&OS=4,978,920&RS=4,978,920 United States Patent: 5077524
  20. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=14&f=G&l=50&d=PTXT&p=1&p=1&S1=4,896,129&OS=4,896,129&RS=4,896,129 United States Patent: 4896129
  21. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=4&f=G&l=50&d=PTXT&p=1&p=1&S1=5,289,151&OS=5,289,151&RS=5,289,151 United States Patent: 5666054
  22. http://gb.espacenet.com/search97cgi/s97_cgi.exe?action=View&VdkVgwKey=GB2173315A&ViewTemplate=gb/en/textdraw.hts esp@cenet original document
  23. http://gb.espacenet.com/search97cgi/s97_cgi.exe?action=View&VdkVgwKey=GB2180943A&ViewTemplate=gb/en/textdoc.hts esp@cenet document view
  24. http://gb.espacenet.com/search97cgi/s97_cgi.exe?action=View&VdkVgwKey=GB2193322A&ViewTemplate=gb/en/textdoc.hts esp@cenet document view
  25. http://gb.espacenet.com/search97cgi/s97_cgi.exe?action=View&VdkVgwKey=GB2213595A&ViewTemplate=gb/en/textdoc.hts esp@cenet document view
  26. Web site: ISMRM Gold Medal Award Winners. ISMRM. 3 October 2020.

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