Robert McNeill Alexander explained

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R. McNeill Alexander
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Robert McNeill (Neill) Alexander, CBE FRS[1] (7 July 1934 – 21 March 2016) was a British zoologist[2] and a leading authority in the field of biomechanics. For thirty years he was Professor of Zoology at the University of Leeds.

Early life and education

Alexander was born in Lisburn, Northern Ireland, one of the four sons of Robert Alexander and his wife Janet McNeill. His father was the chief engineer of the city of Belfast. His mother was a novelist and playwright who wrote more than 20 children's books and two opera libretti. He was educated at Tonbridge School and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge where he gained an MA and a PhD.[3] His PhD research at Cambridge was supervised by Professor Sir James Gray, FRS.[2] Subsequently, he was awarded a DSc by the University of Wales.[4]

Academic career

Alexander was a Lecturer at the University College of North Wales (now Bangor University) from 1958 to 1969 and then Professor of Zoology at the University of Leeds from 1969 until his retirement in 1999, when the title of emeritus professor was conferred upon him.[5]

Until 1970, he was mainly concerned with fish, investigating the mechanics of swim bladders, tails and fish jaw mechanisms. Subsequently, he concentrated on the mechanics of terrestrial locomotion, notably walking and running in mammals, particularly on gait selection and its relationship to anatomy and the structural design of skeletons and muscles.

Alexander was particularly interested in the mechanics of dinosaur locomotion.[6] He developed a formula to calculate the speed of motion of dinosaurs, the so-called 'dinosaur speed calculator,' mathematically derived from the Froude number:

"The key to deriving estimates of dinosaur gait and speed from trackways was provided by the zoologist R. McNeill Alexander (1976). From observations of modern animals, he derived a general relationship between an animal's speed of locomotion (v) and its hip height (h) and its stride length (SL), which is

{v}=0.25.{g0.5

}..

Alexander also pointed out that this formula could be applied to dinosaur trackways since the stride length can be measured directly and the hip height could be estimated from the size of the foot print."[7]

Originally, Alexander stated: "I have now obtained a relationship between speed, stride length and body size from observations of living animals and applied this to dinosaurs to achieve estimates of their speeds. The estimated speeds are rather low—between 1.0 and 3.6 ms−1."[8]

Modifications to the original formula gave rise to revised estimates, and "Alexander (1996) argued that based on the bone dimensions of Tyrannosaurus it is unlikely they could have travelled at more than 8ms−1."[9] Several calculations using variants of the formula indicate that dinosaurs probably travelled at around 3 ms−1 with a top speed of 8 ms−1. This translates to a speed range of roughly 6–20 mph.

Alexander was secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1992–1999) which included supervising the management of London and Whipsnade Zoos. He was president of the Society for Experimental Biology (1995–1997), President of the International Society of Vertebrate Morphologists (1997–2001) and editor of the Proceedings of the Royal Society B (1998–2004).[10] Alexander specialised in research on animal mechanics and published numerous books and research papers in the field from 1959.

Film and TV work

Honours and awards

Alexander received several awards and honours during his career including:

Personal life

Alexander married Ann Elizabeth Coulton in 1961. They had a son and a daughter.[14]

Death

Alexander died in 2016, aged 81. He was survived by his wife and children.[15]

Selected publications

Books

Papers

(This is a small sample from over 250 papers[16])

Notes and References

  1. Alexander. Gordon. Robert McNeill Alexander. 7 July 1934—21 March 2016. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 2022 . 72. 9–32 . 10.1098/rsbm.2021.0030 . 245355098 . free.
  2. Biewener. Andrew A.. Wilson. Alan. R. McNeill Alexander (1934–2016) Zoologist who pioneered comparative animal biomechanics. Nature. 532. 7600. 2016. 442. 10.1038/532442a. 27121834. free.
  3. PhD . Robert McNeill. Alexander . The physical properties of the teleost swimbladder . University of Cambridge . 2015 .
  4. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/may/30/robert-mcneill-alexander-obituary The Guardian, obituary by John Lydon, published 30 May 2016
  5. http://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/staff/profile.php?tag=Alexander R McNeill Alexander academic homepage at Leeds
  6. http://www.pterosaur.co.uk/biblio/A-C/AlexanderR.htm The Pterosaur Database
  7. http://www.sorbygeology.group.shef.ac.uk/DINOC01/dinocal1.html Dinosaur speed calculator, University of Sheffield
  8. Alexander . R. McN. . Estimates of speeds of dinosaurs . Nature . 261 . 5556 . 1976 . 129–130 . 10.1038/261129a0. 1976Natur.261..129A . 4246012 .
  9. Web site: Dinosaur Tracks and Trackways – Gait and Speed. palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk.
  10. Web site: Did You Know? – From the Archives – March 2011 « ISB Now. isbnow.isbweb.org. 24 June 2012. 2 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130202024121/http://isbnow.isbweb.org/?p=783. dead.
  11. Web site: Professor McNeill Alexander CBE FRS. Royal Society. London. https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015201/https://royalsociety.org/people/mcneill-alexander-10980/. 2015-11-17. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where:
  12. Web site: Reporter 455, 25 September 2000. reporter.leeds.ac.uk. 24 June 2012. 3 October 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20061003073446/http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/455/honours.htm. dead.
  13. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/55879/supplement/1 The London Gazette, 19 June 2000, 55879, page 7
  14. Book: Publications, Europa. The International Who's Who 2004. 31 July 2018. Psychology Press. 9781857432176. Google Books.
  15. Web site: Emeritus Professor R McNeill Alexander, FRS. Montana. Wright. 25 July 2022 .
  16. Web site: Robert McNeill Alexander, zoologist – obituary. The Daily Telegraph. London. 3 May 2016. 3 April 2016.
  17. Alexander, R. McN. The Densities of Cyprinidae J Exp Biol 36, June 1959, pp. 333–340.
  18. Alexander, R. McN. Visco-elastic properties of the body-wall of sea anemones J. Exp. Biol. 39, 1962, pp. 373–386.
  19. Alexander. R. McN.. Adaptation in the skulls and cranial muscles of South American characinoid fish. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology. 45. 305. 1964 . 169–190. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1964.tb00493.x.
  20. Alexander . R. McN. . Bending of cylindrical animals with helical fibres in their skin or cuticle. Journal of Theoretical Biology . 124 . 1 . 1987. 97–110 . 10.1016/S0022-5193(87)80255-2. 1987JThBi.124...97A .
  21. Alexander. R. McNeill . Tyrannosaurus on the run. Nature. 379 . 6561. 1996. 121 . 10.1038/379121a0. 1996Natur.379..121A . 36799383 . free.
  22. Alexander. R. McN.. Dinosaur biomechanics . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273. 1596 . 2006 . 1849–1855 . 10.1098/rspb.2006.3532. 1634776. 16822743.
  23. Alexander. R. McNeill. Biomechanics: Stable Running. Current Biology. 17. 7. 2007. R253–R255. 10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.001. 17407757. 16242909. free. 2007CBio...17.R253A .
  24. Alexander. R. McN. . Crompton. R. H.. Thorpe . S. K. S. . Orangutans use compliant branches to lower the energetic cost of locomotion . Biology Letters . 3 . 3. 2007 . 253–256 . 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0049. 17439848. 2464692.
  25. Brandwood. A. . Jayes. A. S.. Alexander. R. McN. . Incidence of healed fracture in the skeletons of birds, molluscs and primates. Journal of Zoology . 208 . 1 . 2009 . 55–62 . 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb04708.x.
  26. Alexander. R. McNeill. Biomechanics: Leaping lizards and dinosaurs. Nature. 2012. 10.1038/nature10797 . 22217939 . 481. 7380. 148–9. 2012Natur.481..148A . 196596223.

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