Robert J. Marks II explained

Robert J. Marks II
Birth Date:	1950 8, mf=yes
Birth Place:	West Virginia, United States
Workplaces:	Baylor University University of Washington
Alma Mater:	Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology Texas Tech University
Thesis Title:	Space-variant coherent optical processing
Thesis Url:	https://robertmarks.org/REPRINTS/1977_Space-VariantCoherentOpticalProcessing.pdf
Thesis Year:	1977
Doctoral Advisor:	J.F. Walkup
Fields:	Electrical engineering Computer science
Known For:	Signal processing Intelligent design Evolutionary computation Computational intelligence

Robert Jackson Marks II (born August 25, 1950) is an American electrical engineer, computer scientist and Distinguished Professor at Baylor University. His contributions include the Zhao-Atlas-Marks (ZAM) time-frequency distribution in the field of signal processing,^[1] the Cheung - Marks theorem^[2] in Shannon sampling theory and the Papoulis-Marks-Cheung (PMC) approach in multidimensional sampling.^[3] He was instrumental in the defining of the field of computational intelligence and co-edited the first book using computational intelligence in the title.^{[4] [5]} A Christian^[6] and an old earth creationist,^[7] he is a subject of the 2008 pro-intelligent design motion picture, .

Professional career

Marks has received his bachelor's and master's degrees from Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology in 1972 and 1973, respectively. During his doctoral studies at Texas Tech University, he was supervised by J.F. Walkup; his dissertation focused on optical signal processing.^[8] He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 1977.

Marks is a Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Baylor University and serves as the Director of the Walter Bradley Center for Natural and Artificial Intelligence.^[9] From 1977 to 2003, he was on the faculty of the University of Washington in Seattle. He was the first president of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Neural Networks Council (now the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society).^[10] He is a Fellow of the IEEE^{[11] [12]} and the Optical Society of America.^{[12] [13]}

Technical contributions

Marks is a researcher in the area of electrical engineering.^[14]

• Treatment of prostate cancer. Marks and his colleagues developed algorithms for real time identification of placement of radioactive seeds in cancerous prostates.^{[15] [16]} For this work, he was a co-recipient of the Judith Stitt Best Abstract Award from the American Brachytherapy Society.^[17] The algorithm is used clinically.^[18]
• Optimal detection. In the field of detection theory, Marks and his colleagues developed the first closed form solution for the Neyman–Pearson optimal detection of signals in non-Gaussian noise^{[19] [20]}

• Power load forecasting using neural networks. With his colleagues at the University of Washington, Marks was the first^[21] to apply an artificial neural network to forecast power demands for utilities in 1991.^[22] Six years later neural networks were being used by 32 major North American utilities ^[21] and remains in common use today. IEEE sponsors a MATLAB based webinar on use of neural networks in load forecasting.^[23] A technique "similar to one already used to successfully forecast electrical load needs" has been used to forecast Dow Jones closing values using data from millions of Twitter messages.^[24]
• The Smith Tube. Marks was a member of the Baylor research team that introduced the Smith Tube, a visualization tool useful in advanced microwave systems design.^[25] A generalization of the Smith Chart, the Smith Tube is currently in Keysight's Advanced Design System (ADS) software package.^[26]

• Convolutional neural networks. With Homma and Atlas, Marks developed a temporal convolutional neural network^[27] used widely in Deep learning.
• Signal display in time and frequency. The Zhao-Atlas-Marks time-frequency distribution, (a.k.a. the ZAM distribution or ZAMD), was originally called the cone shaped time-frequency distribution.^[28]
  • The ZAMD is a special case of Cohen's class of time-frequency distributions.
  • The ZAMD is currently in the MATLAB Time-Frequency Toolbox^[29] and National Instruments' LabVIEW Tools for Time-Frequency, Time-Series, and Wavelet Analysis ^[30]
  • The ZAMD has been applied in numerous areas:
• Remote sensing. Marks and his colleagues ^{[31] [32]} were the first to use neural network inversion in remote sensing. They measured snow parameters from microwave measurements made by satellites. Their general approach is widely used today.^{[33] [34]}
• Wireless arrays. Marks is a co-recipient of a NASA Tech Brief for pioneering power efficient communication in wireless arrays.^{[35] [36]}
• Power generation. Working with Southern California Edison, Marks and his colleagues pioneered computational intelligence based methods for early detection of intermittent shorted windings in multi ton electric generators while the rotors were still turning.^{[37] [38]}
• Marks has made contributions to the sampling theorem including authoring the first book exclusively dedicated to the subject.^[39]
  • Restoration of lost samples. Using "sophisticated estimation of the missing samples using previous and future samples,"^[40] Marks^[41] first showed that, when a signal is sampled above its Nyquist rate, lost samples "are redundant, in the sense that any finite number of them can be obtained from the remaining ones by solving a system of linear equations."^[42]
  • Ill-posed sampling (The Cheung-Marks Theorem). The sampling theorem's Cheung - Marks theorem^[43] shows that samples taken from a signal at or above the Nyquist rate may prove incapable of restoring the signal in the presence of small amounts of noise.^[44]
  • Optimal image sampling. An image is said to be optimally sampled when the samples per unit area are minimized subject to no degradation of the interpolated image. Marks's contributions to optimal image sampling include:
  • The Papoulis-Marks-Cheung Approach. Marks and Cheung^[45] extended the generalized sampling expansion of Athanasios Papoulis^[46] to higher dimensions.
  • Sub-Nyquist Sampling. Cheung and Marks ^[47] showed that images could be sampled below their Nyquist rate and still be recovered without aliasing.
• Optical computers. Marks invented ^[48] and implemented ^[49] an all optical computer that  - using lenses, mirrors, and light from a laser  - performs iterative calculations literally at the speed of light.

Evolutionary Informatics Lab website

In 2006 Marks hired William Dembski as a part-time post-doctoral researcher; Dembski is an intelligent design proponent and former Baylor staff member at the heart of a previous intelligent design controversy at Baylor over the Michael Polanyi Center's promotion of intelligent design, which had been resolved when Baylor disbanded that center in 2000. Dembski's position in Marks' lab was funded by a $30,000 gift from the Lifeworks Foundation; the gift went through the university's development department and not its academic grant administration. Dembski's role was stated in the gift documents. Marks said that he kept Dembksi's presence quiet. By December 2006 Dembski's university position had been brought to the university administration's attention, and the university returned the unspent funds and terminated Dembski's position.^[50]

Marks created a website to describe the work that he and Dembski were doing, which the website described as happening at the "Evolutionary Informatics Lab" at Baylor. In the summer of 2007 that website was called to the attention of the Baylor administration after Marks discussed that work on a podcast hosted by Casey Luskin of the Discovery Institute, and the university administration shut the website down.^[50] Marks challenged the removal.^{[50] [51] [52]} The site was reposted to a server outside of Baylor.^[51]

The dispute over the website was covered in the 2008 pro-intelligent design film .^[53]

Christianity

Marks served as the faculty adviser to the University of Washington's chapter of Campus Crusade for Christ for seventeen years. He has presented his talk "What Does Calculus Have to Do with Christianity?" ^[54] in Poland, Japan, Canada, Russia, and the United States.

Marks has made science-oriented Christian apologetics presentations.^[55] Venues include Poland, Japan, Moscow, Canada, and Siberia.

Other activities

• With William A. Dembski, Marks offered statistical arguments against James Cameron's claim to have found the burial site of Jesus as portrayed in Cameron's documentary The Lost Tomb of Jesus.^{[56] [57]}
• Marks has served as a consultant with Microsoft, DARPA, the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, The Boeing Company, the John Fluke Manufacturing Company, and Southern California Edison.
• Marks was the cartoonist^[58] for the student newspaper while at Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology.,
• Marks hosted a political radio talk show in the early 1970s.^[59]
• Marks's Erdős number is three and his Bacon number is two. Therefore, his Erdős–Bacon number is five.^[60]

Books by Robert J. Marks II

• R.J. Marks II, Non-Computable You: What You Do Artificial Intelligence Never Will, Discovery Press, (2022). https://noncomputableyou.com/
• R.J. Marks II and William A. Dembski with J. P. Moreland, For a Greater Purpose: The Life and Legacy of Walter Bradley, Erasmus Press, (2020). https://influencepublishers.com/product/for-a-greater-purpose/
• R.J. Marks II, The Case for Killer Robots: Why America's Military Needs to Continue Development of Lethal AI, Discovery Institute Press, (2020). https://discoveryinstitutepress.com/book/the-case-for-killer-robots/
• R.J. Marks II, William A. Dembski and Winston Ewert, Introduction to Evolutionary Informatics, World Scientific, Singapore, (2017).http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9974
• R.J. Marks II, Michael Behe, William A. Dembski, Bruce L. Gordon, John C. Sanford, Editors, Biological Information - New Perspectives, World Scientific, Singapore, (2013).http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/8818#t=toc
• R.J. Marks II, Handbook of Fourier Analysis and Its Applications, Oxford University Press, (2009).http://www.handbookoffourieranalysis.com/
• R. D. Reed and R.J. Marks II, Neural Smithing: Supervised Learning in Feedforward Artificial Neural Networks, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, (1999).
• M. Palaniswami, Y. Attikiouzel, R.J. Marks II, David B. Fogel and Toshio Fukuda; Editors, Computational Intelligence: A Dynamic System Perspective, IEEE Press, (1995).
• R.J. Marks II, Editor, Fuzzy Logic Technology and Applications, IEEE Technical Activities Board, Piscataway, (1994).
• Jacek M. Zurada, R.J. Marks II and C.J. Robinson; Editors, Computational Intelligence: Imitating Life, (IEEE Press, 1994).
• R.J. Marks II, Editor, Advanced Topics in Shannon Sampling and Interpolation Theory, (Springer-Verlag, 1993).
• R.J. Marks II, Introduction to Shannon Sampling and Interpolation Theory, Springer-Verlag, (1991).http://marksmannet.com/RobertMarks/REPRINTS/1999_IntroductionToShannonSamplingAndInterpolationTheory.pdf
• M.A. El-Sharkawi and R. J. Marks II, Editors, Applications of Neural Networks to Power Systems, IEEE Press, Piscataway, (1991).

External links

• Robert J. Marks II, PhD home page
• Dr. Robert J. Marks II Engineering Faculty, Baylor University

Notes and References

1. Leon Cohen, Time Frequency Analysis: Theory and Applications, Prentice Hall, (1994)
2. J.L. Brown and S.D.Cabrera, "On well-posedness of the Papoulis generalized sampling expansion," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, May 1991 Volume: 38, Issue 5, pp. 554 - 556
3. Matthew A. Prelee and David L. Neuhoff. "Multidimensional Manhattan Sampling and Reconstruction." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 62, no. 5 (2016): 2772-2787.
4. Web site: Donald C. Wunsch Interviews Robert J. Marks II for the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society's History Committee. June 3, 2015.
5. Book: Zurada . Jacek . R.J. . Marks II . C.J. . Robinson. Computational Intelligence: Imitating Life. IEEE Press (1994). 978-0780311046. 1994.
6. Web site: Robert J. Marks II. The Impact of Christian Faith on Mathematics & Science: Yesterday & Today. June 4, 2015.
7. Web site: Casey Luskin. ID the Future: Dr. Robert Marks - Active Information in Metabiology. June 3, 2015.
8. PhD . Marks II . Robert Jackson . 1977 . Space-variant coherent optical processing . Texas Tech University.
9. https://centerforintelligence.org/ Bradley Center home page
10. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=72
11. "For leadership and contributions to the field of neural networks."(1994)https://www.ieee.org/membership/fellows/fellows-directory.html
12. Web site: Robert J. Marks II. Curriculum Vitae. June 3, 2015.
13. "For contributions to image recovery and synthesis, optical processing, and electro-optical neural networks." (1989)
14. http://marksmannet.com/RobertMarks/CV/CV.pdf
15. http://cialab.ee.washington.edu/REPRINTS/2002-07_FastCrossProjection.pdf
16. http://home.comcast.net/~yamagoya/papers/FastCARS2.pdf
17. https://www.americanbrachytherapy.org/ American Brachytherapy Society homepage
18. D.R. Reed, K.E. Wallner, S.Narayanan, S.G. Sutlief, E.C. Ford, P.S. Cho, "Intraoperative fluoroscopic dose assessment in prostate brachytherapy patients," International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, Vol 63, Issue 1, September, 2005, pp. 301 - 307
19. S. A. Kassam, Signal Detection in Non-Gaussian Noise. Springer Verlag, 1988.
20. http://marksmannet.com/RobertMarks/REPRINTS/1978_DetectionInLaplaceNoise.pdf Detection in Laplace noise
21. A. Khotanzad, R. Afkhami-Rohani, Lu Tsun-Liang, A. Abaye, M. Davis, D.J. Maratukulam, "ANNSTLF-a neural-network-based electric load forecasting system," IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Volume 8, Issue 4, Jul 1997 pp. 835 - 846.
22. D.C. Park, M.A. El-Sharkawi, R.J. Marks II, L.E. Atlas & M.J. Damborg, "Electric load forecasting using an artificial neural network", IEEE Transactions on Power Engineering, vol.6, pp. 442 - 449 (1991).
23. https://spectrum.ieee.org/webinar/1705522
24. http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/16074.html
25. Fellows, Matthew, Matthew Flachsbart, Jennifer Barlow, Charles Baylis, and Robert J. Marks. "The Smith Tube: Selection of radar chirp waveform bandwidth and power amplifier load impedance using multiple-bandwidth load-pull measurements." WAMICON 2014, pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2014.https://robertmarks.org/REPRINTS/2014_The%20SmithTube.pdf
26. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/5-reasons-try-3d-smith-chart-broadband-pa-design-kaelly-farnham/ Agilent's "3D Smith Chart for Broadband PA Design" announcement
27. Homma. Toshiteru. Les Atlas . Robert Marks II . An Artificial Neural Network for Spatio-Temporal Bipolar Patters: Application to Phoneme Classification. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems . 1. 1988. 31–40.
28. http://marksmannet.com/RobertMarks/REPRINTS/1990-07_TheUseOfCone.pdf
29. http://tftb.nongnu.org/refguide.pdf
30. http://www.ni.com/pdf/products/us/4msw69-70.pdf
31. http://marksmannet.com/RobertMarks/REPRINTS/1992-09_InversionOfSnowParameters.pdf
32. [Akira Ishimaru|A. Ishimaru]
33. Vladimir M. Krasnopolsky and Helmut Schillerb, "Some neural network applications in environmental sciences. Part I: forward and inverse problems in geophysical remote measurements," Neural Networks, Volume 16, Issues 3 - 4, April - May 2003, pp. 321 - 334
34. F. Van der Meer, "Geophysical inversion of imaging spectrometer data for geologic modelling," International Journal of Remote Sensing, Volume 21, Issue 2, pp. 387 - 393 (2000)
35. http://www.baylor.edu/pr/news.php?action=story&story=5781 NASA Recognizes Baylor Engineer For Innovative Technology
36. A.K. Das, R.J. Marks II, M.A. El-Sharkawi, Payman Arabshahi and Andrew Gray, "Minimum Power Broadcast Trees for Wireless Networks: Optimization Using the Viability Lemma", Proceedings of the NASA Earth Science Technology Conference, June 11 - 13, 2002, Pasadena, CA
37. http://cialab.ee.washington.edu/REPRINTS/1995-03_LocalizationOfWindingShorts.pdf
38. S. Guttormsson, R.J. Marks II, M.A. El-Sharkawi and I. Kerszenbaum, "Elliptical novelty grouping for on-line short-turn detection of excited running rotors", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 14 1, March 1999, pp. 16 - 22
39. R.J. Marks II, Introduction to Shannon Sampling and Interpolation Theory, Springer-Verlag, (1991).http://marksmannet.com/RobertMarks/REPRINTS/1999_IntroductionToShannonSamplingAndInterpolationTheory.pdf
40. Farokh A. Marvasti, Peter M. Clarkson, Miroslav V. Dokic, Ut Goenchanart, and Chuande Liu, "Reconstruction of Speech Signals with Lost Samples," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Volume 40, Issue 12, pp. 2897 - 2903, December 1992.
41. R.J. Marks II, "Restoring lost samples from an oversampled bandlimited signal", IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-31, pp. 752 - 755 (1983).
42. P.J.S.G. Ferreira, Incomplete sampling series and the recovery of missing samples from oversampled bandlimited signals," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, (40) 1 pp. 225 227 (1992).
43. John L. Brown, Jr. and Sergio D. Cabrera, "On Well-Posedness of the Papoulis Generalized SamplingExpansion," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, pp.554-556, 1991.
44. http://marksmannet.com/RobertMarks/REPRINTS/1985_IllPosedSamplingTheorems.pdf
45. R. J. Marks, II, "Multidimensional-signal sample dependency at Nyquist densities," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 3, pp. 268–273, Feb. 1986. K. F. Cheung and R. J. Marks, II, "Imaging sampling below the Nyquist density without aliasing," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 92–105, Jan. 1990. K. F. Cheung, "A multidimensional extension of Papoulis' generalized sampling expansion with the application in minimum density sampling," in Advanced Topics in Shannon Sampling and Interpolation Theory, Robert J. Marks II, Editor. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag, 1993, pp. 85–119.
46. Athanasios Papoulis, "Generalized sampling expansion," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 652–654, Nov. 1977.
47. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-7-1-92
48. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/24151253/Coherent-optical-extrapolation-of-2-D-band-limited-signals
49. R.J. Marks II and D.K. Smith "Gerchberg  - type linear deconvolution and extrapolation algorithms", in Transformations in Optical Signal Processing, edited by W.T. Rhodes, J.R. Fienup and B.E.A. Saleh, SPIE vol. 373, pp. 161 - 178 (1984).
50. News: Briggs. Brad. Maalou. Grace. BU had role in Dembski return. Baylor Lariat. November 27, 2007.
51. News: Baylor forces professor to shut down site. The Daily Orange. Nicole . Loring. September 8, 2007 .
52. News: Farrell. Elizabeth F.. Baylor U. Removes a Web Page Associated With Intelligent Design From Its Site. The Chronicle of Higher Education. 4 September 2007.
53. News: Jablonski. Stephen. Obviously not objective, 'Expelled' explores academic freedom. The Baylor Lariat. April 22, 2008. en. May 17, 2018. December 10, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151210161437/http://www.baylor.edu/lariatarchives/news.php?action=story&story=50601. dead.
54. http://marksmannet.com/RobertMarks/Apologetics/Presentations/Christians_Calculus.ppt "What Does Calculus Have to Do with Christianity" Presentation
55. http://marksmannet.com/RobertMarks/Apologetics/index_apologetics.htm Marks' apologetics page
56. http://www.swbts.edu/campusnews/story.cfm?id=EE2ACCC1-15C5-E47C-F9151E4BE923EF11
57. https://books.google.com/books?id=OGwrSciQGvsC&q=%22Buried+Hope+or+Risen+Savior%22+quarles
58. http://marksmannet.com/BobMarks/Cartoons/SketchMarks/index.htm
59. http://marksmannet.com/BobMarks/MelodyMarks/MarksP3/w.htm
60. http://marksmannet.com/BobMarks/FAQs/SupportFiles/Erdos.html