Robert Arp Explained

Robert Arp
Birth Date:20 March 1970
Birth Place:Chicago, Illinois, US
Occupation:Philosopher, writer
Main Interests:Modern philosophy
Ethics
Ontology
Philosophy of biology
Cognitive science
Evolutionary psychology
Religious studies

Robert Arp (born March 20, 1970) is an American philosopher known for his work in ethics, modern philosophy, ontology, philosophy of biology, cognitive science, evolutionary psychology, religious studies, and philosophy and popular culture. He currently works as an adjunct professor teaching philosophy courses in the classroom and online at numerous schools in the Kansas City, Missouri area and other areas of the United States.

Education

Arp completed his undergraduate degree in philosophy at The Catholic University of America (CUA) in 1992,[1] his master's degree in philosophy at CUA in 1993,[2] and PhD in philosophy at Saint Louis University (SLU) during the 2004–2005 school year.[3] [4] He was awarded a prestigious Theodore B. Basselin Scholarship while at CUA, and was a teaching fellow, research fellow, and dissertation fellow during his time at SLU.[5] Arp taught as an assistant professor of philosophy at Southwest Minnesota State University (2005–2006)[6] and then as a Visiting Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Florida State University for a year with Michael Ruse (2006–2007), as well as at many schools in the St. Louis, Missouri area as an adjunct professor of philosophy (1996–2005), before doing postdoctoral research in ontology through the National Center for Biomedical Ontology with Mark Musen and Barry Smith at the University at Buffalo (2007–2009).[7]

Work in ethics

Arp's paper in International Philosophical Quarterly titled "Vindicating Kant's Morality" offers a defense of Immanuel Kant's position against those who would claim that Kant's moral position lacks a motivational component, ignores the spiritual dimensions of morality espoused by a virtue-based ethics, overemphasizes the principle of autonomy in neglecting the communal context of morality, and lacks a theological foundation.[8]

With Arthur Caplan, Arp edited Contemporary Debates in Bioethics[9] through John Wiley & Sons, containing new papers written by experts in bioethics and applied ethics such as Don Marquis, Tom Beauchamp, Mark Cherry, William J. Winslade, Jane Maienschein, Edwin Black, Richard Arneson, and others.

Work in philosophy of biology

Concerning biological function, Arp has put forward a middle position between the two viable accounts of function today—namely, the organizational account of function (usually attributed to Robert Cummins) and the modern history account of function (usually attributed to Paul Griffiths and Peter Godfrey-Smith)[10] —and his position has been called "reconciliatory" and "pluralist."[11] His article with Barry Smith titled "Function, role and disposition in basic formal ontology" published in Nature Precedings has been cited more than 140 times, according to Google Scholar.[12]

Besides his work in functions and teleology, Arp has attempted a definition of life, arguing that the "components and attending processes of an organism must be considered as living, emergent phenomena because of the way in which the components are organized to maintain homeostasis of the organism at the various levels in the organismic hierarchy." He calls this position the homeostatic organization view of biological phenomena.[13] With Alexander Rosenberg, Arp has edited Philosophy of Biology: An Anthology (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009),[14] with Francisco J. Ayala, he has edited Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009),[15] and with George Terzis, he has edited Information and Living Systems: Philosophical and Scientific Perspectives (MIT Press, 2011).[16]

Arp has also offered suggestions for the interactions of philosophers and scientists as they go about their work in philosophy of science.[17]

Work in cognitive science and evolutionary psychology

In his first book published through MIT Press, Scenario Visualization: An Evolutionary Account of Creative Problem Solving, Arp adds to Steven Mithen's cognitive fluidity view by arguing that such fluidity would be random and chaotic without mechanisms of selection and integration. Thus, what he calls "scenario visualization"[18] is a necessary ingredient in creative problem solving, and likely was one of the first things that emerged in human consciousness. Scenario visualization is defined by Arp as a "conscious ability to segregate and integrate visual images in future scenarios."[19] [20]

While this view has been applauded as "innovative and interesting,"[21] a "valuable resource and a stimulating contribution,"[22] and even "ambitious,"[23] [24] there are those who critique Arp's position as "saying nothing new"[25] and suffering from "a form of selectivity deficit – an inability to judge what is and isn't relevant to his claims."[26]

Arp's view continues to be referred to as plausible by cognitive scientists[27] [28] [29] and others doing work in artificial intelligence,[30] [31] [32] [33] philosophical psychology,[34] and other areas of study.[35] [36] [37] [38]

Work in ontology

Arp has worked as an ontologist with the CGI Group and BAE Systems on projects for the United States Air Force, National Institutes of Health, and United States Army. He has published papers dealing with philosophy of science and conceptual models and produced numerous technical documents as a technical writer. Arp has also used RDF, RDFS, OWL, and SPARQL to assist in building ontologies for the Next Generation Air Transportation System, making use of ontology-building tools such as TopBraid and Protégé. He was part of the initial steps in developing the world's first weather ontology with other ontologists at Lincoln Laboratory.[39] He was also part of the genesis of the Infectious Disease Ontology[40] through meetings and discussions in 2007[41] [42] and 2008.[43] The Infectious Disease Ontology is one of the ontologies in the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies Foundry, also known as the OBO Foundry.

As a theoretical ontologist, having worked closely with Barry Smith (also a philosopher/ontologist), Arp has contributed to Smith's Basic Formal Ontology in the areas of function, role, and disposition.[44] Arp's book with Smith and Andrew Spear published in 2015 through MIT Press, Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology,[45] has been cited more than 1300 times on Google Scholar .[46] Within the context of Basic Formal Ontology, biology, and bioinformatics, although Arp's definition of function has been criticized as inapplicable to "entities above or below a certain size,"[47] the definition not only offers an attempt at a "coherence between the concepts of biological function and technical function,"[48] but it also has been used by researchers doing work in biochemical processes,[49] hypersensitivity conditions,[50] service systems,[51] and domain conceptual modeling in general.[52] [53]

Like Barry Smith, Arp also has sought to defend a common sense realist position concerning the construction of domain ontologies (essentially, scientific realism) whereby a domain ontology should, if possible and appropriate, represent the actual entities out there in the world that fall under the purview of science.[54] One argument Arp puts forward is a restatement of the "no-miracles argument" for scientific realism which states that it would be miraculous if scientific theories were not at least approximately true descriptions of the world, since they are so (seemingly) successful at prediction and control. He has argued for this position in the past.[55]

However, cognizant of the difficulties surrounding a realist position (especially for practical, working ontologists),[56] Arp has argued for a form of as-if philosophical realism, along the lines of Immanuel Kant and Hans Vaihinger whereby the "commitment to the pursuit of abstract objects could become instrumental in guiding the life of philosophy and science in a limited as if manner."[57]

Just as Kant spoke of the value of the regulative ideas as aiding in, not only the rounding off of our systematic picture of reality, but also prompting us to do further research and investigation, so too, according to Arp thinkers are to act as if there is a reality "out there" (the ding-an-sich or noumenon, as it were) when they construct domain ontologies or engage in any other kind of scientific endeavor. Given the as-if nature of this position, similar to that of Hans Vaihinger, there is always the possibility that there may be practical or pragmatic concerns in building domain ontologies which actually trump the realist pursuit, and Arp is mindful of this possibility.

Also, following other ontologists he has drawn a distinction between philosophical ontology (physical ontology), domain ontology, and upper ontology (also known as top-level or formal) ontology,[58] [59] and has attempted to articulate principles for best practices in the building of domain ontologies in radiology,[60] cell signaling,[61] bioethics,[62] and finance.[63]

Work in religious studies

Arp has added to the discussion concerning the issue of classifying mystical union with the One in the Neoplatonism of Plotinus, a topic in mysticism with a crossover in religious experience and spirituality more generally. In contradistinction to the theistic union view (where the soul retains its identity in union with the One) on one hand,[64] and the monistic identity view (where the soul loses its identity in union with the One) on the other,[65] Arp has argued in a much-cited paper titled "Plotinus, Mysticism, and Mediation" in the prestigious journal Religious Studies for what he calls a "mediated union" position in the doctrines of Plotinus where the noetic part of the soul is not fully transcended in union with the One.[66]

Arp also has published on mystics such as Lydwina of Schiedam, Margaret of Castello, Saint Benedict Joseph Labre, Saint Rita of Cascia, and others who claim that God's goodness and love can be experienced through, or in the midst of, pain and suffering. Drawing on the work of Simone Weil and Diogenes Allen, he offers a unique theodicy as a response to the problem of evil in his paper titled "Suffering as Theodicy" from the journal Cahiers Simone Weil.[67]

Borrowing the concept of solidarity as used by the famous environmental ethicist Robin Attfield in his view known as biocentric consequentialism, Arp has sought to establish a Ubiquitous Ethical Principle of Solidarity. Deriving its modern usage from the French solidarité meaning "communion of interests and responsibilities" or "mutual responsibility," the concept of solidarity was championed by Émile Durkheim in his De la division du travail social: étude sur l'organisation des sociétés supérieures (The Division of Labor in Society, 1893). There, Durkheim envisions solidarité as a kind of human fraternity dependent upon the existence of personal bonds, which are needed for the realization of common goals or ideals within groups. Unlike justice, which tends to focus on rules and principles without specific references to personal bonds, solidarity requires an acknowledgement of subjective ties; it involves a degree of sentiment de camaraderie, or fellow feeling, which is shared by subjects within or between groups. Durkheim was part of numerous Judeo-Christian ethical and political systems that responded to the Industrial Revolution at the close of the 19th century. Arp tries to extend Attfield's notion of solidarity and show how, in addition to the Judeo-Christian tradition, solidarity as an ethical principle may be found in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Confucianism, Daoism, Islam, as well as in certain traditional African religions, and Native American religions and among the religions of Indigenous Australians. It is through the ubiquitousness of solidarity, then, that issues having to do with local, national, and global forms of environmental justice (for example, poverty, human rights deprivation, environmental racism) may be confronted. Religious beliefs are part of the very fabric of human existence, so if a religious-based ethical sentiment can be harnessed—as one finds in solidarity—and used as a motivator for confronting environmental injustice, then it is more likely to be enduring. So claims Arp.[68] [69]

Work in philosophy and popular culture

Arp has chapters in more than 40 books in the genre known colloquially as Philosophy and Popular Culture, including Metallica and Philosophy, Family Guy and Philosophy, Lost and Philosophy, 24 and Philosophy, The Office and Philosophy, Battlestar Galactica and Philosophy, Watchmen and Philosophy, Final Fantasy and Philosophy, Alice in Wonderland and Philosophy, True Blood and Philosophy, 30 Rock and Philosophy, and others. He has worked numerous times with William Irwin, General Editor of The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture series[70] through Wiley-Blackwell (publisher). In 2006 Arp edited the flagship book in that series, , which has been translated into the Italian,[71] the Turkish, and Portuguese.[72]

He also co-edited Batman and Philosophy: The Dark Knight of the Soul with Mark White, soon to be translated into the German language. Arp and White were interviewed in 2008 by The Boston Globe[73] and, when asked by The Globe, "Do some scholars see this kind of thing (i.e., Philosophy and Popular Culture books) as silly?" part of Arp's response was: "At root we are trying to bring philosophy to people and bring people to philosophy." Arp and White also contributed an article to The Globe called "Should Batman Kill the Joker?" in 2008.[74] This article is reprinted in the eighth edition of The Norton Sampler: Short Essays for Composition (in Chapter 12: Argument),[75] published by W. W. Norton & Company.

Arp has also worked with Mark Conard and The Philosophy of Popular Culture series[76] through The University Press of Kentucky, as well as with David Ramsay Steele and the Popular Culture and Philosophy series[77] through Open Court Publishing Company, which has produced titles such as , Star Wars and Philosophy, Star Trek and Philosophy, The Beatles and Philosophy, James Bond and Philosophy, and many others. One of Arp's latest projects is as editor of Tattoos – Philosophy for Everyone: I Ink, Therefore I Am with Fritz Allhoff (General Editor of the Philosophy for Everyone series)[78] and Wiley-Blackwell Publishers.

Arp was Plenary Speaker for Pop Culture and Philosophy Conferences at Eastern Washington University (2010) and Georgia Southern University (2013).[79] [80]

Arp's edited book, 1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think, was published through Simon & Schuster in 2013 and has sold thousands of copies worldwide in English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Czechoslovakian.[81] [82] Concerning reviews of the book, The Boston Globe stated, "Editor Robert Arp has produced a reference guide that's fun to browse," while Library Journal claims the book is "highly attractive... recommended" and Booklist notes that it is "entertaining and informative." Of the nearly 50 ratings and 10 reviews of the book on Goodreads, 1001 Ideas has received a rating of 4.35 out of 5.0.[83]

In September 2015, Arp was interviewed by Ed Berliner on his show, The Hard Line with Ed Berliner, through Newsmax TV about South Park (season 19).[84]

On January 22, 2019, Arp appeared with other philosophers on the podcast devoted to philosophy and popular culture titled, I Think, Therefore, I Fan.[85]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Bachelor of Arts diploma . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210403204743/https://www.robertarp.com/BA%20CUA%20Diploma.jpg . April 3, 2021 . June 6, 2019 . robertarp.com.
  2. Web site: Master of Arts diploma . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210403204736/https://www.robertarp.com/MA%20CUA%20Diploma.jpg . April 3, 2021 . June 6, 2019 . robertarp.com.
  3. Web site: PhD diploma . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210403204753/https://www.robertarp.com/SLU%20PhD%20Diploma.jpg . April 3, 2021 . June 6, 2019 . robertarp.com.
  4. Web site: Doctoral dissertations 2004–2005 *. – Free Online Library . November 13, 2019 . www.thefreelibrary.com.
  5. Web site: Graduate Scholarships, Fellowships and Assistantships . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230327212431/http://www.slu.edu/academics/graduate/graduate-scholarships-fellowships-assistantships.php . March 27, 2023 . November 13, 2019 . www.slu.edu.
  6. Web site: RateMyProfessors.com – Find and rate your professor or campus. . November 13, 2019 . www.ratemyprofessors.com.
  7. Web site: Ontology Research Group – OLT Researchers . November 13, 2019 . org.buffalo.edu.
  8. Web site: Robert Arp . Vindicating Kant's Morality . May 7, 2017 . Pdcnet.org.
  9. Web site: July 1, 2014 . Contemporary Debates in Bioethics – Arthur L. Caplan, Robert Arp . May 7, 2017 . Wiley.com.
  10. Arp . R. . 2010 . Evolution and two popular proposals for the definition of function . Journal for General Philosophy of Science . 38 . 1 . 19–30 . 10.1007/s10838-006-9008-3 . 143984978.
  11. Book: Perlman, M. . Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology . Wiley-Blackwell . 2010 . 978-1-4051-5998-2 . Ayala . F. . Malden, MA . 53–71 . Traits have evolved to function the way they do because of a past advantage . Arp . R..
  12. Web site: Google Scholar . May 7, 2017 . Scholar.google.com.
  13. Arp . R. . 2008 . Life and the homeostatic organization view of biological phenomena . Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy . 4 . 1–2 . 260–285.
  14. Web site: June 1, 2013 . Philosophy of Biology: An Anthology – Alex Rosenberg, Robert Arp . May 7, 2017 . Wiley.
  15. Web site: November 1, 2010 . Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology – Francisco J. Ayala, Robert Arp . May 7, 2017 . Wiley.
  16. Web site: The MIT Press . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110629142849/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=12586 . June 29, 2011 . May 7, 2017 . Mitpress.mit.edu.
  17. Arp . R. . J. Watson . 2008 . Checks and balances: the welcomed tension between philosophy and science . The Quarterly Review of Biology . 83 . 1 . 17–28 . 10.1086/529559 . 18481585 . 45765674.
  18. Book: Arp, Robert . Scenario Visualization: An Evolutionary Account of Creative Problem Solving . MIT Press . 2008 . 978-0-262-01244-7 . Cambridge, MA . October 15, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110629142120/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=11487 . June 29, 2011 . dead.
  19. Arp . R. . 2005 . Scenario Visualization: One explanation of creative problem solving . dead . Journal of Consciousness Studies . 12 . 3 . 31–60 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101123194141/http://imprint.co.uk/jcs_12_3.html#arp . November 23, 2010 . October 15, 2010.
  20. Arp . R. . 2006 . The environments of our hominin ancestors, tool usage, and Scenario Visualization. . Biology and Philosophy . 21 . 1 . 95–117 . 10.1007/s10539-005-0443-z . 13277841.
  21. Encyclopedia: Evolutionary Psychology . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/evolutionary-psychology/ . Summer 2014 . May 7, 2017 . Stephen M. . Downes . 2014-05-21 . .
  22. Web site: Book Reviews – Scenario Visualisation: An Evolutionary Account of Creative Problem Solving . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140629022214/http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/16_2-3%20books.pdf . June 29, 2014 . July 7, 2014.
  23. Encyclopedia: Bence . Nanay . Mental Imagery . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/mental-imagery/ . Spring 2017 . May 7, 2017.
  24. O'Connor . M. . D. Fauri . F. Netting . 2010 . How data emerge as information: A review of Scenario Visualization . dead . The American Journal of Psychology . 123 . 3 . 371–373 . 10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.3.0371 . https://archive.today/20121211095515/http://ajp.press.illinois.edu/123/3/index.html . December 11, 2012.
  25. Kaufman . Allison B. . Kaufman . James C. . 2009 . Book review: Scenario Visualization: An Evolutionary Account of Creative Problem Solving . American Journal of Human Biology . 21 . 139–140 . 10.1002/ajhb.20848 . 57552368.
  26. Picciuto . E. . Carruthers . P. . 2008 . Book Review: Creativity Explained? . Evolutionary Psychology . 6 . 3 . 147470490800600 . 10.1177/147470490800600306 . 1474-7049 . free.
  27. Book: Gomila, T. . Directions for an embodied cognitive science: Toward an integrated approach, in Handbook of cognitive science: An embodied approach (P. Calvo & T. Gomila, eds.) . P. Calvo . Elsevier . 2008 . 978-0-08-046616-3 . Oxford . 1–26.
  28. Weichart . A. . 2009 . Sub-symbols and icons. . International Journal on Humanistic Ideology . 1 . 4 . 342–347 . 10.1007/s12559-009-9027-6 . 9443900.
  29. Sugu . D. . A. Chatterjee . 2010 . Flashback: Reshuffling emotions. . Cognitive Computation . 1 . 1 . 109–133.
  30. Thomas . Nigel . 2014 . The Multidimensional Spectrum of Imagination: Images, Dreams, Hallucinations, and Active, Imaginative Perception . Humanities . 3 . 2 . 132–184 . 10.3390/h3020132 . free.
  31. Sloman . A. . J. Chappell . 2005 . The altricial-precocial spectrum for robots. . Proceedings IJCAI'05 . 1–8 . 10.1.1.99.312.
  32. Arrabales . R. . A. Ledezma . A. Sanchis . 2008 . Criteria for consciousness in artificial intelligent agents. . dead . ALAMAS+ALAg 2008 – Workshop at AAMAS 2008 . 1187–1192 . 53991796 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200213090130/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4a31/7bee76fdc94f49367e6cd1dc8afb379e53c5.pdf . February 13, 2020.
  33. Arrabales . R. . A. Ledezma . A. Sanchis . 2010 . ConsScale: A pragmatic scale for measuring the level of consciousness in artificial agents. . dead . Journal of Consciousness Studies . 17 . 3–4 . 131–164 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101123204645/http://imprint.co.uk/jcs_17_3-4.html . November 23, 2010.
  34. Book: Bullot, N. . Attention, information, and epistemic perception, in Information and living systems: Philosophical and scientific perspectives (G. Terzis & R. Arp, eds.) . MIT Press . 2011 . 978-0-262-20174-2 . Cambridge, MA . 208–248.
  35. Book: Martelli, Antonio . Models of scenario building and planning: Facing uncertainty and complexity . Palgrave Macmillan . 2014 . 9781137293497 . London . 1–320.
  36. Web site: Google Scholar . May 7, 2017 . Scholar.google.com.
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  39. Web site: MIT Lincoln Laboratory: Software / Communication Architecture: NextGen . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160701203253/http://www.ll.mit.edu/mission/aviation/softwarecommarch/nextgen.html . July 1, 2016 . May 7, 2017 . Ll.mit.edu.
  40. Web site: Infectious Disease Ontology . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100529021341/http://www.infectiousdiseaseontology.org/Home.html . May 29, 2010 . November 29, 2010.
  41. Web site: Infectious Disease: A Challenge for Biomedical Informatics . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110305055212/http://meetings.cshl.edu/courses/m-ontol07.html . March 5, 2011 . November 29, 2010 . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory . 2007 CSHL Meeting on Infectious Disease Ontology.
  42. Web site: May 22, 2015 . Infectious Disease Ontology – NCBO Wiki . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170627094553/https://www.bioontology.org/wiki/index.php/Infectious_Disease_Ontology . June 27, 2017 . May 7, 2017 . Bioontology.org.
  43. Web site: February 8, 2015 . Infectious Disease Ontology 2008 – NCBO Wiki . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160831050245/http://www.bioontology.org/wiki/index.php/Infectious_Disease_Ontology_2008#IDO_200 . August 31, 2016 . May 7, 2017 . Bioontology.org.
  44. Arp . R. . B. Smith . 2008 . Function, role, and disposition in Basic Formal Ontology . Nature Precedings . 1941 . 1 . 1–4.
  45. Book: Arp, Robert . Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology . B. Smith . A. Spear . MIT Press . 2015 . 9780262527811 . Cambridge, MA.
  46. Web site: Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology . scholar.google.com.
  47. Lord . P. . 2009 . An evolutionary approach to function . Nature Precedings . 3228 . 1 . 1–4 . 10.1186/2041-1480-1-S1-S4 . 2903723 . 20626924 . free.
  48. Book: Borgo, S. . Formalizations of functions within the DOLCE ontology . Proceedings of the TMCE 2010 symposium . I. . Horvath . F. . Mandorli . Z. . Rusak . M. . Carrara . P. . Garbacz . P. . Vermaas . Symposium Publications . 2010 . 978-90-5155-060-3 . Ancona, IT . 113–126.
  49. Dumontier . M. . 2009 . Situational modeling: Defining molecular roles in biochemical pathways and reactions . Scientific Commons . 432 . 1–12.
  50. Hogan . W. . 2010 . Towards an ontological theory of substance intolerance and hypersensitivity . Journal of Biomedical Informatics . 44 . 1 . 26–34 . 10.1016/j.jbi.2010.02.003 . 2888796 . 20152933.
  51. Book: Sicilia, M.-A. . Ontology, Conceptualization and Epistemology for Information Systems, Software Engineering and Service Science . M. Mora . 2010 . 978-3-642-16495-8 . Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing . 62 . 135–147 . On Using the REA Enterprise Ontology as a Foundation for Service System Representations . 10.1007/978-3-642-16496-5_10 . 4.
  52. Book: Da Costa, A. . A methodology for low-cost image annotation based on conceptual modeling: A biological example, in Third international conference on signal-image technologies and Internet-based systems . E. Leclercq . M. Savonnet . M.-N. Terrasse . IEEE Computer Society . 2008 . 978-0-7695-3122-9 . 18–25.
  53. Web site: Google Scholar . May 7, 2017 . Scholar.google.com.
  54. Arp . R. . 2009 . Realism and antirealism in informatics ontologies . American Philosophical Association: Philosophy and Computers . 9 . 1 . 19–23.
  55. Arp . R. . 2005 . The pragmatic value of Frege's Platonism for the pragmatist . The Journal of Speculative Philosophy . 19 . 1 . 22–41 . 10.1353/jsp.2005.0002 . 170463289.
  56. Merrill . G. . 2010 . Ontological realism: Methodology or misdirection? . dead . Applied Ontology . 5 . 2 . 79–108 . 10.3233/AO-2010-0076 . 8527360 . https://archive.today/20130128132609/http://iospress.metapress.com/content/j3324564p5l33863/ . January 28, 2013.
  57. Arp . R. . 2005 . Frege, as-if platonism, and pragmatism . dead . Journal of Critical Realism . 4 . 1 . 22–41 . 10.1163/1572513053889382 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074910/http://www.equinoxjournals.com/JCR/article/viewArticle/1395 . July 16, 2011.
  58. Book: Arp, R. . Key terms in logic . Continuum Press . 2010 . 978-1-84706-114-0 . Williamson . J. . London . 122–123 . Philosophical ontology, domain ontology, and formal ontology . Russo . F..
  59. Arp . R. . 2010 . Ontology: Not just for philosophers anymore . dead . Practical Philosophy . 10 . 1 . 81–103 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100922000447/http://www.practical-philosophy.org.uk/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=86 . September 22, 2010 . October 15, 2010.
  60. Book: Arp, R. . Radiology education: The scholarship of teaching and learning . Chhem . R. . Romagnoli . C. . Overton . J. . Springer . 2008 . 978-3-540-68987-4 . Chhem . R. . London . 87–104 . Radiological and biomedical knowledge integration: The ontological way . Hibbert . K. . Van Deven . T..
  61. Arp . R. . B. Smith . 2008 . Ontologies of cellular networks . Science Signaling . 1 . 50 . mr2 . 10.1126/scisignal.150mr2 . 7141777 . 19091693.
  62. Koepsell . D. . David Koepsell . R. Arp . J. Fostel . B. Smith . 2009 . Creating a controlled vocabulary for the ethics of human research: Towards a biomedical ethics ontology . dead . The Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics . 4 . 1 . 43–58 . 10.1525/jer.2009.4.1.43 . 2725426 . 19374479 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170929193439/http://www.csueastbay.edu/jerhre/ . September 29, 2017 . October 15, 2010.
  63. Book: Arp, R. . Progress in Economics Research . Nova Publishers . 2010 . 978-1-61122-437-5 . Tavidze . A. . 16 . New York . 115–129 . Ontologies just may save your savings accounts.
  64. Rist . John . 1967 . Plotinus: The Road to Reality . Dialogue . 7 . 3 . 499–502 . 10.1017/S0012217300031358 . 170642444.
  65. Book: Meier, P.A. . Plotinus on the Good or the One (Enneads VI, 9): An Analytical Commentary . J.C. Gieben . 1992 . 978-9050630825 . Amsterdam.
  66. Arp . R. . 2004 . Plotinus, Mysticism, and Mediation . Religious Studies . 40 . 2 . 145–163 . 10.1017/S0034412504006894 . 170926244.
  67. Arp . R. . 2000 . Suffering as Theodicy . Cahiers Simone Weil . 23 . 4 . 413–433.
  68. Book: Arp, R. . Part 1 Are There Universal Ethical Principles That Should Govern the Conduct of Medicine and Research Worldwide?, in Contemporary Debates in Bioethics (A.L. Caplan & R. Arp, eds.) . Wiley-Blackwell . 2013 . 9781444337143 . Malden, MA . 13–17.
  69. Book: Arp, R. . If the Devil Did Not Exist, It May Be Necessary to Invent Him in Certain Contexts, in Philosophical Approaches to the Devil (B.W. McCraw & R. Arp, eds.) . Routledge . 2016 . 978-1138933040 . New York, NY . 180–200.
  70. Web site: The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series . May 7, 2017 . Wiley.
  71. Web site: November 6, 2010 . South Park e la filosofia, I Libri di Isbn/Guidemoizzi, Trama libro | Libreria Universitaria . May 7, 2017 . Libreriauniversitaria.it.
  72. Web site: Robert Arp (a cura di) – South Park e la filosofia . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035740/http://isbnedizioni.it/south-park/ . July 22, 2011 . November 8, 2010.
  73. News: Bebergal . Peter . July 13, 2008 . A talk with Robert Arp and Mark D. White . The Boston Globe.
  74. News: White . Mark D. . Arp . Robert . July 25, 2008 . Should Batman kill the Joker? . The Boston Globe.
  75. Web site: September 11, 2001 . Contents | The Norton Sampler | W. W. Norton & Company . May 7, 2017 . Books.wwnorton.com.
  76. Web site: The University Press of Kentucky – About the Series . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170302073329/http://www.kentuckypress.com/live/series_detail.php?seriesID=PPCS . March 2, 2017 . May 7, 2017 . Kentuckypress.com.
  77. Web site: Popular Culture and Philosophy . May 7, 2017 . Opencourtbooks.com.
  78. Web site: Philosophy for Everyone Series . May 7, 2017 . Wiley.
  79. Web site: EASTERN WASHINGTON STUDENT PHILOSOPHY CONFERENCE : Theme: "Pop Culture and Philosophy" . May 7, 2017 . Nic.edu.
  80. Web site: January 24, 2013 . Department accepting undergraduate conference submissions through March 1 | College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences | Georgia Southern University . May 7, 2017 . Class.georgiasouthern.edu.
  81. Web site: 1001 myšlenek: část Psychologie – Robert Arp | Audiokniha MP3 na . May 7, 2017 . Alza.cz.
  82. Book: Arp, Robert . 1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think | Book by Robert Arp | Official Publisher Page | Simon & Schuster . October 29, 2013 . Books.simonandschuster.com . 9781476705729 . May 7, 2017.
  83. Web site: 1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think by Robert Arp – Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists . May 7, 2017 . Goodreads.com.
  84. Web site: September 16, 2015 . The Hard Line | Robert Arp, PhD discusses the premiere of South Park's 19th season . live . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/t855iQQ2S7s . 2021-12-21 . May 7, 2017 . YouTube.
  85. Web site: January 22, 2019 . It's Not Turtles All The Way Down! . January 23, 2019 . I Think, Therefore I Fan.

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