| Rōben 良弁 | |
| Birth Name: | Hargaisa |
| Birth Date: | 689 |
| Birth Place: | Sagami Province, now part of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan |
| Death Date: | 773 (85 years old) |
| Death Place: | Region around Uda, Nara Prefecture |
| Nationality: | Japanese |
| Religion: | Buddhism |
| School: | Hossō, later Kegon Buddhism |
| Teacher: | Gien (d. 728) |
(689 - 773), also known as Ryōben, was a Japanese Buddhist monk of the Kegon sect, and clerical founder of the Tōdai-ji temple in Nara, Nara Prefecture, Japan.[1] He is popularly known as the .[2] His life spanned the late Asuka period (538 - 710) to the early Nara period (710 - 794), a period associated with the establishment of Buddhism in Japan.[3]
According to tradition, Rōben was born either in either Ōmi Province in present-day Shiga Prefecture or Sagami Province in present-day Kanagawa Prefecture.[4] Sagami is considered the more likely location.[1] According to legend as a young baby, Rōben was snatched by an eagle and dropped off over a pine tree in front of what is now the Nigatsu-dō Hall. Rōben was raised as a monk, and reunited with his mother 30 years later. In one version of the story, Rōben wore an amulet of Kannon Bodhisattva since he was a baby, which his mother recognized when she came to Nara as a pilgrim. Records with the Ministry of Justice in Nara at the time, do record Rōben as having been raised as a monk since infancy, but do not state anything further as to his origins.
Rōben first studied Hossō Buddhism under the monk (d. 728).[2] Gien and his disciples Rōben and Gyōki are considered to have created the foundation of Japanese Buddhism at the beginning of the Nara period.[1] In 733, the fifth year of the Tenpyō era, Rōben oversaw expansion and construction of and the massive bronze statue of Vairocana Buddha under the patronage of Emperor Shōmu (724 - 749).[1] Kinshō-ji is now the Hokke-dō hall of Tōdai-ji.[3]
In 740, the twelfth year of the Tenpyō era, an eminent Korean monk of the Silla kingdom (57 BC - 935 AD) named Simsang (Korean: 審祥, known as Shinjō in Japan, was invited by Rōben to Japan to help establish a new sect based on the Huayan school of thought.[2] This led to the foundation of the Kegon school of Buddhism with permission from Emperor Shōmu. Rōben subsequently became the second patriarch of the Kegon school.[1]
Rōben later presided over the drawing of the eyes ceremony of the Great Buddha statue at Tōdai-ji in 751. He was first a bettō monk at Tōdai-ji,[3] but was later promoted to be a high Buddhist priest of the temple.[2]
Rōben spent the final years of his life on the establishment of Ishiyama-dera in present-day Ōtsu, Shiga Prefecture.[2] He died on November 16, 773 at the age of 85 at or near Uda in present-day Nara Prefecture.[3]