Roald Hoffmann Explained

Roald Hoffmann
Birth Name:Roald Safran
Birth Date:18 July 1937
Birth Place:Złoczów, Second Polish Republic
Nationality:American
Field:Theoretical Chemistry
Work Institutions:Cornell University
Alma Mater:Columbia University
Harvard University
Thesis Title:Theory of Polyhedral Molecules: Second Quantization and Hypochromism in Helices.
Thesis Year:1962
Thesis Url:http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990038695720203941/catalog
Doctoral Students:Jing Li
Notable Students:Jeffrey R. Long (undergraduate), Karen Goldberg (undergraduate)
Known For:Woodward–Hoffmann rules
Extended Hückel method
Isolobal principle
Children:2

Roald Hoffmann (born Roald Safran; July 18, 1937)[1] is a Polish-American theoretical chemist who won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He has also published plays and poetry. He is the Frank H. T. Rhodes Professor of Humane Letters Emeritus at Cornell University.[2] [3] [4] [5]

Early life

Escape from the Holocaust

Hoffmann was born in Złoczów, Poland (now Zolochiv, Ukraine), to a Polish-Jewish family, and was named in honor of the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. His parents were Clara (Rosen), a teacher, and Hillel Safran, a civil engineer.[6] After Germany invaded Poland and occupied the town, his family was placed in a labor camp where his father, who was familiar with much of the local infrastructure, was a valued prisoner. As the situation grew more dangerous, with prisoners being transferred to extermination camps, the family bribed guards to allow an escape. They arranged with a Ukrainian neighbor named Mykola Dyuk for Hoffmann, his mother, two uncles and an aunt to hide in the attic and a storeroom of the local schoolhouse, where they remained for eighteen months, from January 1943 to June 1944, while Hoffmann was aged 5 to 7.[7] [8]

His father remained at the labor camp, but was able to occasionally visit, until he was tortured and killed by the Germans for his involvement in a plot to arm the camp prisoners. When she received the news, his mother attempted to contain her sorrow by writing down her feelings in a notebook her husband had been using to take notes on a relativity textbook he had been reading. While in hiding his mother kept Hoffmann entertained by teaching him to read and having him memorize geography from textbooks stored in the attic, then quizzing him on it. He referred to the experience as having been enveloped in a cocoon of love.[9] [8] In 1944 they moved to Kraków where his mother remarried. They adopted her new husband's surname Hoffmann.

Most of the rest of the family was killed in the Holocaust, though one grandmother and a few others survived.[10] They migrated to the United States on the troop carrier Ernie Pyle in 1949.[11]

Hoffmann visited Zolochiv with his adult son (by then a parent of a five-year-old) in 2006 and found that the attic where he had hidden was still intact, but the storeroom had been incorporated, ironically enough, into a chemistry classroom. In 2009, a monument to Holocaust victims was built in Zolochiv on Hoffmann's initiative.[12]

Personal life

Hoffmann married Eva Börjesson in 1960. They have two children, Hillel Jan and Ingrid Helena.

He is an atheist.[13]

Education and academic credentials

Hoffmann graduated in 1955 from New York City's Stuyvesant High School,[14] [15] where he won a Westinghouse science scholarship. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree at Columbia University (Columbia College) in 1958. He earned his Master of Arts degree in 1960 from Harvard University. He earned his doctor of philosophy degree from Harvard University while working under joint supervision of Martin Gouterman and subsequent 1976 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner William N. Lipscomb, Jr. Hoffman worked on the molecular orbital theory of polyhedral molecules.[14] Under Lipscomb's direction the Extended Hückel method was developed by Lawrence Lohr and by Roald Hoffmann. This method was later extended by Hoffmann. In 1965, he went to Cornell University and has remained there, where he is a professor emeritus.

Scientific research

Hoffmann's research and interests have been in the electronic structure of stable and unstable molecules, and in the study of transition states in reactions.[16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] He has investigated the structure and reactivity of both organic and inorganic molecules, and examined problems in organo-metallic and solid-state chemistry.[11] Hoffman has developed semiempirical and nonempirical computational tools and methods such as the extended Hückel method which he proposed in 1963 for determining molecular orbitals.[23]

With Robert Burns Woodward he developed the Woodward–Hoffmann rules for elucidating reaction mechanisms and their stereochemistry. They realized that chemical transformations could be approximately predicted from subtle symmetries and asymmetries in the electron orbitals of complex molecules. Their rules predict differing outcomes, such as the types of products that will be formed when two compounds are activated by heat compared with those produced under activation by light.[24] For this work Hoffmann received the 1981 Nobel Prize in chemistry, sharing it with Japanese chemist Kenichi Fukui,[25] who had independently resolved similar issues. (Woodward was not included in the prize, which is given only to living persons, although he had won the 1965 prize for other work.) In his Nobel Lecture, Hoffmann introduced the isolobal analogy for predicting the bonding properties of organometallic compounds.[26]

Some of Hoffman's most recent work, with Neil Ashcroft and Vanessa Labet, examines bonding in matter under extreme high pressure.[11]

Artistic interests

The World Of Chemistry with Roald Hoffmann

In 1988 Hoffmann became the series host in a 26-program PBS education series by Annenberg/CPB, The World of Chemistry, opposite with series demonstrator Don Showalter. While Hoffmann introduced a series of concepts and ideas, Showalter provided a series of demonstrations and other visual representations to help students and viewers to better understand the information.

Entertaining Science

Since the spring of 2001, Hoffmann has been the host of the monthly series Entertaining Science at New York City's Cornelia Street Cafe,[27] which explores the juncture between the arts and science.

Non-fiction

He has published books on the connections between art and science: Roald Hoffmann on the Philosophy, Art, and Science of Chemistry and Beyond the Finite: The Sublime in Art and Science.[28]

Poetry

Hoffmann is also a writer of poetry.[29] His collections include The Metamict State (1987,),[30] Gaps and Verges (1990,),[31] and Chemistry Imagined, co-produced with artist Vivian Torrence.[31]

Plays

He co-authored with Carl Djerassi the play Oxygen, about the discovery of oxygen and the experience of being a scientist. Hoffman's play, "Should've" (2006) about ethics in science and art, has been produced in workshops, as has a play based on his experiences in the holocaust, "We Have Something That Belongs to You" (2009), later retitled "Something That Belongs to You.[28] [32]

Honors and awards

Nobel Prize in Chemistry

In 1981, Hoffmann received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which he shared with Kenichi Fukui "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions".[33] [34]

Other awards

Hoffmann has won many other awards, and is the recipient of more than 25 honorary degrees.[35]

Hoffmann is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science[62] and the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.[63]

In August 2007, the American Chemical Society held a symposium at its biannual national meeting to honor Hoffmann's 70th birthday.[64]

In 2008, the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities awarded him its Lichtenberg Medal.

In August 2017, another symposium was held at the 254th American Chemical Society National Meeting in Washington DC, to honor Hoffmann's 80th birthday.[65]

The Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials in Shenzhen, named after him, was founded in his honor in February 2018[66] and formally opened in his presence in May 2019.[67]

In 2023, Roald Hoffmann was named by Carnegie Corporation of New York as an honoree of the Great Immigrants Awards.[68]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Hoffmann's birth name was Roald Safran. Hoffmann is the surname adopted by his stepfather in the years after World War II.
  2. Hoffman . J. . Q&A: Chemical connector Roald Hoffmann talks about language, ethics and the sublime . 10.1038/480179a . Nature . 480 . 7376 . 179 . 2011 . 2011Natur.480..179H . free .
  3. Web site: Roald Hoffmann - Biographical. nobelprize.org. June 2, 2020. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20081204142324/http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1981/hoffmann-autobio.html. December 4, 2008. mdy-all.
  4. Web site: Photograph of Roald Hoffman. kewgardensmovie.com. May 9, 2018. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222524/http://www.kewgardensmovie.com/schedule-hoffman.html. March 3, 2016. mdy-all.
  5. Web site: Roald Hoffmann. www.nndb.com. May 9, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170117005337/http://www.nndb.com/people/653/000100353/. January 17, 2017. mdy-all.
  6. Web site: Roald Hoffmann . HowStuffWorks . October 4, 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131005015520/http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/famous-scientists/chemists/roald-hoffmann-info.htm . October 5, 2013 . mdy-all . July 2010.
  7. The rescue of Roald Hoffmann at Yad Vashem website
  8. Book: Roald Hoffmann, interviewed by David J. Caruso in Cornell University on October 16, 2014. Oral History Transcript 0925 . 2020 . Philadelphia, PA. .
  9. Web site: The Moth: The Long Ukrainian Winters - Roald Hoffmann . YouTube . January 15, 2012 . featuring Roald Hoffman, lecture at the World Science Festival. Web site: World Science Festival Video : Moth: The Long Ukrainian Winters . January 13, 2012 . January 15, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120115223218/http://worldsciencefestival.com/videos/moth_the_long_ukrainian_winters . bot: unknown .
  10. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5519776 The Tense Middle
  11. Hoffmann. Roald. Passerelles. Chemical Heritage Magazine. 2012. 30. 2. 37. 20 March 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180321132221/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/passerelles. March 21, 2018. mdy-all.
  12. http://jta.org/news/article/2009/07/20/1006633/holocaust-monument-dedicated-in-western-ukraine Holocaust monument dedicated in western Ukraine
  13. Liberato Cardellini: "A final and more personal question: You defined yourself as 'an atheist who is moved by religion'. Looking at the tenor of your life and the many goals you have achieved, one wonders where your inner force comes from." Roald Hoffmann: "The atheism and the respect for religion come form (sic) the same source. I observe that in every culture on Earth, absolutely every one, human beings have constructed religious systems. There is a need in us to try to understand, to see that there is something that unites us spiritually. So scientists who do not respect religion fail in their most basic task—observation. Human beings need the spiritual. The same observation reveals to me a multitude of religious constructions—gods of nature, spirits, the great monotheistic religions. It seems to me there can't be a God or gods; there are just manifestations of a human-constructed spirituality." Liberato Cardellini, Looking for Connections: An Interview with Roald Hoffmann, page 1634.
  14. Cardellini. Liberato. Looking for Connections: An Interview with Roald Hoffmann. Journal of Chemical Education. 2007. 84. 10. 1631–1635. 3 April 2015. 10.1021/ed084p1631. 2007JChEd..84.1631C. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150407142259/http://www.roaldhoffmann.com/sites/all/files/documents/24/cardellini.pdf. April 7, 2015. mdy-all.
  15. Web site: Roald Hoffmann's land between chemistry, poetry and philosophy . October 31, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031913/http://www.roaldhoffmann.com/pn/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=11&page=1 . January 19, 2008 . mdy-all .
  16. 10.1063/1.1732484. Theory of Polyhedral Molecules. III. Population Analyses and Reactivities for the Carboranes. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 36. 12. 3489. 1962. Hoffmann . R. . Lipscomb . W. N. . 1962JChPh..36.3489H.
  17. 10.1063/1.1732849. Theory of Polyhedral Molecules. I. Physical Factorizations of the Secular Equation. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 36. 8. 2179. 1962. Hoffmann . R. . Lipscomb . W. N. . 1962JChPh..36.2179H.
  18. 10.1063/1.1733113. Boron Hydrides: LCAO—MO and Resonance Studies. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 37. 12. 2872. 1962. Hoffmann . R. . Lipscomb . W. N. . 1962JChPh..37.2872H.
  19. 10.1063/1.1701367. Sequential Substitution Reactions on B10H10−2 and B12H12−2. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 37. 3. 520. 1962. 1962JChPh..37..520H. Hoffmann . R. . Lipscomb . W. N.. 95702477.
  20. 10.1021/ic50005a066. Intramolecular Isomerization and Transformations in Carboranes and Substituted Polyhedral Molecules. Inorganic Chemistry. 2. 231–232. 1963. Hoffmann. R.. Lipscomb. W. N.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150511064356/http://roaldhoffmann.com/sites/all/files/10.pdf. May 11, 2015. mdy-all.
  21. 10.1063/1.1734456. An Extended Hückel Theory. I. Hydrocarbons. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 39. 6. 1397–1412. 1963. 1963JChPh..39.1397H. Hoffmann . R..
  22. Lipscomb WN. Boron Hydrides, W. A. Benjamin Inc., New York, 1963, Chapter 3.
  23. Web site: Roald Hoffmann - Biographical. Nobel Prize. 20 March 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150328010319/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1981/hoffmann-bio.html. March 28, 2015. mdy-all.
  24. Web site: Robert Burns Woodward. Science History Institute. 20 March 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180321132304/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/robert-burns-woodward. March 21, 2018. mdy-all. June 2016.
  25. Buckingham . A. D. . A. David Buckingham. Nakatsuji . H. . 10.1098/rsbm.2001.0013 . Kenichi Fukui. 4 October 1918 -- 9 January 1998: Elected F.R.S. 1989 . . 47 . 223–237 . 2001 . Kenichi Fukui . free .
  26. Web site: Hoffmann. Roald. Building bridges between inorganic and organic chemistry - Nobel lecture, 8 December 1981. Nobel Prize. 20 March 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20141008042914/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1981/hoffman-lecture.pdf. October 8, 2014. mdy-all.
  27. Web site: A Brief History. The Cornelia Street Café. March 22, 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130708121800/http://corneliastreetcafe.com/about.html. July 8, 2013. mdy-all.
  28. News: Romanska. Magda. Between Art and Science: A Conversation with Roald Hoffmann. 20 March 2015. Cosmopolitan Review. June 14, 2014. live. http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150320140339/http://cosmopolitanreview.com/roald-hoffman/. March 20, 2015. mdy-all.
  29. News: Amato. Ivan. Roald Hoffmann: Chemist And Poet. 20 March 2015. Chemical & Engineering News. August 21, 2007. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402191530/https://cenboston.wordpress.com/2007/08/21/roald-hoffman-chemist-and-poet/. April 2, 2015. mdy-all.
  30. News: 25 years ago: Roald Hoffmann publishes his poetry. 20 March 2015. Chemistry World. Energy Science Technology. 28 February 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150427012452/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2013/02/25-years-ago-roald-hoffmann-publishes-poetry. April 27, 2015. mdy-all.
  31. News: Browne. Malcolm W.. SCIENTIST AT WORK: Roald Hoffmann; Seeking Beauty In Atoms. 20 March 2015. New York Times. July 6, 1993. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121948/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/06/science/scientist-at-work-roald-hoffmann-seeking-beauty-in-atoms.html. April 2, 2015. mdy-all.
  32. Web site: Something That Belongs To You. www.roaldhoffmann.com. 2019-06-12. July 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190701083139/http://roaldhoffmann.com/something-belongs-you. dead.
  33. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1981/ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981
  34. Web site: Roald Hoffmann . 2012-11-20 . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20080422060802/http://www.chem.cornell.edu/faculty/index.asp?fac=32 . April 22, 2008 . mdy-all . . Cornell Chemistry Faculty Research
  35. Web site: Ziabari. Kourosh. I Heard On Radio That I Was Awarded The Nobel Prize : Prof. Roald Hoffmann. Counter Currents. 12 October 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222724/http://www.countercurrents.org/ziabari021112.htm. September 23, 2015. mdy-all.
  36. Web site: ACS Award in Pure Chemistry. ACS Chemistry for Life. American Chemical Society. 3 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150405121808/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/funding-and-awards/awards/national/bytopic/acs-award-in-pure-chemistry.html. April 5, 2015. mdy-all.
  37. Web site: Award Winners. International Academy of Quantum Molecular Sciences. 3 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150908112331/http://www.iaqms.org/awards.php. September 8, 2015. mdy-all.
  38. Web site: Professor Roald Hoffmann. American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 3 April 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150409052636/https://www.amacad.org/content/system/search.aspx?s=Hoffmann. April 9, 2015. mdy-all.
  39. Web site: Roald Hoffmann. www.nasonline.org. May 9, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160629140143/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/54497.html. June 29, 2016. mdy-all.
  40. Web site: Arthur C. Cope Award. ACS Chemistry for Life. American Chemical Society. 3 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150407065344/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/funding-and-awards/awards/national/bytopic/arthur-c-cope-award.html. April 7, 2015. mdy-all.
  41. Web site: ACS Award in Inorganic Chemistry. ACS Chemistry for Life. American Chemical Society. 3 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150407065342/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/funding-and-awards/awards/national/bytopic/acs-award-in-inorganic-chemistry.html. April 7, 2015. mdy-all.
  42. Web site: Print National Medal of Science Winners. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. 3 April 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150320035302/http://www.sloan.org/sloan-research-fellowships/national-medal-of-science-winners/. March 20, 2015. mdy-all.
  43. Web site: Roald Hoffmann (1937–). National Medal of Science 50th Anniversary. National Science Foundation. 3 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150418214343/http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/medalofscience50/hoffmann.jsp. April 18, 2015. mdy-all.
  44. Web site: Roald Hoffmann. NNDB Tracking the Entire World. 3 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20141227172648/http://www.nndb.com/people/653/000100353/. December 27, 2014. mdy-all.
  45. Web site: Foreign Members. The Royal Society. 3 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150712011053/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/foreign-members/. July 12, 2015. mdy-all.
  46. Web site: Roald Hoffmann. Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 3 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150408034038/http://www.kva.se/en/contact/Kontakt-sida/?personId=648. April 8, 2015. mdy-all.
  47. Book: SPHINX Yearbook 2022-2023 . Societas Scientiarum Fennica . 2023 . Helsinki . 331.
  48. News: King. Julia. Nobelist Roald Hoffmann: Chemist, Poet, Above All A Teacher. 20 March 2015. The Scientist. December 11, 1989. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402190206/http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view%2FarticleNo%2F10792%2Ftitle%2FNobelist-Roald-Hoffmann--Chemist--Poet--Above-All-A-Teacher%2F. April 2, 2015. mdy-all.
  49. Web site: GSAS Centennial Medalists. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Harvard University. 3 April 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150409102531/https://www.gsas.harvard.edu/alumni/gsas_centennial_medalists.php. April 9, 2015. mdy-all.
  50. Hoffmann. Roald. Teach to Search: ACS 1996 Pimentel Award. Journal of Chemical Education. September 1996. 73. 9. A202. 10.1021/ed073pA202. 1996JChEd..73A.202H. free.
  51. Web site: Abrahams. Sidney. Elizabeth Armstrong Wood (1912-2006). 11 November 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010030/http://www.iucr.org/news/newsletter/volume-14/number-4/elizabeth-armstrong-wood-1912-2007. March 5, 2016. mdy-all.
  52. Web site: Koch. Wolfram. Theaterdonner auf dem Chemiker-Kongress. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153616/http://djerassi.com/german17/index.html. April 2, 2015. mdy-all.
  53. Web site: Kolos Medal Laureates. Warsaw University. Faculty of Chemistry. 3 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150119223910/http://www.chem.uw.edu.pl/people/AMyslinski/Kolos/recipients.html. January 19, 2015. mdy-all.
  54. Web site: American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal. Science History Institute. 20 March 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180202071752/https://www.sciencehistory.org/american-institute-of-chemists-gold-medal. February 2, 2018. mdy-all. 2016-05-31.
  55. Web site: Chemist and writer Roald Hoffmann wins Grady-Stack Award for science journalism. ACS Chemistry for Life. American Chemical Society. March 22, 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150407123259/http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/newsreleases/2009/march/chemist-and-writer-roald-hoffmann-wins-grady-stack-award-for-science-journalism.html. April 7, 2015. mdy-all.
  56. Web site: ACS Fellows. ACS Chemistry for Life. American Chemical Society. 3 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150407190323/http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/funding-and-awards/fellows/list-of-2009-acs-fellows.html. April 7, 2015. mdy-all.
  57. Web site: Kosciuszko Foundation - American Center of Polish culture - Eminent Scientists of Polish Origin and Ancestry. www.thekf.org. May 9, 2018. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20180509145002/https://www.thekf.org/kf/programs/eminentscientists/. May 9, 2018. mdy-all.
  58. NOVEMBER MEETINGTHE ULLYOT PUBLIC AFFAIRS LECTUREPresentation byDr. Roald HoffmannCornell UniversityThe Same and Not the Same:The Many Faces of Diversity in Science and Society . The Catalyst. Philadelphia Section, ACS . 2019 . 104 . 9 . 139–140 . 18 February 2020.
  59. Web site: Ullyot Public Affairs Lecture. Science History Institute. 16 February 2019. May 31, 2016.
  60. Web site: Laureaci Medali i Nagród PTChem . 2020-02-22.
  61. Web site: 100 Years Polish Chemical Society . chemistryviews.org . Vera Koester . 7 September 2019. 25 April 2023.
  62. Web site: Roald Hoffmann. International Academy of Quantum Molecular Sciences. 3 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150408052450/http://www.iaqms.org/members/hoffmann.php. April 8, 2015. mdy-all.
  63. Web site: Board of Sponsors. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 3 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150325085430/http://thebulletin.org/board-sponsors-0. March 25, 2015. mdy-all.
  64. Book: Kovac. Jeffrey. Weisberg. Michael. Roald Hoffmann on the philosophy, art, and science of chemistry. 2012. Oxford University Press. New York. 978-0-19-975590-5. 3 April 2015.
  65. Web site: Chemical Bonding and Reactivity Spanning the Periodic Table: A Symposium in Honor of Roald Hoffmann – PCCP Blog. blogs.rsc.org. en-US. 2017-09-12. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912192401/http://blogs.rsc.org/cp/2017/08/31/chemical-bonding-and-reactivity-spanning-the-periodic-table-a-symposium-in-honor-of-roald-hoffmann/. September 12, 2017. mdy-all.
  66. Web site: Ten Nobel prize-winning laboratories tell you: why do top scientists favor Shenzhen?.
  67. Web site: Inauguration Ceremony of Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials and International Symposium on Advanced Functional Materials held at Shenzhen Polytechnic. 2021-06-18. edu.gd.gov.cn. June 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202116/http://edu.gd.gov.cn/zxzx/gdjy/content/post_2470829.html. dead.
  68. Web site: Great Immigrants Awards: Roald Hoffmann .

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