| Riyadh city wall | |
| Native Name: | Arabic: سور مدينة الرياض |
| Partof: | Old Riyadh |
| Type: | Series of earth-structured defensive fortifications |
| Built: | 1740s |
| Builder: | Dahham ibn Dawwas |
| Materials: | Mud-brick |
| Fate: | demolished |
The Riyadh city fortifications were series of earth-structured defensive walls with watchtowers and gates that encircled the walled town of Riyadh, in modern-day Riyadh, Saudi Arabia intermittently from 1740s[1] until they were finally demolished in 1950.[2] Subsequently, Riyadh outgrew as a metropolis[3] and the area covering the perimeters of the walled town was renamed as the Qasr al-Hukm District in 1973. The town within the walls served as the administrative center of the Saudi government until 1944, when King Abdulaziz ibn Saud shifted his workplace and residence to the Murabba Palace.
The early origins of the wall dated back to 18th century during the reign of Riyadh's ruler Daham bin Dawas al-Shaalan and was razed and rebuilt on numerous occasions over the course of time. The wall was renovated for the last time by Ibn Saud soon after the Battle of Riyadh in 1902 before it was finally demolished in 1950 in order to pave the way for the city's expansion.[4] The wall had 9 gates, which were known as darawiz[5], the plural Arabized form of the Persian word darwazah, meaning gateway.
Historical accounts largely credit Riyadh's 18th century ruler Daham bin Dawas al-Shalaan for being the first one to erect a wall around Riyadh in around 1740s.[6] After expelling the Ottoman-backed Egyptian forces from Najd and reinstating the Second Saudi State in 1824, Imam Turki al-Saud ordered the reconstruction of Daham's walls.[7] However, after the victory of the Rashidi dynasty in the Battle of Mulayda against the House of Saud in 1891, the new ruler of Najd Ibn Rashid went on to desecrate and destroy much of al-Saud's structures, including the Riyadh wall.[8] After Ibn Saud deposed the Rashidis in 1902 after the Battle of Riyadh, he ordered the rehabilitation of the wall in order to safeguard the city from trespassers and invaders and was demolished nearly four decades later in 1950 when Riyadh underwent modernization and expansion. In 1932, Ibn Saud established the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and declared Riyadh to be the capital of the country. The walled town remained as the administrative center until 1944, when Ibn Saud shifted to Murabba Palace and made it his new official workplace.
The Riyadh city wall had around 10 gates and 20 watchtowers.[9]
The following were within the walls: