Kaveri Explained

Kaveri
Name Other:Cauvery
Subdivision Type1:Country
Subdivision Name1:India
Subdivision Type2:States
Subdivision Name2:Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry
Subdivision Type3:Region
Subdivision Name3:Southern India
Subdivision Type4:Origin
Subdivision Name4:Kodagu, Karnataka
Length:805km (500miles)[1]
Discharge1 Location:Lower Caleroon Anicut (58.5 km upstream of mouth; Basin size:
Discharge1 Min:[2]
Discharge1 Avg:(Period: 1998-2022)[3] 677m3/s
Discharge1 Max:[4]
Discharge2 Location:Grand Anicut (South; 140 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: [5] to [6]
Discharge2 Min:[7]
Discharge2 Avg:(Period: 1976-1979)400.716m3/s[8] (Period: 1998-2022)[9]
Discharge2 Max:[10]
Source1:Talakaveri, Kodagu, Western Ghats, Karnataka
Source1 Location:Karnataka, India
Source1 Coordinates:12.3833°N 104°W
Source1 Elevation:1341m (4,400feet)
Mouth:Bay of Bengal
Mouth Location:Poompuhar, Tamil Nadu, India
Mouth Elevation:0m (00feet)
Basin Size:81155km2
Tributaries Left:Harangi, Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavati, Sarabanga, Thirumanimutharu
Tributaries Right:Lakshmana Tirtha, Kabini, Bhavani, Noyyal, Amaravati, Moyar

The Kaveri (also known as Cauvery, the anglicised name) is one of the major Indian rivers flowing through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The Kaveri River rises at Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range in the Western Ghats, Kodagu district of the state of Karnataka, at an elevation of 1,341 m above mean sea level and flows for about 800 km before its outfall into the Bay of Bengal. It reaches the sea in Poompuhar, in Mayiladuthurai district. It is the third largest river after Godavari and Krishna in southern India, and the largest in the state of Tamil Nadu, which, on its course, bisects the state into north and south. In ancient Tamil literature, the river was also called Ponni (the golden mother, in reference to the fine silt it deposits).[11] [12] [13]

The Kaveri is a sacred river to the people of Southern India and is worshipped as the Goddess Kaveriamma (Mother Cauvery). It is considered to be among the seven holy rivers of India.[14] It is extensively used for agriculture in both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

The catchment area of the Kaveri basin is estimated to be 81155km2 with many tributaries including Harangi, Hemavati, Kabini, Bhavani, Lakshmana Tirtha, Noyyal, and Arkavati. The river basin covers three states and a Union Territory as follows: Tamil Nadu, 43868km2; Karnataka, 34273km2; Kerala, 2866km2; and Puducherry, 148km2.[15] In Chamarajanagar district it forms the island of Shivanasamudra, on either side of which are the scenic Shivanasamudra Falls that descend about 100m (300feet).[16] The river is the source for an extensive irrigation system and for hydroelectric power.[17] The river has supported irrigated agriculture for centuries and served as the lifeblood of the ancient kingdoms and modern cities of southern India. Access to the river's waters has pitted Indian states against each other for decades. It was profusely described in the Tamil Sangam literature and is held in great reverence in Hinduism. The Kaveri River delta is a thickly populated delta, one which is frequently affected by tropical cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal.

Etymology

Dravidian

Sanskrit

Marudvṛdhā is another hypothesised name for this river, meaning "the beloved of the Maruts".[18] However, this is unlikely as Marudvrdhā is also identified with a river in Punjab.[19]

Epithets

The Kaveri River is also known as Daksina Ganga, the "Ganges of the South"[20] and Kaveri Amman when worshipped as a river goddess.[21] In ancient Tamil literature, the river was also called Ponni (the golden maid, in reference to the fine silt it deposits).

Course

The Kaveri River is a perennial, monsoon rain fed river. It rises at Talakaveri, located in the Kodagu district in the Indian state of Karnataka.[22] After the river leaves the Kodagu hills it flows onto the Deccan plateau and forms two islands, Srirangapatna and Shivanasamudra. At Shivanasamudra, the river drops 91abbr=onNaNabbr=on and forms the Shivanasamudra Falls, India's second largest waterfall. The falls are made up of two rapids called Gagana Chukki and Bhara Chukki. The river converges after the falls and passes through the Mekedatu gorge.[23]

The river enters Tamil Nadu through the Dharmapuri district and meanders until the Hogenakkal Falls. From there, it flows towards the town of Salem and enters the Stanley Reservoir in Mettur, where the Mettur Dam was constructed in 1934. After passing the reservoir, the Bhavani River, a main right bank tributary, joins with the Kaveri River.

The river then enters the Tiruchirappalli district and eventually splits into two branches, the northern part is called the Kollidam River or Coleroon, and the southern part of the river retains the name "Kaveri". After flowing for 16km (10miles) the two rivers converge and form the Srirangam Island, and then further branches off into 36 different channels. The river travels 765km (475miles) before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.[24]

Discharge

Average, minimum and maximum discharge (m3/s) of the Kaveri River at Grand Anicut and Lower Caleroon Anicut (Lower Anicut). Period from 1998 to 2022.[25] [26]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: INTEGRATED HYDROLOGICAL DATA BOOK. Central Water Commission, India. 92. 13 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20160402104009/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/IHD2015_final.pdf. 2 April 2016. dead. dmy-all.
  2. Web site: River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2043.
  3. Web site: River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2043.
  4. Web site: River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2043.
  5. Web site: Gauging Station - Data Summary. RivDis. 1 October 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215927/http://daac.ornl.gov/rivdis/STATIONS/TEXT/INDIA/1263/SUMMARY.HTML. 4 October 2013. dmy-all.
  6. Web site: River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042.
  7. Web site: River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042.
  8. Web site: Gauging Station - Data Summary. RivDis. 1 October 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215927/http://daac.ornl.gov/rivdis/STATIONS/TEXT/INDIA/1263/SUMMARY.HTML. 4 October 2013. dmy-all.
  9. Web site: River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042.
  10. Web site: River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042.
  11. Web site: Daughter of Ponni. 27 April 2014. indianexpress. 27 April 2014.
  12. Web site: Cauvery Chronicles II: Ponni's Perish. newslaundry. 8 February 2020.
  13. Web site: The death of a river. 11 June 2019. millenniumpost. 11 June 2019.
  14. Web site: Cauvery basin: its culture, places of historical significance, birth place, climate, precipitation, catchment, tributaries, state-wise spread, landuse. www.indiawaterportal.org. 2020-05-12.
  15. Web site: INTEGRATED HYDROLOGICAL DATA BOOK. 6 September 2012. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034528/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/integrated-hydrological-data-non-classified-river-basins-cwc-mowr-2012.pdf. dead.
  16. Web site: World Waterfall Database. 9 November 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20061114204057/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=149. 14 November 2006. dead.
  17. Web site: Shivasamudram Falls. cauvery.com. 11 November 2006.
  18. Web site: MW . 2022-07-18 . www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de.
  19. Blažek . Václav . 2021 . Volha – řeka sedmi jmen . Linguistica Brunensia . 1 . 5–38 . 10.5817/lb2021-1-1 . 239062051 . 1803-7410. free .
  20. Web site: Kaveri River river, India Britannica . 2023-02-15 . www.britannica.com . en.
  21. Book: Warrier, Shrikala . Kamandalu: The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism . Mayur University . 2014 . 20, 192–195. 9780953567973 .
  22. Book: Jain . Sharad K. . Hydrology and Water Resources of India . Agarwal . Pushpendra K. . Singh . Vijay P. . Springer Science . 2007 . 702–711. 9781402051807 .
  23. Book: Singh, Dhruv Sen . The Indian rivers : scientific and socio-economic aspects . Springer Hydrogeology . 2018 . Singapore . 354–356.
  24. Book: Ramkumar . Mu . Environmental Management of River Basin Ecosystems . Kumaraswamy . K. . Mohanraj . R. . Springer . 2015 . 286.
  25. Web site: River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2042.
  26. Web site: River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry - 2043.
  27. Nagendra . R. . Nallapa Reddy . A. . 2017-01-01 . Major geologic events of the Cauvery Basin, India and their correlation with global signatures – A review . Journal of Palaeogeography . 6 . 1 . 69–83 . 10.1016/j.jop.2016.09.002 . free .
  28. Subrahmanya . K. R. . Prakash Narasimha . K. N. . October 2017 . Kaveri crater – An impact structure in the Precambrian terrain of southern India . Journal of the Geological Society of India . en . 90 . 4 . 387–395 . 10.1007/s12594-017-0733-5 . 134717819 . 0016-7622.
  29. Sunil . C. . Somashekar . R. K. . Nagaraja . B. C. . 2010-11-01 . Riparian vegetation assessment of Cauvery River Basin of South India . Environmental Monitoring and Assessment . 170 . 1 . 548 . 10.1007/s10661-009-1256-3. 20024615 . 19865294 .
  30. Web site: Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary Ramsar Sites Information Service . 2023-02-18 . rsis.ramsar.org.
  31. Book: Eck, Diana L. . India: A Sacred Geography . Harmony Books . 2012 . United States . 179. 9780385531917 .
  32. Web site: Chapter 26: Irrigation and power . 1st Five Year Plan . Planning Commission, Government of India . 1 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190328061837/http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/1st/1planch26.html . 28 March 2019 . dead .
  33. Web site: Archived copy . www.tce.co.in . 13 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070320070821/http://www.tce.co.in/infra/watersupply/bangalore.pdf#search=%22halli%20pipeline%20Bangalore%22 . 20 March 2007 . dead.
  34. News: Corporation urged to chalk out water policy for Mysore city . https://web.archive.org/web/20061029044318/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/26/stories/2006032614180300.htm . dead . 29 October 2006 . Chennai, India . . 26 March 2006.
  35. News: Cauvery reservoirs' inflow hits record low. 18 March 2011. Deccan Herald. 2 August 2003. Bangalore. https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020549/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug03/i3.asp. 6 April 2012. dead. dmy-all.
  36. Web site: TN assembly passes bill to declare Cauvery Delta as Protected Agricultural Zone. .
  37. Rani . Midatala . Rani . Middatala . 2002 . Historical Background Of The Cauvery Water Dispute . Proceedings of the Indian History Congress . 63 . 1033–1042 . 44158173 . JSTOR.
  38. Web site: Archived copy . 24 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180417132747/http://sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2007/11993/11993_2007_Judgement_16-Feb-2018.pdf . 17 April 2018 . dead .
  39. Web site: Judgement Copy- SC verdict on Cauvery water dispute. Scribd.
  40. Web site: Cauvery Water Management Scheme, 2018. Department of Water Resources, RD & GR.
  41. News: Supreme Court curtails Tamil Nadu's share of Cauvery water. Rajagopal. Krishnadas. 2018-02-16. The Hindu. 2019-12-02. en-IN. 0971-751X.
  42. Web site: Cauvery dispute. www.thenewsminute.com. 23 June 2018. 2019-12-02.

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