Rita Levi-Montalcini Explained

Rita Levi-Montalcini
Honorific Prefix:	Senator for life
Honorific Suffix:	OMRI OMCA
Birth Date:	22 April 1909
Birth Place:	Turin, Italy
Death Place:	Rome, Italy
Citizenship:	Italy, United States
Nationality:	Italian
Field:	Neurobiology
Work Institution:	Washington University in St. Louis
Alma Mater:	University of Turin
Known For:	Nerve growth factor
Module:	Embed: yes Office: Member of the Senate of the Republic Termlabel: Life tenure Appointed: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi Term Start: 1 August 2001 Term End: 30 December 2012

Rita Levi-Montalcini (^{[1] [2]} pronounced as /it/; 22 April 1909 – 30 December 2012) was an Italian neurobiologist. She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF).^[3]

From 2001 until her death, she also served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life.^[4] This honor was given due to her significant scientific contributions.^[5] On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age of 100,^[6] and the event was feted with a party at Rome's City Hall.^{[7] [8]}

Early life and education

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Turin,^[9] to Italian Jewish parents with roots dating back to the Roman Empire.^{[10] [11] [12]} She and her twin sister Paola were the youngest of four children.^[13] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a painter, and Adamo Levi, an electrical engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti and Casale Monferrato, respectively, to Turin at the turn of the twentieth century.^{[10] [14]}

In her teenage years, she considered becoming a writer and admired Swedish writer Selma Lagerlöf,^[15] but after seeing a close family friend die of stomach cancer she decided to attend the University of Turin Medical School.^[16] Her father discouraged his daughters from attending college, as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives as wives and mothers, but eventually he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations to become a doctor.^[10] While she was at the University of Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in the developing nervous system.^[6] After graduating summa cum laude M.D. in 1936, Montalcini remained at the university as Levi's assistant, but her academic career was cut short by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto of Race and the subsequent introduction of laws barring Jews from academic and professional careers.

Career and research

During World War II she set up a laboratory in her bedroom in Turin and studied the growth of nerve fibers in chicken embryos, discovering that nerve cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork for much of her later research.^[17] She described this experience decades later in the science documentary film Death by Design/The Life and Times of Life and Times (1997).^[18] The film also features her fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected artist best known for her aluminum sculptures designed to bring light to the rooms due to the reflective white surface.^[19]

When the Germans invaded Italy in September 1943, her family fled south to Florence, where they survived the Holocaust, under false identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.^[20] During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with the partisans of the Action Party.^[21] After the liberation of Florence in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for the Allied health service, providing critical care to those injured during the war. This period highlighted her resilience and commitment to medical science despite the tumultuous circumstances. Upon returning to Turin in 1945, she resumed her research activities.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship in the laboratory of Professor Viktor Hamburger at Washington University in St. Louis; he was interested in two of the articles Levi-Montalcini had published in foreign scientific journals.^[22] After she duplicated the results of her home laboratory experiments, Hamburger offered her a research associate position, which she held for 30 years. It was there that, in 1952, she did her most important work: isolating nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations of certain cancerous tissues that cause extremely rapid growth of nerve cells.^[23] The critical experiment was done with Hertha Meyer at the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in 1952. Their publication in 1954^[24] became the first definitive indication of the protein.^{[25] [26]}

By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini established a mass of cells that was full of nerve fibres. The discovery of nerves growing everywhere like a halo around the tumour cells was surprising. When describing it, Montalcini said it is: "like rivulets of water flowing steadily over a bed of stones." The nerve growth produced by the tumour was unlike anything she had seen before – the nerves took over areas that would become other tissues and even entered veins in the embryo. But nerves did not grow into the arteries, which would flow from the embryo back to the tumour. This suggested to Montalcini that the tumour itself was releasing a substance that was stimulating the growth of nerves. Her research led to the seminal publication "In vitro experiments on the effects of mouse sarcomas 180 and 37 on the spinal and sympathetic ganglia of the chick embryo" in 1954, which was a foundational work in identifying and understanding nerve growth factor (NGF). This discovery paved the way for future research in neurobiology and had profound implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.

She was made a full professor in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory in Rome and divided her time between there and St. Louis. In 1963, she became the first woman to receive the Max Weinstein Award (given by the United Cerebral Palsy Association) due to her significant contributions to neurological research.^[22]

From 1961 to 1969, she directed the Research Center of Neurobiology of the CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory of Cellular Biology.^[23] After she retired in 1977, she was appointed as director of the Institute of Cell Biology of the Italian National Council of Research in Rome. She later retired from that position in 1979, however continued to be involved as a guest professor.^[27]

Levi-Montalcini founded the European Brain Research Institute in 2002, and then served as its president.^{[28] [29]} Her role in this institute was at the centre of some criticism from some parts of the scientific community in 2010.^[30]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation of Levi-Montalcini with the Italian pharmaceutical concern Fidia. While working for Fidia, she improved her understanding of gangliosides. Beginning in 1975, she supported the drug Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced by Fidia from bovine brain tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful in the treatment of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).^{[31] [32]} Years later, some patients under treatment with Cronassial reported a severe neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome). As per the normal cautionary routine, Germany banned Cronassial in 1983, followed by other countries. Italy prohibited the drug only in 1993; at the same time, an investigation revealed that Fidia paid the Italian Ministry of Health for a quick approval of Cronassial and later paid for pushing the use of the drug in the treatment of diseases where it had not been tested.^{[33] [34] [35]} Levi-Montalcini's relationship with the company was revealed during the investigation, and she was criticized publicly.^[36]

In the 1990s, she was one of the first scientists to point out the importance of the mast cell in human pathology.^[37] In the same period (1993), she identified the endogenous compound palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell.^[38] Understanding this mechanism initiated a new era of research into this compound which has resulted in more discoveries regarding its mechanisms and benefits, a far better understanding of the endocannabinoid system and new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically for improved absorption and bioavailability.^[39]

Levi-Montalcini earned a Nobel Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology or medicine category. The two earned their Nobel Prizes for their research into the nerve growth factor (NGF), the protein that causes cell growth due to stimulated nerve tissue.^[40]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as Senator for Life by the President of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.^[9]

On 28–29 April 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, attended the opening assembly of the newly elected Senate, at which the President of the Senate was elected. She declared her preference for the centre-left candidate Franco Marini. Due to her support of the government of Romano Prodi, she was often criticized by some right-wing senators, who accused her of saving the government when the government's exiguous majority in the Senate was at risk. Her old age was mocked by far-right politician Francesco Storace.^{[41] [42]}

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's father, Adamo Levi, was an electrical engineer and mathematician, and her mother, Adele Montalcini, was a painter.^[43] The family's Jewish roots extend back to the Roman Empire; due to the family's strict and traditional background, Adamo was not supportive of women attending college as it would intrude in their ability to tend to the children and house.^[44]

Levi-Montalcini had an older brother Gino, who died after a heart attack in 1974. He was one of the best-known contemporary Italian architects and a professor at the University of Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five years older than Rita, and Paola, her twin sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.

In 2003, she filed a libel suit for defamation against Beppe Grillo. During a show, Grillo called the 94-year-old woman an "old whore".^[45]

Levi-Montalcini never married and had no children. In a 2006 interview, she said, "I never had any hesitation or regrets in this sense... My life has been enriched by excellent human relations, work and interests. I have never felt lonely." She remained active in scientific research and public life well into her later years, even attending the opening assembly of the newly elected Senate at the age of 97. She died in her home in Rome on 30 December 2012 at the age of 103. In honor of her legacy, numerous institutions, scholarships, and awards have been named after her. For instance, the Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation was established to support education and research for young women in Africa and Italy, ensuring her impact on science and society continues to inspire future generations. Additionally, various commemorative events and memorials, including a Google Doodle on her 106th birthday, celebrate her life and contributions to neurobiology.

Upon her death, the Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, stated it was a great loss "for all of humanity." He praised her as someone who represented "civic conscience, culture and the spirit of research of our time." Italian astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Sky TG24 TV in a tribute to her fellow scientist, "She is really someone to be admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and for her lifelong endeavour to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and moral efforts, saying she was an "inspiring" example for Italy and the world.^[46]

According to the former President of the Grand Orient of Italy, she was invited and participated in many cultural events organized by the main Italian Masonic organization.^[47]

Awards and honours

In 1966, she was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[48]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman^[49] elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.^[50] She was elected an EMBO Member in 1974.

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.^[51]

In 1974, she became a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences^[52]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.^[53]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was elected to the American Philosophical Society.^[54]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator Stanley Cohen received the Nobel Prize in Medicine,^[23] as well as the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research.^[55] This made her the fourth Nobel Prize winner to come from Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish community, after Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a university colleague and friend) and Franco Modigliani.

In 1987, she received the National Medal of Science, the highest American scientific honor.^[50]

In 1991, she received the Laurea Honoris Causa in Medicine from the University of Trieste, Italy. On that occasion, she expressed her desire to formulate a Carta of Human Duties as a necessary counterpart of the too much-neglected Declaration of Human Rights. The vision of Rita Levi-Montalcini came true with the issuing of the Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 of the International Council of Human Duties, International Council of Human Duties (ICHD), at the University of Trieste.^[56]

She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.^[57]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.^[58]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.^[59]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini received the degree Honoris Causa in Biomedical Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Turin, in her native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.

In 2009, she received the Leonardo da Vinci Award from the European Academy of Sciences.

In 2011, at the Sapienza University of Rome she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the McGill University, Canada.

She was a founding member of Città della Scienza.^[60] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy.

Other attributions

• In April 2016, a spontaneous orchid (a hybrid between Ophrys incubacea and Ophrys sphegodes subsp. classica), was named after her: 'Ophrys × montalciniae'.^[61]
• The videogame Elite Dangerous has named numerous space stations after her.^{[62] [63]}
• The card game "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" features Levi-Montalcini as one of 12 neurologist Luminaries.^[64]

See also

• Timeline of women in science
• List of Jewish Nobel laureates

Bibliography

• Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Praise of Imperfection: My Life and Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, New York, 1988.
• Yount, Lisa (1996). Twentieth Century Women Scientists. New York: Facts on File. .
• Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Lab of Her Own". Nautilus.
• Muhm, Myriam : Vage Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22. December 1986 Web site: L'Archivio "medicina – medicine" . Larchivio.org . 16 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110928012942/http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/myriammontalcini.htm . 28 September 2011 . dead.

Publications

• Origine ed Evoluzione del nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Tip. Cuggiani, 1942.
• Il messaggio nervoso, con Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
• New developments in neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol. III, n. 15, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 1976.
• Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987. (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).
• NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. .
• Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. .
• Presentazione di Max Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989. .
• Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
• Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991. .
• Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
• Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata. Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. .
• Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, con Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. .
• Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, in Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Europa. Vito Volterra e l'origine del CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. .
• Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. .
• Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, in 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
• Prefazione an American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica. Libro bianco, Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.
• Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. .
• L'asso nella manica a brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. .
• La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. .
• Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla. Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. .
• Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione e altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999. .
• L'Università delle tre culture. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
• Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000. .
• Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001. .
• Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. .
• Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004. .
• Abbi il coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004. .
• Lungo le vie della conoscenza. Un viaggio per sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005. .
• Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005. .
• I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006. .
• Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. .
• La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa in Italia e nel pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 e 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Re Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Bologna, Proctor, 2007. .
• Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta la scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007. .
• Le tue antenate. Donne pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008. .
• La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. .
• Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008. .
• Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009. .
• L'altra parte del mondo, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. .

Further reading

• Sandrone. Stefano. 1110057. 2013. Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012). Journal of Neurology. 260. 3. 940–41. 10.1007/s00415-013-6864-8 . 23417239. 2013Natur.493..306B.
  • Aloe . L. . Rita Levi-Montalcini: The discovery of nerve growth factor and modern neurobiology . 10.1016/j.tcb.2004.05.011 . Trends in Cell Biology . 14 . 7 . 395–99 . 2004 . 15246433 . 18124816 .
• 10.4065/78.12.1448 . Shampo . M. A. . Kyle . R. A. . Stamp vignette on medical science. Rita Levi-Montalcini – Nobel Prize for work in neurology . Mayo Clinic Proceedings . 78 . 12 . 1448 . 2003 . 14661672. free .
• Aloe . L. . Rita Levi-Montalcini and the discovery of nerve growth factor: Past and present studies . Archives Italiennes de Biologie . 141 . 2–3 . 65–83 . 2003 . 12825318.
• Cowan . W. M. . 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.551 . Viktor Hamburger Andrita Levi-Montalcini: The Path to the Discovery of Nerve Growth Factor . Annual Review of Neuroscience . 24 . 551–600 . 2001 . 11283321 .
• Goldstein . Bob . 1 December 2021 . A Lab of Her Own: Sheltered in her bedroom during WWII, Rita Levi-Montalcini discovered how the nervous system is wired. . Nautilus . 19 December 2021.
• Ribatti . D . 3904344 . The failed attribution of the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology to Viktor Hamburger for the discovery of Nerve Growth Factor. . Brain Research Bulletin . June 2016 . 124 . 306–09 . 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.02.019 . 26930162.
• 10.1016/S0736-5748(00)00081-2 . Provine . R. R. . 7753397 . In the trenches with Viktor Hamburger and Rita Levi-Montalcini (1965–1974): One student's perspective . International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience . 19 . 2 . 143–49 . 2001 . 11255028.
• Levi-Montalcini . R. . From a home-made laboratory to the Nobel Prize: An interview with Rita Levi-Montalcini . The International Journal of Developmental Biology . 44 . 6 . 563–66 . 2000 . 11061418.
• 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)82069-3 . Raju . T. N. . 54340580 . The Nobel chronicles. 1986: Stanley Cohen (b 1922); Rita Levi-Montalcini (b 1909) . Lancet . 355 . 9202 . 506 . 2000 . 10841166. Stanley Cohen (biochemist) .
• Aloe . L. . Rita Levi-Montalcini: A brief biographic view of past and present studies on nerve growth factor . 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19990515/01)45:4/5<207::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-E . Microscopy Research and Technique . 45 . 4–5 . 207–09 . 1999 . 10383112 . 43021978 . free .
• Bendiner . E. . Rita Levi-Montalcini and the unveiling of growth factors . Hospital Practice (Office Ed.) . 27 . 4A . 135–45 . 1992 . 1560084.
• Pécsi . T. . Nobel Prize for medicine, 1986 (Rita Levi-Montalcini) . Orvosi Hetilap . 128 . 20 . 1047–48 . 1987 . 3295669.
• 10.2500/108854187779045385 . Weltman . J. K. . The 1986 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine awarded for discovery of growth factors: Rita Levi-Montalcini, M.D., and Stanley Cohen, Ph.D . New England and Regional Allergy Proceedings . 8 . 1 . 47–48 . 1987 . 3302667. Stanley Cohen (biochemist) .
• Holloway. Marguerite. January 1993. Finding the Good in the Bad. Scientific American. 268. 32–36. 10.1038/scientificamerican0193-32.

External links

• • Interview with Rita Levi-Montalcini (dated 26 November 2008)
• Biography of Rita Levi-Montalcini at Embryo Project Encyclopedia
• Article in German
• The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
• AFP Biography (dated 22 April 2009) celebrating Rita Levi-Montalcini's 100th Birthday
• Is this the secret of eternal life? (Independent article on R L-M)
• Italians rally to condemn Nobel 'bribe' allegation: Professor rejects claim by civil servant that a pharmaceuticals firm 'bought' her 1986 prize for medicine
• An Annual Reviews Conversations Interview with Rita Levi-Montalcini (video)
• 1979 article in Scientific American describing the discovery of nerve growth factor

Notes and References

1. 10 August 2019.
2. 10 August 2019.
3. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986. The Nobel Foundation. 1 January 2013.
4. Bradshaw RA . Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012) Nobel prizewinning neurobiologist and eminent advocate for science. Nature. London . 493 . 7432 . 306 . 2013 . 23325208 . 10.1038/493306a. 2013Natur.493..306B. free .
5. Web site: Rita Levi-Montalcini. . Encyclopædia Britannica . 25 January 2020.
6. Abbott . A. . Neuroscience: One hundred years of Rita . 10.1038/458564a . Nature . 458 . 7238 . 564–567 . 2009 . 19340056. free .
7. News: The Doyenne of Neuroscience celebrates her 100th birthday. 31 December 2012. IBRO.
8. News: Owen. Richard. Secret of Longevity: No Food, No Husband, No Regrets or anything like that at all. 31 December 2012. Excelle. 30 April 2009. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211335/http://excelle.monster.com/news/articles/3264-secret-of-longevity-no-food-no-husband-no-regrets. dead.
9. Web site: Scheda di attività – Rita Levi-Montalcini. 1 January 2013.
10. News: Carey. Benedict. Dr. Rita Levi-Montalcini, Nobel Winner, Dies at 103. 30 December 2012. The New York Times.
11. News: Rita Levi-Montalcini . 2024-07-10 . The Economist . 0013-0613.
12. Web site: Homage to Rita Levi Montalcini. 20 July 2013. Costantino Ceoldo. 31 December 2012. Born and raised in a Sephardic Jewish family in which culture and love of learning were categorical imperatives, she abandoned religion and embraced atheism..
13. Web site: Five facts about Rita Levi-Montalcini, who figured out how neurons grow. Reynolds. Lauren. 15 March 2018. Massive Science.
14. Book: Levi-Montalcini, Rita. In Praise of Imperfection: My Life and Work. Basic Books. 28. registration. Mother and Father both came from Sephardic families which had moved respectively from Asti and Casale Monferrato, two towns of some importance in Piedmont, to settle in Turin at the turn of the century.. 18 April 1988. 1988piml.book.....L.
15. News: Krause-Jackson. Flavia. Martinuzzi. Elisa. Levi-Montalcini, Italian Nobel Laureate, Dies at 103. 30 December 2012. Bloomberg.
16. News: Siegel. Judy. Oldest living Nobel laureate arrives today on solidarity visit. 98- year-old Italian neurologist Rita Levi-Montalcini triumphed over Mussolini's anti-Jewish edicts. https://archive.today/20130131223754/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1440078621.html?dids=1440078621:1440078621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+04,+2008&author=JUDY+SIEGEL&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Oldest+living+Nobel+laureate+arrives+today+on+solidarity+visit.+98-+year-old+Italian+neurologist+Rita+Levi-Montalcini+triumphed+over+Mussolini's+anti-Jewish+edicts&pqatl=google. dead. 31 January 2013. 4 March 2008. The Jerusalem Post.
17. Goldstein . Bob . 2 December 2021 . A Lab of Her Own . Nautilus . 19 December 2021.
18. Web site: Death by Design: Where Parallel Worlds Meet. IMDb. 31 December 2012.
19. Web site: Di Genova . Giorgio . Paola Levi-Montalcini . Jewish Women's Archive.
20. "Rita Levi Montalcini", Treccani.it.
21. Web site: EBRI - European Brain Research Institute. 9 October 2018. 23 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190423031005/http://www.ebri.it/en/pagine/1_biografia_2_biography_30. dead.
22. Web site: Missouri Women in the Health Sciences - Biographies - Rita Levi-Montalcini.
23. News: Nobel-winning scientist Levi-Montalcini dies in Rome at 103, biologist studied growth factor. 30 December 2012. Fox News Channel.
24. Levi-Montalcini . R. . Meyer . H. . Hamburger . V. . 1954 . In vitro experiments on the effects of mouse sarcomas 180 and 37 on the spinal and sympathetic ganglia of the chick embryo . Cancer Research . 14 . 1 . 49–57 . 0008-5472 . 13126933.
25. Levi-Montalcini . Rita . Calissano . Pietro . 1979 . The Nerve-Growth Factor . Scientific American . 240 . 6 . 68–77 . 10.1038/scientificamerican0679-68 . 24965219 . 472707 . 0036-8733.
26. Levi-Montalcini . R. . 1998-11-16 . The saga of the nerve growth factor . NeuroReport . 9 . 16 . R71–83 . 0959-4965 . 9858356.
27. Book: Wasserman. Elga R.. The door in the dream : conversations with eminent women in science. 2000. Joseph Henry Press. 0-309-06568-2. 41. registration.
28. Web site: Rita Levi-Montalcini. Washington University. 31 December 2012.
29. Web site: The European Brain Research Institute in Rome. Network of European Neuroscience Institutes. 31 December 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120724141339/http://www.eni-net.org/organization/home-institutions/the-european-brain-research-institute-in-rome/. 24 July 2012.
30. 10.1038/463270a . 20090705 . Self-inflicted damage.The autocratic actions of an institute's founder could destroy a centre of excellence for brain research . Nature . 463 . 270 . 21 January 2010 . 7279. 2010Natur.463..270. . free .
31. Book: Horowitz SH . Ganglioside (Cronassial) Therapy in Diabetic Neuropathy . Ganglioside Structure, Function, and Biomedical Potential . 174 . 593–600 . 1984 . 6377852 . 10.1007/978-1-4684-1200-0_50. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 978-1-4684-1202-4 .
32. Staughton RC, Good J . Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of a mixture of gangliosides ('Cronassial') in post-herpetic neuralgia . Current Medical Research and Opinion . 12 . 3 . 169–76 . 1990 . 2272191 . 10.1185/03007999009111498.
33. Web site: Qualità Intellettuale. UNIPG. 16 March 2011. 16 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160416180859/http://www.dmi.unipg.it/~mamone/univ/QUALIT.htm. dead.
34. Web site: Fallimenti storici. Dica33. 16 March 2011.
35. Web site: Rita Levi Montalcini e la vicenda Cronossial. Politica Molecolare. November 2011.
36. Web site: Nobel comprato? Non ne so nulla. 22 February 1994 . 6 June 2010.
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