| Rio Paraíba do Sul | |
| Map: | Paraiba do sul.jpg |
| Map Size: | 250 |
| Subdivision Type1: | Country |
| Subdivision Name1: | Brazil |
| Subdivision Type2: | state |
| Subdivision Name2: | São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro |
| Length: | 1137km (706miles) |
| Mouth Location: | Atlantic Ocean, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil |
| Mouth Coordinates: | -21.62°N -41.01°W |
| Mouth Elevation: | 0m (00feet) |
| Basin Size: | 56,000 km2 |
| Tributaries Left: | Rio Muriaé, Rio Pomba, Rio Paraibuna, Rio Jaguari |
| Tributaries Right: | Rio Dois Rios, Rio Piaha, Rio Paraí |
The Paraíba do Sul (pronounced as /pt/), or simply termed Paraíba, is a river in southeast Brazil. It flows 1137km (706miles)[1] west to northeast from its farthest source at the source of the river Paraitinga to the sea near Campos dos Goytacazes. The river receives its name when it meets the river Paraibuna at the Paraibuna dam.
Its main tributaries are the rivers Jaguari, Buquira, Paraibuna, Preto, Pomba and Muriaé. These last two are the longest and join the main river 140km (90miles) and 50km (30miles) from the mouth respectively .
The valley of the Paraíba do Sul ranges from the latitudes 20°26' and 23°39'S and the longitudes of 41° and 46°30'W and covers an area of about 57000km2 distributed over three states. The main economic activities are industry and cattle raising.
Presently only two parts of the river can be navigated:
Elsewhere navigation is hampered by various obstacles; waterfalls, rapids, sections with great declivity and various hydroelectric works with no locks.Other factors impeding navigation are the existence of highway and railway bridges, the proximity of roads and railways following the riverbank and the location of several cities on its banks.
The Paraíba Valley is very fertile and has always been a region of relatively dense population. Cities located on or near the river are
Unlike rivers in northern Brazil where seasonal variations in water temperature generally are relatively limited, those in southern Brazil, such as Paraíba do Sul, exhibit distinct differences between winter and summer. During a survey of the river in Lorena, São Paulo, the water varied from 26.6C in the summer to 15.2C in the winter.[2] The pH is neutral and generally fluctuates between 6 and 8.[2] [3] [4]
The Paraíba do Sul basin is home to just above 100 native fish species with most in the families Loricariidae, Characidae and Trichomycteridae.[5] About 40% of the fish species in the river basin are endemic (the genus Oligobrycon is entirely restricted to the basin)[5] and new species have been discovered in recent years, including the small catfish Pareiorhina hyptiorhachis that only was scientifically described in 2013.[6]
As a consequence of flowing through one of the most densely populated and industrialised parts of Brazil, the Paraíba do Sul suffers from pollution.[7] [8] [9] Studies of the native cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis have found that levels of some heavy metals exceed the limits set by the Brazilian Food Legislation.[8] Other threats are dams and the approximately 70 introduced species,[9] [10] including 46 species of non-native fish[11] and the parasitic copepod Lernaea cyprinacea.[12] Several native species (e.g., Brycon insignis,[13] Pogonopoma parahybae[11] and Steindachneridion parahybae[14]) are seriously threatened, and a general fall in abundance and species richness has been observed.[8] Some, such as the endemic Hypostomus auroguttatus, have successfully adapted to the changes.[15] The catfish Potamarius grandoculis is only known from the vicinity of the mouth of the Paraíba do Sul and Doce Rivers, but it may already be extinct.[16]
Other threatened species in the Paraíba do Sul basin are the bivalves Diplodon dunkerianus, D. expansus and D. fontaineanus, and the Hoge's side-necked turtle (Mesoclemmys hogei).[9]
A national conservation plan with recommendations for the river basin was published in 2010.[9]