Rim Fire Explained

Rim Fire
Reference:[1] [2]
Location:Sierra Nevada, California
Coordinates:37.85°N -125°W
Pushpin Map:USA California
Pushpin Map Caption:The general location of the Rim Fire within California
Area:257314acres
Cause:Illegal camping fire
Injuries:10
Fatalities:0
Image Map Alt:The Rim Fire is shown in orange having burnt into the Stanislaus National Forest (in green) and northwestern portions of Yosemite National Park (in gold stripes).
Image Map Caption:The Rim Fire burned primarily in the Stanislaus National Forest and Yosemite National Park.

The Rim Fire was a massive wildfire that started in a remote canyon in the Stanislaus National Forest in California's Tuolumne County. The fire ignited on August 17, 2013, amid the 2013 California wildfire season, and burned 257314acres in largely remote areas of the Sierra Nevada, including a large portion of Yosemite National Park. The Rim Fire was fully contained on Thursday, October 24, 2013, after a nine-week suppression effort by firefighters. Due to a lack of winter rains, some logs smoldered in the interior portion of the fire footprint throughout the winter, and more than a year passed before the fire was declared totally extinguished in November 2014.

The fire was caused by a hunter's illegal fire that got out of control, and it was named for its proximity to the Rim of the World vista point, a scenic overlook on Highway 120 leading up to Yosemite. A total of 112 structures—largely outbuildings—were destroyed in the fire. During suppression efforts, which cost more than $127 million (2013 USD), a total of ten injuries from the wildfire were reported, but there were no fatalities. The Rim Fire grew to be (at the time) the third-largest wildfire in California's recorded history and the largest recorded in the Sierra Nevada., the Rim Fire was California's 11th-largest recorded wildfire.

Background

Land management

Parts of what became the footprint of the Rim Fire had accumulated large amounts of combustible vegetation and other fuels following decades of wildfire suppression and logging of larger, older, and more fire-resistant trees.[3] [4] Following a series of large wildfires in 1987, thousands of acres in the Stanislaus National Forest had been replanted with pine tree plantations, which—un-thinned and uniform in size—became fuel for the Rim Fire.

Climate and weather

The fire's rapid spread was linked to the extreme drought and unstable weather conditions.[5] In the winter and spring of 2012–2013, California received below-normal amounts of precipitation: less than half of the average for the eight months directly prior to the fire.[6] As a result, drought conditions prevailed over the region, bringing vegetation moisture to very low levels.

Progression

August 17

The weather on the day of the Rim Fire's ignition, August 17, 2013, was "hot, dry and windy". A nearby weather station reported at 3:00 p.m. that the temperature was, the relative humidity was 17 percent, and winds were reaching NaNmph out of the west.

The Rim Fire was first spotted by a passing aircraft at 3:25 p.m. PDT, becoming the third fire on the Stanislaus National Forest of the day. It had ignited at the bottom of a canyon, near the confluence of the Tuolumne River and the Clavey River, below the Rim of the World vista lookout off Highway 120—from which the fire received its name.[7] [8] Firefighters quickly assessed the Rim Fire as having burned 40acres while still growing at a "dangerous rate of spread". An air tanker reached the fire scene by 3:47 p.m. and began dropping fire retardant. By 4:00 p.m., thirty-five minutes after the Rim Fire's discovery, it had burned 150acres and was starting spot fires NaNabbr=outNaNabbr=out ahead of the main flame front. The incident command determined that it was too dangerous to have personnel fight the fire directly in the steep Clavey River canyon, opting instead to fight the fire indirectly. Air tankers dropped more than 32,000 gallons of fire retardant in their first four and a half hours of operation on the Rim Fire.[9]

August 18–October 24

The fire grew to 10,000 acres within 36 hours and 100,000 acres after just four days. In two days, in mid-August, the fire burned nearly 90,000 acres. It burned into backcountry areas of Yosemite National Park. The park remained open, and though Yosemite Valley was never in danger, the fire burned 78,895 acres inside the park's boundaries.[10]

On August 28, after emergency approvals, an MQ-1 Predator unmanned aerial vehicle flew over the area, providing infrared video of lurking fires.[11] [12]

The blaze was difficult to fight because of inaccessible terrain and erratic winds, forcing firefighters to be reactive instead of proactive. More than 5,000 firefighters[13] –including more than 650 inmates who volunteered as part of California's "Conservation Camp initiative"[14] [15] –worked to contain the fire. At one point state officials asked residents to avoid social media, to stop exaggerated claims and rumors from spreading, and debunked a number of circulating stories.[16]

On Thursday, October 24, 2013, the Rim Fire was contained. The fire's final burned acreage reached 257314acres.[17] Hotspots within the fire's perimeter continued to burn for almost another year before the Rim Fire was finally declared extinguished on November 4, 2014.[18] The fire suppression effort cost more than $127 million, and at its peak involved more than 5,100 personnel.[19]

When it occurred, the Rim Fire was the third largest wildfire ever recorded in California (after the Cedar Fire in 2003 and the Rush Fire in 2012), and the largest ever in the Sierra Nevada.[20], the Rim Fire persisted as one of California's largest recorded wildfires, but had slipped from third to twelfth place.[21] It remains the largest wildfire in the history of Yosemite National Park.[22]

Legal proceedings

The camper who allegedly started the campfire that became the Rim Fire was not identified publicly until a year after the fire, when two felony and two misdemeanor charges were filed against Keith Matthew Emerald of Columbia, California.[23] The charges against Emerald were dropped in 2015 when two key witnesses died.[24]

Effects

The Rim Fire destroyed 112 structures, including eleven residences, three commercial structures, and 98 outbuildings.

California governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency for the city of San Francisco on August 23,[25] after the fire caused damage to the power infrastructure serving the Bay Area, causing two out of the existing three hydroelectric power plants to shut down.[26] The fire also threatened the Hetch Hetchy reservoir, the main source of water for San Francisco, providing up to 85% of the city's supply[27] to 2.6 million customers.[28] On August 26, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission moved water away from Hetch Hetchy into downstream reservoirs located in San Mateo and Alameda Counties as a precautionary measure, but did not expect the fire to cause any disruption to the city's water supply.[29] [30] The fire advanced to within a mile of Hetch Hetchy by Monday, August 26, which was a concern to O'Shaughnessy Dam officials due to ash falling in the water.[31]

The cost of fighting the fire was estimated at $127.35 million as of October 24, 2014.[32] The Federal Emergency Management Agency announced that it would reimburse the state up to 75% of the eligible costs of fighting the fire through a grant for "managing, mitigating, and controlling the fire".[33]

Closures and evacuations

During the Rim Fire, forest closures were put into effect and evacuation orders were issued by the Tuolumne and Mariposa County County Sheriff's Offices. Several thousand people left their homes temporarily as a result of the evacuations. The Tioga Pass Road (Highway 120) was closed for a time. Highways 140 from Merced and 41 from Fresno remained open throughout the fire, providing access to the national park.[34] Law Enforcement Command Posts were set up in the communities of Groveland and Tuolumne City, with hundreds of local and mutual aid Law Enforcement Officers from dozens of agencies responding to assist in evacuations, patrols, and road closures in the affected areas. The event is credited for being the single largest Law Enforcement mutual aid event in the history of the California Law Enforcement Mutual Aid System. At the height of the danger, an estimated 15,000 residents were under evacuation order or advisory, with plans drafted by a Search & Rescue Incident Management Team [35] to evacuate the communities of Groveland, Pine Mountain Lake, Big Oak Flat, Tuolumne City, Tuolumne Rancheria, Ponderosa Hills, Sherwood Forest, Sugar Pine, and Miwuk Village. Several commendations and citations were issued by the county and state for these efforts to the Tuolumne County Sheriff's SAR Team, SAR Field Training Officer Jonathan Rodriguez, and Volunteer Tornado Paul Carlson.[35]

On April 17, 2014, Stanislaus National Forest issued an order closing the majority of the burn area to the public through November 18, 2014, citing safety issues from potential falls of heavily burned trees, rock falls, and uneven ground.[36] The decision was met with disappointment by morel mushroom hunters who had looked forward to extensive post-fire fruiting of this highly sought-after mushroom.[37] [38] [39] The safety rationale was questioned, as Yosemite National Park, which largely prohibits mushroom collecting, had opened up the burn areas within its boundaries to the public earlier in the month.[40] Some mushroom hunters stated that they would be willing to sign liability waivers in order to enter the area, but the Forest Service rejected this idea, stating they were ultimately responsible for the safety of those entering the area. Extensive harvesting of morels in the Rim Fire area nevertheless took place in May 2014, in a few cases legally by special permit, but in most cases through illegal harvesting.[41] The closure of the burn area was also criticized by the Tuolumne County Board of Supervisors for, among other reasons, causing the cancellation of grazing allotments by local ranchers.[42]

Affected areas of Yosemite National Park reopened on April 2, 2014.[43]

Environmental impacts

The United States Forest Service made it their highest priority fire at the time because of the threat to local communities and its proximity to Yosemite National Park.[44] Though giant sequoia trees—some of the biggest and oldest living things on Earth—are very fire-tolerant and need fire to reproduce, concerns rose as the fire approached them.[45] Park officials set sprinklers to help protect nearby sequoia trees,[46] but the sprinklers were later removed and careful low-intensity prescribed burns were used.[47] Parts of the National Forest are used for grazing, and the blaze impacted 6 of 14 grazing allotments located within the fire perimeter where displaced cattle were scattered over a wide area.[48] Smoke from the fire caused unhealthy air conditions in Reno, Nevada, and the Lake Tahoe area during the first week of the fire, forcing the cancellation of several outdoor events.[49] School children were sent home due to smoky conditions as well. From Yosemite to the San Joaquin Valley, air quality reached unhealthy levels several times according to the National Weather Service. Berkeley Tuolumne Camp, a family camp operated by the city of Berkeley, established in 1922, was burned to the ground.[50] Nearby Camp Tawonga suffered some damage, including the loss of three buildings.[51] Camp Mather, operated by the city of San Francisco, suffered minor damage,[52] as did the San Jose Camp run by the city of San Jose.[53] During Labor Day weekend, parts of Yosemite National Park filled with thick smoke, pushing air quality indices to unhealthy levels and obscuring views.[54]

Aftermath

Post-fire science

The Forest Service and other scientists are currently studying the biological effects from the fire. There were 45 California spotted owl breeding sites within the Rim Fire perimeter on Forest Service land, and one year post-fire they had the highest-ever recorded occupancy rate for California spotted owls.[55] Spotted owl sites with 100% high-severity burn were occupied by pairs at the same rate as unburned sites. The Rim Fire contains many populations of rare California endemic flowers such as Clarkia australis and Clarkia biloba ssp. australis in places where plantation trees burned;[56] these areas, however, are to be disturbed by planned thinning. Researchers estimate that the Rim Fire burned nearly one-fifth of known great gray owl nesting sites, but post-fire surveys found no significant difference in owl detection at burned versus unburned sites.[57] A study of how pre-fire forest conditions affected fire severity found that weather, time since the last fire, and shrub cover had strong positive associations with fire severity, and that under extreme weather conditions, as is often the case with fires that escape initial attack, large areas of high-severity fire are created even in fuels-reduced forests with restored fire regimes.

Forest Service recovery and reforestation projects

In late 2013, a plan was proposed for salvage logging approximately 30,000 acres (120 km2) of the Rim Fire. The snag forest habitat of forest-killed trees is home to a wide variety of wildlife, some of which are management indicator species. Many scientists and conservation groups opposed the logging plan, contending that the removal of trees from this area would harm species such as black-backed woodpeckers and affect other cavity-nesting birds that follow in the wake of the woodpeckers.[58] Other species of wildlife were also considered be at risk from salvage logging, such as frogs that inhabit forested streams and deer.[59] [60] Native plants and basic ecological succession of the forest are also reportedly harmed by salvage logging.[61] [62] However, some environmental groups endorsed the salvage logging plan.[63]

On August 28, 2014, Stanislaus Forest supervisor Susan Skalski signed a Record of Decision approving the Rim Fire Recovery Project.[64] The plan allowed logging within an area of 52sqmi, including interior portions of the burned area and along roadways.[65] Its goals were to: "Salvage dead trees to capture economic value; remove roadside hazard trees to protect public and worker safety; reduce fuels for future forest resiliency; improve roads for hydrologic function; and, enhance wildlife habitat. A portion of the money captured from the salvage logging was ear-marked for additional projects following the fire."[66] The plan attempted to balance competing interests. Instead of the 660 million board feet initially proposed for logging, the final plan included salvage logging of 210 million board feet. The plan left small areas untouched as snag habitat for Black-Backed Woodpeckers and other snag-dependent wildlife. Instead of building permanent new roads, the plan eliminated permanent new road construction and reduced the mileage of temporary roads as part of the salvage logging plan. The Forest Service said that the final plan reflected a collaboration between the timber industry and various environmental groups, who had joined in an attempt to find consensus on the recovery process. Skalski cited that collaborative agreement as being influential in her decision to significantly reduce the amount of salvage material. Forestry officials praised the plan, but some environmental groups denounced it.

In August 2016, Stanislaus Forest supervisor Jeanne M. Higgins signed a Record of Decision approving the Rim Fire Reforestation Project.[67] This plan allows 13,000 acres of logging (thinning) and 6,000 acres of herbicide (glyphosate) spraying to kill native and non-native plants.

Growth and containment

The table below shows how the fire grew in size and in containment during August and September in 2013. Acreage reflects, where possible, the figure reported in the daily morning update on InciWeb. Statistics were not available for some days.

Fire containment status Gray: contained; Red: active; %: percent contained!Date!Total area burned!Personnel!Containment
Aug 17.........
Aug 18.........
Aug 19.........
Aug 20[68] 101700NaN0455 personnel
Aug 21[69] 162280NaN0858 personnel
Aug 22[70] 538660NaN01,356 personnel
Aug 23[71] 1056200NaN02,011 personnel
Aug 24[72] 1256200NaN02,672 personnel
Aug 25[73] 1339800NaN02,846 personnel
Aug 26[74] 1497800NaN03,678 personnel
Aug 27[75] 1794810NaN03,752 personnel
Aug 28..........
Aug 29..........
Aug 30[76] 2018940NaN04,931 personnel
Aug 31..........
Sep 1..........
Sep 2[77] 2286700NaN04,616 personnel
Sep 3[78] 2358410NaN0...
Sep 4[79] 2373410NaN04,143 personnel
Sep 5[80] 2373410NaN03,975 personnel
Sep 6[81] 2463500NaN03,634 personnel
Sep 7[82] 2521560NaN03,457 personnel
Sep 8[83] 2533320NaN03,312 personnel
Sep 9[84] 2533320NaN03,104 personnel
Sep 10[85] 2546850NaN03,027 personnel
Sep 11[86] 2551460NaN02,735 personnel
Sep 12[87] 2555600NaN02,764 personnel
Sep 13[88] 2558580NaN02,572 personnel
Sep 14[89] 2558580NaN02,170 personnel
Sep 15[90] 2558580NaN01,935 personnel
Sep 16[91] 2561690NaN01,791 personnel
Sep 17[92] 2565280NaN01,540 personnel
............
Sep 26[93] 2571340NaN0733 personnel
Sep 27[94] 2571350NaN0595 personnel
............
Oct 252573140NaN042 personnel

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Emergency in San Francisco as wildfire threatens city's power grid . Matthew . DeLuca . NBC News . 24 August 2013 . 26 August 2013 . 26 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130826061002/http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/08/23/20152653-emergency-in-san-francisco-as-wildfire-threatens-citys-power-grid?lite . live .
  2. Web site: Rim Fire continues to burn . 2013-08-28 . 2013-09-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130903043628/http://www.sierrastar.com/2013/08/28/64293/rim-fire-continues-to-burn.html . dead .
  3. Peterson . David A. . Hyer . Edward J. . Campbell . James R. . Fromm . Michael D. . Hair . Johnathan W. . Butler . Carolyn F. . Fenn . Marta A. . 2015-02-01 . The 2013 Rim Fire: Implications for Predicting Extreme Fire Spread, Pyroconvection, and Smoke Emissions . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . EN . 96 . 2 . 229–247 . 10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00060.1 . 0003-0007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230204221227/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/96/2/bams-d-14-00060.1.xml . February 4, 2023 . November 9, 2023 . journals.ametsoc.org. free .
  4. News: Boxall . Bettina . August 26, 2013 . Rim fire taking ecological toll over thousands of acres . Los Angeles Times . live . November 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221130031255/https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2013-aug-26-la-me-rim-effects-20130827-story.html . November 30, 2022.
  5. Lydersen . Jamie M. . North . Malcolm P. . Collins . Brandon M. . 2014-09-15 . Severity of an uncharacteristically large wildfire, the Rim Fire, in forests with relatively restored frequent fire regimes . live . Forest Ecology and Management . 328 . 326–334 . 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.005 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231019195055/https://www.fs.usda.gov/psw/publications/lydersen/psw_2014_lydersen001.pdf . October 19, 2023 . November 9, 2023 . www.fs.usda.gov (U.S. Forest Service).
  6. 2013 Rim Fire - Fuel Treatment Effectiveness Summary . Crook . Shelly . Ewell . Carol . April 2015 . USDA Forest Service . Estes . Becky . Romero . Frankie . Goolsby . Lynn . Sugihara . Neil . November 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230111223906/http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprd3845868.pdf . January 11, 2023 . www.fs.usda.gov . PDF . live.
  7. News: Bien-Kahn . Joseph . June 11, 2023 . The Wildfire, the Hunter, and a Decade of Conspiracy Theories . Rolling Stone . live . November 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230803175106/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/rim-fire-california-wildfire-true-story-1234766956/ . August 3, 2023.
  8. News: August 23, 2013 . Wildfire Rages to Yosemite's Edge in Hot, Dry Weather . Voice of America . dead . August 26, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210811085006/https://www.voanews.com/usa/wildfire-rages-yosemites-edge-hot-dry-weather . August 11, 2021.
  9. Web site: May 2015 . Rim Fire Restoration - Stanislaus National Forest - News Flash . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170220183112/https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprd3844036.pdf . February 20, 2017 . November 9, 2023 . www.fs.usda.gov . Stanislaus National Forest.
  10. Web site: Rim Fire Continues to Threaten Yosemite National Park . Nature World News . 15 January 2016 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115511/http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/3652/20130824/rim-fire-continues-threaten-yosemite-national-park.htm . live .
  11. Elan Head. "Unmanned future " Vertical Magazine, November 7, 2013. Accessed: November 21, 2013.
  12. Elan Head. "Predator aircraft makes history in Rim Fire " Vertical Magazine, September 1, 2013. Accessed: 11 December 2013.
  13. Web site: October 25, 2013 . Rim Fire . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131106115639/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/3660 . November 6, 2013 . October 25, 2013 . InciWeb.
  14. News: California Inmates Help Battle Raging Yosemite Rim Fire. 1 September 2013. Huffington Post. 30 August 2013. 1 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130901005306/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/30/inmates-yosemite-rim-fire_n_3844650.html. live.
  15. News: Rawlings. Nate. California's Prison Problems Won't Extinguish Inmate Firefighters. 1 September 2013. TIME. 31 August 2013. 1 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130901013244/http://nation.time.com/2013/08/31/californias-prison-problems-wont-extinguish-inmate-firefighters/. live.
  16. News: California officials ask residents to avoid social media for Rim fire updates . 27 August 2013 . The Guardian . 27 August 2013 . Carroll . Rory . 27 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130827173758/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/27/rim-fire-california-social-media-avoid . live .
  17. Web site: August 11, 2024 . Top 20 Largest California Wildfires . August 13, 2024 . www.fire.ca.gov . California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire).
  18. Web site: All Firefighters go Home to their Families After their Shift . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160820111145/http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/stanislaus/home/?cid=stelprd3824723 . August 20, 2016 . January 15, 2016 . www.fs.usda.gov . Stanislaus National Forest.
  19. News: Serna . Joseph . Lopez . Robert J. . September 10, 2013 . Rim fire grows to nearly 400 square miles; containment still 80% . Los Angeles Times . live . November 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221208043040/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rim-fire-tuesday-80-20130910-story.html . December 8, 2022.
  20. News: September 6, 2013 . Rim Fire Becomes Third-Largest Wildfire In California History . Revised September 29, 2013 . CBS Channel 13 . Sacramento . live . November 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231109141350/https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/rim-fire-is-the-seventh-largest-wildfire-in-california-history/ . November 9, 2023.
  21. News: McCarthy . Guy . August 11, 2023 . Rim Fire 10 years on: Tuolumne County supervisors recognize anniversary of historic conflagration . The Union Democrat . live . November 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230817052036/https://www.uniondemocrat.com/news/article_b12aefe2-38a6-11ee-9934-f7c8ea365642.html . August 17, 2023.
  22. News: Klein . Kerry . August 23, 2023 . Ten years later, the Rim Fire remains Yosemite's largest wildfire . . live . November 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231109204733/https://www.kvpr.org/local-news/2023-08-23/ten-years-later-the-rim-fire-remains-yosemites-largest-wildfire . November 9, 2023.
  23. News: Mather . Kate . August 8, 2014 . Bow hunter accused of sparking massive Rim fire with illegal campfire . Los Angeles Times . live . 12 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140811200405/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hunter-charged-massive-rim-fire-20140808-story.html . 11 August 2014.
  24. News: Heise . Sarah . May 1, 2015 . Charges dismissed in Rim Fire case because of deaths . KCRA . live . 24 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230824212137/https://www.kcra.com/article/charges-dismissed-in-rim-fire-case-because-of-deaths/6422175 . 24 August 2023.
  25. News: Neuman . Scott . 24 August 2013 . Yosemite Fire Called One Of Largest In Recent California History . . live . 25 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130825073432/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/08/24/215099616/san-francisco-under-emergency-as-fire-threatens-power-water . 25 August 2013.
  26. News: DeLuca . Matthew . Aug 23, 2013 . Emergency in San Francisco as wildfire threatens city's power grid . NBC News . live . 26 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130826061002/http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/08/23/20152653-emergency-in-san-francisco-as-wildfire-threatens-citys-power-grid?lite . 26 August 2013.
  27. News: Wozniacka . Gosia . 24 August 2013 . Yosemite fire brings SF utility emergency . . . live . 25 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130824044811/http://news.yahoo.com/yosemite-fire-brings-sf-utility-emergency-042624441.html . 24 August 2013.
  28. News: Schwirtz . Michael . 24 August 2013 . Risk at Coast From Fire at Yosemite . . live . 25 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130828193718/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/25/us/risk-at-coast-from-fire-at-yosemite.html . 28 August 2013.
  29. News: Roberts . Chris . 26 August 2013 . Rim Fire getting closer to Hetch Hetchy Reservoir as more drinking water sent to Bay Area . . live . 26 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130827192850/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/rim-fire-getting-closer-to-hetch-hetchy-reservoir-as-more-drinking-water-sent-to-bay-area/Content?oid=2560465 . 27 August 2013.
  30. Web site: 28 August 2013 . Massive Yosemite wildfire destroys 111 buildings, threatens thousands . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161229173040/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/08/28/officials-say-yosemite-fire-unlikely-to-cause-disruptions-at-sf-bay-area-chief.html . 29 December 2016 . 29 December 2016 . Fox News.
  31. News: Kearney . Laila . 27 August 2013 . Fire Threatens Major Water Source . . live . 30 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075506/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/27/hetch-hetchy-rim-fire_n_3821000.html . 31 December 2016.
  32. News: Serna . Joseph . September 5, 2013 . Rim fire started by a hunter's illegal fire, Forest Service says . Los Angeles Times . live . 5 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130905213112/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rim-fire-cause-conclusion-20130905,0,4661208.story . 5 September 2013.
  33. News: Schaefer . Samantha . Marcum . Diana . August 26, 2013 . Yosemite fire burns 230 square miles; FEMA to help cover costs . Los Angeles Times . live . 27 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130826193007/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-yosemite-fire-fema-20130826,0,7429748.story . 26 August 2013.
  34. News: Spot fires, intense flames rage as crews fight Yosemite Rim blaze . August 27, 2013 . Los Angeles Times . 27 August 2013 . Lopez . Robert J. . 28 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130828033111/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rim-fire-spot-fires-20130827,0,846262.story . live .
  35. Web site: Sheriff Recognizes Outstanding Achievements myMotherLode.com . 2017-08-08 . 2017-08-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200334/https://www.mymotherlode.com/news/local/179956/sheriff-recognizes-outstanding-achievements.html . live .
  36. "Order No. STF 2014-01, Rim Fire Closure, Stanislaus National Forest "
  37. https://web.archive.org/web/20160405092349/http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2014/05/13/morels-rim-fire/ Mushroom boom after massive fire.
  38. Web site: Mushroom hunters follow fire into burned forest . 2014-06-08 . 2014-06-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140616100620/http://www.news10.net/story/news/local/modesto/2014/05/12/morel-mushroom-yosemite-rim-fire/9015965/ . live .
  39. http://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/pageburner/blogs/post?oid=13275947 Morel mushroom hunters banned from prime multimillion-dollar bounty near Rim fire site
  40. http://www.nps.gov/yose/parknews/yosemite-national-park-reopens-areas-affected-by-rim-fire.htm Yosemite National Park Reopens Areas Affected by Rim Fire
  41. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-mushrooms-california-idUSKBN0EH1IM20140606 Wild mushrooms entice smugglers to fire-ravaged California forest
  42. http://www.uniondemocrat.com/News/Local-News/Rim-Fire-closures-panned-by-board Rim Fire closures panned by board
  43. News: Mather . Kate . April 2, 2014 . Thousands of acres in Yosemite closed by Rim fire are reopened . Los Angeles Times . live . November 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111043535/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-yosemite-rim-fire-20140402-story.html . November 11, 2023.
  44. News: Yosemite fire is 'highest priority' in nation . August 26, 2013 . USA TODAY . 26 August 2013 . Elizabeth . Weise . 25 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130825142932/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/25/yosemite-fire-san-francisco/2696681/ . live .
  45. Web site: Raging California wildfire threatens more of Yosemite . NBC News . Aug 25, 2013 . 27 August 2013 . Tom . Costello . Tracy . Jarrett . 27 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130827165018/http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/08/25/20169597-raging-california-wildfire-threatens-more-of-yosemite?lite . live .
  46. News: Fighting Rim Fire at Yosemite, officials protect sequoias, turtles Tuesday, August 27 . washingtonpost.com . 27 August 2013 . Ehrenfreund . Max . 27 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130827182515/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/fighting-rim-fire-at-yosemite-officials-protect-sequoias-turtles/2013/08/27/71dde86e-0f29-11e3-bdf6-e4fc677d94a1_story.html . live .
  47. Marcum, Diana. "Risky measures to save big trees from Rim fire worked", Los Angeles Times, 22 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  48. News: Hundreds of California cattle feared hurt, dead as massive Rim Fire scorches region. September 2, 2013. NBC News. 4 September 2013. 4 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130904021056/http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/02/20292536-hundreds-of-california-cattle-feared-hurt-dead-as-massive-rim-fire-scorches-region?lite. live.
  49. Web site: Smoke from CA wildfires clears over NV. The San Diego Union-Tribune. 26 August 2013. 29 December 2016. 29 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229172818/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-smoke-from-ca-wildfires-clears-over-nv-2013aug25-story,amp.html. live.
  50. News: Campers Mourn Loss of Berkeley Tuolumne Camp; Camp Tawonga Saves Torah. Fernandez. Lisa. August 27, 2013. NBC Bay Area. 21 November 2013. 30 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130830050912/http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Campers-Mourn-Loss-of-Berkeley-Tuolumne-Camp-221159071.html. live.
  51. News: Rim Fire burns three buildings at Camp Tawonga. August 29, 2013. J Weekly. 21 November 2013. 11 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131111161603/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/69443/rim-fire-causes-minimal-damage-at-camp-tawonga. live.
  52. Web site: Camp Mather Update. August 30, 2013. San Francisco Recreation and Parks. 21 November 2013. 3 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140403110733/http://sfrecpark.org/camp-mather-update-2/. live.
  53. News: Yosemite Rim Fire slows but threatens water supply, burns Bay Area camps. August 26, 2013. San Jose Mercury News. 21 November 2013. 6 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131106220801/http://www.mercurynews.com/california/ci_23949483/yosemite-rim-fire-slows-but-threatens-water-supply. live.
  54. Web site: Schmaltz . Jeff . Riebeek . Holli . September 3, 2013 . Smoke from the Rim Fire . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230321235209/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/81964/smoke-from-the-rim-fire . March 21, 2023 . November 9, 2023 . NASA Earth Observatory.
  55. Lee. Derek E.. Bond. Monica L.. 2015-04-29. Occupancy of California Spotted Owl sites following a large fire in the Sierra Nevada, California. The Condor. 117. 2. 228–236. 10.1650/CONDOR-14-155.1. 86373375. 0010-5422. free.
  56. Web site: The Sierra Forest Voice. 2014. The Sierra Forest Voice Web Edition Vol. 7, No. 3, September 9, 2014. 19 September 2016. 2016-09-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20160919231243/http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/NR_SFVoiceNewsletter/2014-09-09_V7N3.php. live.
  57. Book: THE EFFECTS OF THE RIM FIRE ON GREAT GRAY OWL HABITAT IN YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK. Wu J, Seigel RB, Stock S, Eyes S. Wildlife Society, Western Section Conference, Poster Session. 2015. 2016-09-19. 2016-09-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20160924053245/http://wildlifeprofessional.org/western/tws_abstract_detail.php?abstractID=944. live.
  58. Book: Britting S.. Comments on draft EIS for the Rim Recovery Project. etal. Sierra Forest Legacy, Wilderness Society, Forest Issues Group, Defenders of Wildlife, California Native Plants Society, Western Watersheds Project, Pacific Rivers Council, Sierra Club. 2014. 2016-09-19. 2016-10-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20161009115815/http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Conservation/ProjectsPlans/CentralSierraNevadaLakeTahoe/Rim%20Fire/SFL_RimFire_DEIS_Comments_June2014.pdf. live.
  59. News: Rim Fire logging plan poses major threat to Sierra wildlife. https://archive.today/20140215202207/http://www.mantecabulletin.com/section/160/article/96042/. dead. February 15, 2014. January 21, 2014. Mantecca Bulletin. 15 February 2014.
  60. Nourished by Wildlife: The Ecological Benefits of the Rim Fire and the Threat of Salvage Logging , Center for Biological Diversity and the John Muir Project, January 2014.
  61. Web site: Longstreth C. 2014. MANAGING BURNED LANDSCAPES IN THE SIERRA NEVADA: BACK TO THE FUTURE (SLOWLY). Fremontia 42:7-13. . 2016-09-19 . 2016-10-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161009120352/https://www.cnps.org/cnps/publications/fremontia/FremontiaV42.3.pdf . live .
  62. Web site: Halsey RW and Revels S. 2016. Comment letter to US Forest Service from California Chaparral Institute on Rim Fire Reforestation Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS), January 10, 2016. . September 19, 2016 . October 9, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161009115700/http://www.californiachaparral.com/images/CCI_RII_comments_Rim_Fire_Reforestation_DEIS.pdf . live .
  63. http://www.modbee.com/2014/04/22/3304927/rim-fire-salvage-logging-wins.html Rim fire salvage logging wins support
  64. Book: US Forest Service. Rim Fire Recovery (43033) Record of Decision. USDA Forest Service. 2014. 2016-09-19. 2016-10-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20161009115739/http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Conservation/ProjectsPlans/CentralSierraNevadaLakeTahoe/Rim%20Fire/ROD-8-28-2014.pdf. live.
  65. News: Feds reveal logging plan for Rim fire area. Smith. Scott. August 27, 2014. Modesto Bee. 28 August 2014. 29 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171713/http://www.modbee.com/latest-news/article3157865.html. live.
  66. Web site: Rim Fire Recovery. Forest Service. 28 August 2014. 11 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140911042721/http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gDfxMDT8MwRydLA1cj72BTUwMTAwgAykeaxRtBeY4WBv4eHmF-YT4GMHkidBvgAI6EdIeDXIvfdrAJuM3388jPTdUvyA2NMMgyUQQAyrgQmg!!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfS000MjZOMDcxT1RVODBJN0o2MTJQRDMwODQ!/?project=43033. live.
  67. Book: US Forest Service. Rim Fire Reforestation (45612) Record of Decision. USDA Forest Service. 2016. 2016-09-19. 2016-10-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20161009120554/http://yosemitestanislaussolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/2016-0817_ROD.pdf. live.
  68. News: Cowan . Jill . August 20, 2013 . Rim fire near Yosemite doubles in size, forces evacuations . Los Angeles Times . live . November 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110175326/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-xpm-2013-aug-20-la-me-ln-yosemite-fire-20130820-story.html . November 10, 2023.
  69. Web site: August 21, 2013 . Rim Fire Update #4--August 21, 2013 9:30 AM . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130824161309/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/20586 . August 24, 2013 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  70. Web site: August 22, 2013 . Rim Fire Update #6--August 22, 2013 8:00 AM . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130825060607/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/20635 . August 25, 2013 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  71. Web site: August 23, 2013 . Rim Fire Update #8--August 23 8:00 AM . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130827084643/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/20722 . August 27, 2013 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  72. Web site: August 24, 2013 . Rim Fire Update #10--August 24, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130827132336/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/20788 . August 27, 2013 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  73. Web site: August 25, 2013 . Rim Fire Update #12--August 25, 2013 9:30 AM . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130828071838/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/20835 . August 28, 2013 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  74. Web site: August 26, 2013 . Rim Fire Update #14- August 26, 2013 8:00 AM . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151026140836/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/20883 . October 26, 2015 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  75. Web site: August 27, 2013 . Rim Fire Update #16--August 27, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130830002537/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/20964/ . August 30, 2013 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  76. Web site: August 30, 2013 . Rim Fire Update #22--August 30, 2013 6a.m. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130903000307/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21049/ . September 3, 2013 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  77. Web site: September 2, 2013 . Rim Fire Update #28--September 2, 2013 6am . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150220011222/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21168 . February 20, 2015 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  78. News: Serna . Joseph . Gold . Scott . September 3, 2013 . Rim fire in and around Yosemite is 75% contained, officials say . Los Angeles Times . live . November 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230326124350/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rim-fire-holiday-update-20130903-story.html . March 26, 2023.
  79. Web site: September 4, 2013 . Rim Fire Update-- September 4, 2013 6am . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130907025110/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21248/ . September 7, 2013 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  80. Web site: September 5, 2013 . Rim Fire Update--September 5, 2013 7:30AM . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170711024720/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21279/ . July 11, 2017 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  81. Web site: September 6, 2013 . Rim Fire Update--September 6, 2013 7:30AM . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170711024656/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21327/ . July 11, 2017 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  82. Web site: September 7, 2013 . Rim Fire Update--September 7, 2013 8:30AM . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170711024643/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21372/ . July 11, 2017 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  83. Web site: September 8, 2013 . Rim Fire Update--September 8, 2013 7:30AM . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170711024627/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21389/ . July 11, 2017 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  84. Web site: September 9, 2013 . Rim Fire Update--September 9, 2013 6AM . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170711024603/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21407/ . July 11, 2017 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  85. Web site: September 10, 2013 . Rim Fire Update -- September 10, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170711024544/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21436/ . July 11, 2017 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  86. Web site: September 11, 2013 . Rim Update -- September 11, 2013 8:00AM . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170711024447/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21460/ . July 11, 2017 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  87. Web site: September 12, 2013 . RIm Update -- September 12, 2013 8:00AM . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170711024421/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21478/ . July 11, 2017 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  88. Web site: September 13, 2013 . Rim Update -- September 13, 2013 8:00AM . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170711024258/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21498/ . July 11, 2017 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  89. Web site: September 14, 2013 . Rim Update -- September 14, 2013 8:00am . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160501052423/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21509/ . May 1, 2016 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  90. Web site: September 15, 2013 . Rim Update -- September 15, 2013 8:00am . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160501052443/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21518/ . May 1, 2016 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  91. Web site: September 16, 2013 . Rim Update -- September 16, 2013 8:00am . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160430220835/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21527/ . April 30, 2016 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  92. Web site: September 17, 2013 . Rim Update -- September 17, 2013 6:00am . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160501012749/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21536/ . May 1, 2016 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  93. Web site: September 26, 2013 . Rim Update -- September 26, 2013 7:00 Am . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160317074916/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21565/ . March 17, 2016 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.
  94. Web site: September 27, 2013 . Rim Fire Final Update . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160317074842/http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/3660/21586/ . March 17, 2016 . November 10, 2023 . InciWeb.

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