| Riddles Wisely Expounded | |
| Language: | English |
| Written: | 1450 |
"Riddles Wisely Expounded" is a traditional English song, dating at least to 1450. It is Child Ballad 1 and Roud 161, and exists in several variants.[1] The first known tune was attached to it in 1719. The title "Riddles Wisely Expounded" was given by Francis James Child and seems derived from the seventeenth century broadside version "A Noble Riddle Wisely Expounded".
The motif of riddling in folklore is very ancient, the stories of Oedipus and Samson giving two early examples. The particular form used here matches the folktale Aarne-Thompson type 875 The Clever Girl where a woman wins a husband by her clever answers to riddles.[2] Other tales of this type include What Is the Fastest Thing in the World? and The Wise Little Girl. There are strong parallels with ballads in other languages, with many German,[3] and Scottish and Irish Gaelic versions known to exist.[4] There is also significant crossover with other popular English language ballads, such as The Two Sisters (Child 10) and The False Knight on the Road (Child 3) and The Elfin Knight (Child 2).
In the earliest surviving version of the song,[5] the "foul fiend" proposes to abduct a maiden unless she can answer a series of riddles. The woman prays to Jesus for wisdom, and answers the riddles correctly.
What ys hyer than ys [the] tre? (What is higher than is the tree?)What ys dypper than ys the see? (What is deeper than is the sea?)
What ys scharpper than ys the thorne? (What is sharper than is the thorn?)
What ys loder than ys the horne? (What is louder than is the horn?)
What [ys] longger than ys the way? (What is longer(broader) than is the way?)
What is rader than ys the day? (What is redder than is the day?)
Hewene ys heyer than ys the tre. (Heaven is higher than is the tree.)Helle ys dypper than ys the see. (Hell is deeper than is the sea.)
Hongyr ys scharpper than [ys] the thorne. (Hunger is sharper than is the thorn.)
Thonder ys lodder than ys the horne. (Thunder is louder than is the horn.)
Loukynge ys longer than ys the way. (Looking is longer (broader) than is the way.)
Syn ys rader than ys the day. (Sin is redder than is the day.)
In a seventeenth century version entitled "A Noble Riddle Wisely Expounded", the words of each verse are interspersed with a chorus phrase "lay the bent to the bonny broom". A. L. Lloyd euphemistically describes this as a phrase of "physiological significance", explaining that the word "bent" means a horn.[6] "Broom" most likely refers to the flowering shrub. This version is very similar to The Two Sisters (Child 10).
In later versions, including this one, a knight puts a woman to test before he marries her (sometimes after seducing her); the woman knows the answers, and wins the marriage. In other versions, a devil disguised as a knight tries to carry the woman off.
The riddles vary, but typical ones include:
The most commonly found traditional version in recent times, usually entitled "Ninety-nine and ninety", begins roughly as follows:
Traditional recordings of this version have been made several times in the twentieth century. American recordings include those performed by the Appalachian traditional singer Texas Gladden (recorded by Alan and Elizabeth Lomax in 1941)[7] Nancy Philley of Fayetteville, Arkansas (1963)[8] and Alfreda Peel of Salem, Virginia (1932).[9] Jeff Wesley of Whittlebury, Northamptonshire, England (1988)[10] sang a very similar version, suggesting that this popular version came from England relatively recently.
| Album/Single | Performer | Year | Variant | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Two Way Trip | 1961 | The Devil's Nine Questions | ||
| Lowlands | 1980 | Riddles Wisely Expounded | ||
| Sails of Silver | 1980 | Tell me why Listed as Steeleye Span / Traditional, but a rewrite from the Child ballad, that features the same riddles | ||
| Minstrel | Hanita Blair | 1992 | Riddle Wisely Expounded | |
| A Thousand Miles or More | Kate Burk & Ruth Hazleton | 2000 | Lay The Bent to the Bonny Broom | |
| Rain and Snow | Elizabeth LaPrelle | 2004 | "The Devil's Nine Questions" | |
| Waxed | 2005 | Noble Riddle Wisely Expounded | ||
| Fearful Symmetry | Jon Loomes | 2005 | Riddles Wisley Expounded | |
| Child Ballads | Anaïs Mitchell and Jefferson Hamer | 2013 | Riddles Wisely Expounded | |
| Riddles and Love Songs | Avon Faire | 2017 | Riddles Wisely Expounded | |
| A Minstrel Meets a Harper | Mary-Kate Spring Lee & Jim Hancock | 2017 | Riddles Wisely Expounded | |
| Wilde Roses | Wilde Roses | 2017 | Riddles Wisely Expounded (Inter Diabolus Et Virgo) | |
| Cold Light | Nick Wyke & Becki Driscoll | 2019 | Riddles Wisely Expounded | |
| The Confluence | Stray Hens | 2019 | Riddles Wisely Expounded (Bonny Broom) |