| Richmond Main Colliery | |
| Coordinates: | -32.8581°N 151.4791°W |
| Map Relief: | yes |
| Location: | South Maitland Coalfields, Kurri Kurri, New South Wales, Australia |
| Beginning Label: | Design period |
| Built: | 1908 - 1913 |
| Built For: | J & A Brown |
| Demolished: | 1967 (partly) |
| Architect: | J & A Brown's Engineering Workshops, Hexham |
| Owner: | Cessnock City Council |
| Designation1: | New South Wales State Heritage Register |
| Designation1 Offname: | Richmond Main Colliery; Richmond Vale Colliery; South Maitland Railway (SMR) |
| Designation1 Type: | state heritage (complex / group) |
| Designation1 Date: | 2 April 1999 |
| Designation1 Number: | 16 |
| Designation1 Free1name: | Type |
| Designation1 Free1value: | Other - Mining and Mineral Processing |
| Designation1 Free2name: | Category |
| Designation1 Free2value: | Mining and Mineral Processing |
| Designation1 Free3name: | Builders |
| Designation1 Free3value: | The J & A Brown Company |
Richmond Main Colliery is a heritage-listed former coal mine and now open-air museum at South Maitland Coalfields, Kurri Kurri, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by the staff at J & A Brown's Engineering Workshops at Hexham under the direction of John Brown and built from 1908 to 1913 by J & A Brown. The site now operates as the Richmond Main Heritage Park, including the Richmond Vale Railway Museum and Richmond Main Mining Museum. The property is owned by Cessnock City Council. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.[1] [2] [3]
The Richmond Main Colliery was one of the largest and most important shaft mines of the early twentieth century. It is situated in what was formerly known as the Richmond Vale area because of the large estate "Richmond Vale". This area was part of the more widely known South Maitland coal field. It straddles the land owned by Charles William Roemer, one of the first German immigrant settlers, and Arthur Mackenzie whose land included that granted to Lieutenant John Palmer, a purser on the "Sirius", in 1823.[1]
The area was used for farming and grazing until the 1880s and the discovery of rich coal seams in the area by the government geologist Tannat William Edgeworth David, these coal seams becoming known as the Greta Coal Measures. Reports on the seam were made public on the eve of a mining boom and entrepreneurs were quick to exploit his work.
In 1886 a syndicate based in Melbourne was formed, which then established the Richmond Vale Coal Company. This company then purchased the Richmond Vale Estate in early 1887. Boring operations were undertaken in 1887 to prove the coal seam, which was proven to be 14.5feet in thickness at a depth of 696feet.
Shaft sinking commenced in October 1888. This shaft was 12feet in diameter and was completed in August 1890. The company then attempted to raise the capital to develop the colliery and the construction of a rail line. The company was unsuccessful in this undertaking and a new company was formed in 1895. This new company was also unsuccessful in raising capital and the property was put up for auction in July 1897. The property was bought at the auction held on 15 July 1897 by J & A Brown for the sum of £39,500.
In 1900 to allow the Richmond Vale Colliery site to be developed, J & A Brown applied for an act of parliament to allow the construction of a railway line from their existing Minmi to Hexham railway line (at a location later known as Minmi Junction) to Richmond Vale Colliery. The Richmond Vale Coal-mine Railway Act was assented to by the New South Wales Legislative Assembly on 20 October 1900.[4] In October 1900 before construction of the line which would be known as the Richmond Vale Railway had commenced the Browns had purchased the Stanford Greta Colliery, which was adjacent to the Richmond Vale Colliery. Work was concentrated at this colliery as it could be developed at a much lower cost due to it being a drift colliery sunk into the seam outcrop. Stanford Greta colliery was also adjacent to the Stanford Merthyr Colliery owned by the East Greta Coal Mining Company, which was also under development this included a rail line to Maitland.
In 1901 The name of Stanford Greta Colliery was changed to Pelaw Main Colliery. In November 1901 Pelaw Main Colliery commenced production with the coal being railed out via the East Greta Co.'s line to East Greta Junction at Maitland. Construction of J & A Brown's own Richmond Vale Railway did not commence until early 1904, with construction of the line to Pelaw Main completed June 1905, with the branch line to Richmond Vale Colliery being completed in August 1905.
After the completion of the rail line to the colliery in August 1905, the mine was dewatered and a minimal amount of development work was carried out to the underground workings. Development work commenced in 1910 with the sinking of the main No.2 shaft along with the ordering of major equipment such as the head frame, boilers and power station equipment. John Brown spent large sums to ensure that his mining plant, colliery railways, steamships and engineering works were substantially built and in the forefront of technological development.[1]
In August 1911 the colliery's name was changed from Richmond Vale Colliery to Richmond Main Colliery. Shaft sinking operations were halted for a period in 1912 whilst the permanent headframe was erected over the shaft. During 1912 the power station building was constructed along with the boiler house and chimney. In 1913 the colliery office was constructed. To allow the construction of the other surface buildings a brickworks was constructed beside the Richmond Vale Junction to Richmond Main railway line. This brickworks produced the distinctive "Richmond Main red" bricks use at Richmond Main and many other J & A Brown operations.
In July 1914 sinking of No.2 shaft was completed and was 22feet feet in diameter and bricked from top to bottom and has been described as incomparable with any other in the country, even in its final days.[5]
In 1914 9670LT of coal was produced. The mine workings had been opened out enough to allow the installation of seven Ingersoll Rand compressed air coal cutters. In 1915-15 the elevated gantry from the main shaft pit top building to the screens buildings, along with the screening buildings and equipment, along with the rail sidings were under construction. Whilst the mine was nearing completion it was plagued by industrial action by the miners and only produced 1500LT of coal during 1916. During 1916 the locomotive shed and the 3000LT small coal bin were built.[6] The pit top and screening plant was completed by June 1917. In February 1917 the miners had returned from strike and in the period up to August 1917 the mine had produced 6900LT of coal. However, from August 1917 through to early 1918 the mine was plagued by industrial action. For the remained of 1918 the mine was in full production and produced 167000LT of coal.
The Colliery reached peak annual production in 1928 with 507,000 tons of saleable coal.
The 1929 Lockout followed by the Great Depression, the 1949 strike, a recession in the coal industry and the change to mechanisation in the 1950s and 1960s were major setbacks which the colliery, and the South Maitland field generally, would not recover from.[1]
On 7 July 1967, the Richmond Collery ceased operation leaving eighty mine workers unemployed. This was a far smaller number than the 1200 who had been employed at the site in the late 1920s. The colliery continued to supply power to the state grid until 1976. Maintenance problems and the salvage value of much of the equipment resulted in the stripping out of the machinery and the demolition of the main head frames.[7] [1]
The site was acquired by the Greater Cessnock City Council for the development of the site into a mining park. The Richmond Vale Preservation Co-op Society Ltd was formed in 1979. It has been instrumental in returning some of the buildings and structures to their operating function in order to restore and maintain steam rolling stock and carriages and the rail line has been relaid. The society operate the Richmond Vale Railway Museum at the former colliery.[8] [1]
Both the No.2 shaft headframe and cages were ordered from Markham & Co of Chesterfield, England in 1910.[12] [13] The headframe was 90feet high to the top landing and was fitted with two 18feetdiameter pulleys.
The main shaft building was unusual for the period as the walls were built from concrete, as most other mines of the period were constructed from timber, it was also unusual as the pit top building was separate from the screens. The banking level in the building had two levels of skip lines, to allow the full and empty skips to enter and leave the double deck cages. A raised level constructed above the main floor accessed the cages’ upper deck. Construction of the pithead building and the adjoining screens commenced in mid to late 1913.
The headframe, cages, skip lines and associated structures were sold for scrap after the colliery closed in 1967. In 1986-87 the building was reroofed which included placing an additional roof truss over the hole where the headframe passed through the roof of the building, no other restoration work has been carried out on the building.
The power station building was partially restored during 1987–88, which involved replacing the roof sheeting and repainting both internally and externally. Internal access to the building is currently not allowed due to the presence of unsealed asbestos insulation on the steam piping.
Willans & Robinson 1000kW turbinesThe original Nos.1 & 2 turbines were ordered in 1910 and were installed during 1912-13 period. No.1 turbine entered service during July 1913, No.2 turbine entered service in late 1913. The turbines were made by Willans & Robinson of Rugby, England in 1911. The alternator portion of both generators was made by Siemens Brothers.After the arrival in 1927 of the Fraser & Chalmers 6000 kW set, No.1 turbine was moved to the Southern end of the powerhouse and was renumbered No.4 turbine.By the late 1930s, both turbines were used only on a standby basis. During the 1940s No.2 turbine was put up for sale as scrap. Despite the turbine and alternator portions being scrapped the condenser portion is still in place in the powerhouse basement. By the mid-1950s No.4 turbine was placed out of service and scrapped.
Fraser & Chalmers 3000kW Turbine (No.3 turbine)This turbine was ordered in 1921 to accommodate the increase in demand for electricity with the planned opening of Duckenfield No.2 (Stockrington) Colliery at Stockrington, which was connected by a power transmission line to Richmond Main.The 3000 kW Fraser & Chalmers Ltd turbine (order No.51033), 3-phase Wilton Alternator (serial No. 38569) and the Worthington Simpson condensing plant was shipped to Australia on the ‘S.S. Boorara’ and arrived at Richmond Main in November 1922 at a total cost of £18,343.[14] This turbine set stayed in use until the closure of the power station in 1976 and is still in place.
Fraser & Chalmers 6000kW Turbine (2nd No.1 turbine)This turbine was ordered in 1926 to accommodate the increase in demand for electricity with the planned duplication and increased production at Richmond Main.The 6000 kW Fraser & Chalmers turbine (order No.53504), 3-phase Wilton Alternator (serial No.44620) and the condensing plant arrived at Richmond Main in July 1927 at a total cost of £13529. The condenser arrived on the ‘S.S. Minmi’ and the turbine and alternator arrived on the ‘Port Auckland’.[14] This turbine set stayed in use until the closure of the power station in 1976 and is still in place.
Fraser & Chalmers / Siemens Electric winderOrdered in 1910 the winder was installed during the 1911 to 1912 period but did not see use until 1913 when the first turbine was commissioned. The mechanical side of the winder was built by Fraser & Chalmers Ltd at their works at Erith, whereas the electrical components including the motor were built by Siemens Brothers, Dynamo Works Ltd. The winding set consisted of a 14feet diameter x wide drum powered by an 800 Volt DC electric motor.[15] The winding engine was cut up for scrap after the colliery closed in 1967.
Siemens Brothers Motor Generator SetOrdered in 1910 as part of the winding engine, the motor generator set was built by Siemens Brothers, Dynamo Works Ltd. The set was installed during the 1911 to 1912 period but did not see use until 1913 when the first turbine was commissioned.The purpose of the set was to generate D.C. power for the winding engine using a 3300 Volt AC motor driving a 720kW 800V DC generator.[16] By 1951 the set was in need of a major overhaul so the Metropolitan Vickers motor generator set was installed as a standby set. The Siemens set was taken out of use when the colliery closed in 1967 and disposed of.
Metropolitan Vickers Motor Generator SetPurchased in 1926 as part of the 1130Hp Metropolitan Vickers winding engine, which was intended to be installed in the No.3 shaft fan and winding building. As this winding engine was never installed, when the Siemens converter set needed repairs in 1951, the motor generator set was installed in the power station on the site of No.2 turbine.[17] The Metropolitan Vickers set was taken out of use when the colliery closed in 1967 and disposed of.
Coal for the boilers was unloaded from the company's coal wagons in a rail track hopper built in front of the boiler house; the coal was then transported by a bucket conveyor to the coal bunkers above the stoking floor. The coal mined at Richmond Main burnt too fiercely for the water tube boiler chain grate stokers so coal from the less volatile Borehole Seam coal was rail hauled to the boiler house. In 1949 to help in the burning of low-quality coal the boilers were modified by the addition of forced draught fans and ducting.[18] In 1955 with the coal preparation plant at Hexham commissioned, work commenced to enable the boilers to burn the waste middlings coal from the preparation plant. Part of this work entailed the construction of a second track hopper for unloading coal from wagons.[19] An extension of the conveyor to the new rail hopper also served a bin constructed to enable the loading of coal from trucks or ‘from grass’; this was the facility in use when the boiler house closed in 1976.
John Thompson Water tube boilersOrdered in 1926 to provide high-pressure steam for the new 6000 kW turbine, the boiler drums, tubes, stoker parts and structure arrived in 1927 at a total cost of £17913. The boilers arrived on the ‘S.S. Minmi’ & ‘S.S. Themistodes’.[14] The foundations for the boilers and coal handling plant were erected during August 1928 and construction of the first boiler commenced the next month. By December 1929 both Nos.1 & 2 boilers were complete but construction of No.3 boiler was slow, with the miners’ lockout and downturn of trade delaying the completion of No.3 boiler until July 1930. The 3 boilers stayed in use until the closure of the power station in 1976.
There is an additional group of buildings to the southeast of the turbine room, previously the location of the southern bank of original boilers. These buildings have spaced columns and a later east wall with loading dock and canopy and workshop accommodation.[1]
The loco shed was constructed during 1918 and was used to house the locomotive/s based at the colliery.[14] [20] With the construction of the direct passenger line in 1922 and the arrival of the ex-War Department R.O.D. 2-8-0 locomotives from 1926 onwards, it was decided to enlarge the loco sheds at Pelaw Main Colliery and close the loco shed at Richmond Main. The loco shed was then turned into a store with the service pits being filled and the infill portion built between the loco shed and store, this infill had a mezzanine floor, which was extended over the closest loco shed road. The remaining road was left clear as this road also ran into the end of the power station. The loco shed was also used in later years to house the colliery truck. The loco shed and adjoining store now form the main maintenance area for the Richmond Vale Railway Museum.
The adjoining substation was enlarged during the Second World War when the transmission line from Richmond Main to Stockrington was connected to the New South Wales Department of Railways transmission grid. It was further enlarged when the Stockrington line was extended to supply the coal preparation plant at Hexham in the early 1950s. Modifications and additions were made in 1960 to allow for interconnection with the former Caledonian Collieries power station at Cockle Creek.
After the power station closed in 1976, the substation remained in use as the power supply to Stockrington Colliery, and the coal preparation plant still came via Richmond Main switchyard. When Stockrington Colliery closed in 1988 and the decision to demolish the preparation plant in 1989 the transmission line was placed out of service, the line, switchgear and transformers being scrapped soon after.
The steel work was constructed in England by A.J. Main & Co. Ltd of Glasgow and was shipped to Australia on the ‘S.S. Vedic’ & ‘S.S Runic’ and arrived in March 1928 at a cost of £1670.[14] A 30LT hand driven Craven Brothers overhead travelling crane was purchased for £450 and fitted to the building.[14] With the electric winding engine never being fully installed the bulk of the building was used for the undercover storage of large pieces of machinery.
The site was reported as being in fair condition as of the time of the heritage listing, with archaeological potential at the carriage shed site.[1]
The cultural significance of the former Richmond Main Colliery in its surviving condition relies more on the complex as an expression of a particular era of region, industrial and social history than on the integrity of the remaining empty structures. That era is the rapid and short-lived heyday of the establishment and development of the South Maitland coalfields in the first half of the twentieth century and of the mining communities and transportation networks that evolved to support that industry. While Richmond Main can claim some degree of cultural significance in its own right, primarily through its links to John Brown and his intentions for it, its real strength lies in its ability to become that expression to present and future generations.[25]
Richmond Main Colliery was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.[1]
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
Richmond Main gains its historical significance from its strong associations with John Brown, its importance as a strong component within the South Maitland collieries and the resulting development of a large regional community in the coalfields area. Much of the surviving fabric pertains to the use of the buildings in the early decades of the twentieth century, maintaining the continuity of these links. While some evidence has been destroyed, sufficient remains to form a valuable interpretive backdrop to the strong documentary evidence of the period.[26] [1]
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
Richmond Main can claim some degree of aesthetic value from the scale of the buildings in the complex, the relative unity of materials and the subtle use of continuing architectural themes through various building types. However, with the exception of the scale and the cooling towers, the complex is not a unique example of industrial architecture of the period or region. The intention of John Brown to make Richmond Main his flagship and the showpiece of the industry can be seen to give the complex, a degree of representation for those other collieries, even in its partially ruined state.[27] [1]
The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The development of the South Maitland coal fields led to the establishment of an entire community based on the townships of Cessnock and Kurri Kurri. Within the space of a decade, the region was transformed from a rural backwater to a vital element in the state's resources of steaming coal. The collieries in the area have thus become an emerging focus of community consciousness as to its source of being. By itself, Richmond Main is perhaps no more important than any other single colliery within this ethos, but the continuation of a representative link back to this era is of considerable importance to those communities.[28] [1]
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Without the usual constraints of existing investment or partially outdated facilities, John Brown was able to create Richmond Main as a corporate showpiece displaying "state of the art" coal mining technology and electric power generation. Old technology replaced new technology several times, with mechanisation occurring in the 1950s. Despite this, there is still sufficient physical evidence to contribute to the understanding and interpretation of extensive documentary sources. This will enable Richmond Main to become a valuable resource for regional and industrial history.[27] [1]