Richard Roeper Explained

Richard Roeper
Birth Name:Richard E. Roeper
Birth Date:17 October 1959
Birth Place:Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Occupation:Columnist
Subject:Film criticism
Alma Mater:Illinois State University

Richard E. Roeper (born October 17, 1959) is an American columnist and film critic for the Chicago Sun-Times. He co-hosted the television series At the Movies with Roger Ebert from 2000 to 2008, serving as the late Gene Siskel's successor.[1] [2] From 2010 to 2014, he co-hosted The Roe and Roeper Show with Roe Conn on WLS-AM.[3] From October 2015 to October 2017, Roeper served as the host of the FOX 32 morning show Good Day Chicago.[4]

Early life

Roeper was born in Chicago, Illinois. He grew up in south suburban Dolton, Illinois and attended Thornridge High School before graduating from Illinois State University in 1982 with a bachelor's degree in journalism. While still a student at the university, he auditioned for the movie review program Sneak Previews when Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert (his future co-host on At the Movies) left the program, for which he was turned down.[5]

Career

Roeper began working as a columnist for the Chicago Sun-Times in 1986.[6] The topics of his columns ranged from politics to media to entertainment. He has been voted the best columnist in Illinois by the Associated Press on numerous occasions.

He has also written seven books on topics ranging from movies to urban legends to conspiracy theories to the Chicago White Sox. In 2009, Roeper appeared on Howard Stern's show and said he had written a book on gambling, entitled Bet the House,[7] which was released in the first quarter of 2010.

Roeper was a radio host on WLS AM 890 in Chicago. He also hosted shows on WLUP-FM, WLS-FM, and WMVP-AM in Chicago.In the early 2000s, he was the film critic for CBS in Chicago for three years.

His columns have been syndicated by The New York Times to worldwide publications. Roeper has written for a number of magazines, including Esquire, Spy, TV Guide, Playboy, Maxim, and Entertainment Weekly. In 2001, he was named one of People magazine's most eligible bachelors.[8]

Roeper was a frequent guest on The Tonight Show, Live with Regis and Kelly, The O'Reilly Factor, and countless other national programs. He also hosted Starz Inside, a monthly documentary series that aired on the Starz network. Roeper appeared on the first episode of the fifth season of Entourage, where he reviewed a fake movie titled Medellin with Michael Phillips on At the Movies.[9] In April 2008, Roeper was the central figure on an episode of Top Chef, where contestants served up movie-themed dishes to Roeper and his friends (including Aisha Tyler).[10]

In February 2009, Roeper launched his website, which features movie reviews, blog entries, photos, and Twitter posts. In December 2009, he launched a video section that featured on-camera reviews of movies.[11] The video segments were originally produced in partnership with the Starz premium cable channel.[11] Roeper announced that the reviews would appear first on his site, then on the Starz channel.[11]

In December 2009, it was reported that Roeper had signed with ReelzChannel to be a regular contributor.[12] Beginning in December 2010, Roeper began producing video reviews for ReelzChannel. He stopped reviewing movies for ReelzChannel in February 2015; his final review was for the Jude Law disaster film Black Sea.

From April 12, 2010, to October 7, 2014, he co-hosted The Roe & Roeper Show with Roe Conn on Chicago's WLS 890 radio station from 2-6 pm CST.[3]

In October 2015, Roeper joined the cast of the Fox Chicago morning TV show Good Day Chicago.[13] He signed off from that morning TV show on October 18, 2017.

Roeper was suspended from the Sun-Times on January 29, 2018, pending an investigation into allegations that he had purchased Twitter followers.[14] On February 2, the Sun-Times released a statement stating that their investigation did find that Roeper purchased over 25,000 fake followers. The paper later reinstated him, though he was required to begin using a new account on which he was explicitly disallowed from buying followers.[15]

Film critic

After Gene Siskel of Siskel & Ebert died on February 20, 1999,[16] [17] Roger Ebert co-hosted the show with nearly 30 guest critics.[18] After ten appearances on the program,[19] Roeper was offered the opportunity to co-host the popular film review show with Ebert permanently.[20] The series was renamed Ebert & Roeper and the Movies in 2000.[20] The title was shortened to Ebert & Roeper in 2001. Before this, he conducted an interview in 1995 with Siskel and Ebert to commemorate the 20th anniversary of their partnership.[6] [21] [22]

Beginning in August 2006, while his co-host Roger Ebert was recovering from cancer surgery,[23] Roeper was joined by numerous guest critics, including Clerks director Kevin Smith, The Tonight Show host Jay Leno, and singer-songwriter John Mellencamp. On Sunday, July 20, 2008, Roeper announced that he was leaving the show in mid-August and would return with a new show later in the year.[24] However, plans for a new program starring Roeper failed to materialize.[25]

Between 2009 and late 2010, Roeper contributed video reviews to Starz.[11] In December 2010, he moved to ReelzChannel, where he contributed a segment titled Richard Roeper's Reviews every weekday at 5:00 pm ET.[12] Roeper remained with the network until early 2015. In early 2013, Roeper began contributing film reviews to RogerEbert.com. On September 12, 2013, it was announced that Roeper will replace Roger Ebert as the main movie critic for the Chicago Sun-Times after his death on April 4, 2013 at the age of 70.[26] In August 2014, Roeper became first-string film critic for the Chicago Sun-Times, where he made his debut reviewing Guardians of the Galaxy.[27] He is a member of Chicago Film Critics Association.[28]

Preferences

Favorites

Roeper has cited The Maltese Falcon, The Godfather trilogy, and Ferris Bueller's Day Off as among his favorite films.[6] [29] On Ferris Bueller's Day Off he stated that, "It has one of the highest 'repeatability' factors of any film I've ever seen...I can watch it again and again. There's also this, and I say in all sincerity: Ferris Bueller's Day Off is something of a suicide prevention film or, at the very least, a story about a young man trying to help his friend gain some measure of self-worth...Ferris has made it his mission to show Cameron that the whole world in front of him is passing him by and that life can be pretty sweet if you wake up and embrace it. That's the lasting message of Ferris Bueller's Day Off."[30] Roeper pays homage to the film with a license plate that says "SVFRRIS".[31]

In a 2000 interview, he cited Woody Allen as a hero of filmmaking.[6] Among his favorite films from the 1990s are Goodfellas, Pulp Fiction, Heat, Good Will Hunting, and Notting Hill.[32] In November 2004, on a special segment of Ebert & Roeper, Roeper stated that his all-time favorite film about Thanksgiving is Planes, Trains and Automobiles.

Best films of the year

Since 2000, Roeper has compiled an annual film list which provides an overview of his critical preferences.[33] [34]

Year
  1. 1
  1. 2
  1. 3
  1. 4
  1. 5
  1. 6
  1. 7
  1. 8
  1. 9
  1. 10
2000Crouching Tiger, Hidden DragonTrafficThe ClaimThe ContenderWonder BoysFinding ForresterYou Can Count on MeSunshineCast AwayAlmost Famous
2001MementoVanilla SkyMulholland DriveA Beautiful MindIn the BedroomAmores perrosDinner RushHappy AccidentsThe Deep EndShallow Hal
2002Gangs of New York25th HourMinority ReportY tu mamá tambiénAdaptationSignsRabbit-Proof FenceAbout SchmidtOne Hour PhotoAbout a Boy
2003In AmericaMystic RiverLost in Translation21 GramsElephantThe Barbarian InvasionsThe Station AgentWhale RiderMonsterSeabiscuit
2004Hotel RwandaEternal Sunshine of the Spotless MindThe AviatorSidewaysHouse of Flying DaggersMillion Dollar BabyThe TerminalSpanglishCollateral
2005SyrianaThe New WorldCrashMunichNine LivesCapoteBrokeback MountainA History of ViolenceWalk the LineThe 40-Year-Old Virgin
2006The DepartedThe QueenFlags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo JimaUnited 93The Lives of OthersBabelNotes on a ScandalThe Good ShepherdLittle Miss SunshineBlood Diamond
2007Michael ClaytonNo Country for Old MenThe LookoutJunoAmerican GangsterGone Baby GoneZodiacSuperbadOnceParis, je t'aime
2008[35] Slumdog MillionaireThe Dark KnightThe WrestlerIn BrugesI've Loved You So LongGran TorinoMilkThe VisitorForgetting Sarah MarshallFrozen River
2009[36] BrothersUp in the AirThe Hurt Locker(500) Days of SummerInglourious BasterdsUpAvatarAdventurelandAn EducationThe Informant!
2000s[37] The DepartedIn AmericaTrafficMementoHouse of Flying DaggersMystic RiverSlumdog Millionaire25th HourCrouching Tiger, Hidden DragonHotel Rwanda
2010[38] InceptionThe FighterThe Social NetworkThe Kids Are All RightThe TownToy Story 3127 HoursTrue GritThe King's SpeechSomewhere
2011[39] DriveThe ArtistContagionThe Tree of LifeThe DescendantsYoung AdultSource CodeMoneyballThe BeaverHugo
2012[40] Zero Dark ThirtyArgoThe GreyLife of PiThe Dark Knight RisesDjango UnchainedFlightThe SessionsPrometheusLincoln
2013[41] American HustleOut of the FurnaceMudGravityThe Spectacular NowCaptain PhillipsNebraskaAll Is Lost12 Years a SlaveThe Counselor
2014[42] BoyhoodInterstellarLockeBirdmanThe DropWhiplashA Most Wanted ManFoxcatcherA Most Violent YearGuardians of the Galaxy
2015[43] RoomInside OutThe RevenantThe Big ShortThe Hateful EightSicarioSpotlightStar Wars: Episode VII – The Force AwakensStraight Outta Compton
2016[44] Manchester by the SeaHell or High WaterMoonlightLa La LandSullyLights OutZootopiaThe InfiltratorSilenceArrival
2017[45] Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, MissouriThe PostWind RiverDunkirkBaby DriverBlade Runner 2049The Big SickMolly's GameItDetroit
2018[46] WidowsRomaBlacKkKlansmanLeave No TraceLean on PeteA Star Is BornBlack PantherBlindspotting
2019[47] The IrishmanOnce Upon a Time in HollywoodThe FarewellUncut GemsWavesBooksmartFast ColorLittle WomenParasiteQueen & Slim
2010s[48] The Social NetworkBoyhoodWidowsThe IrishmanRoomMoonlightThree Billboards Outside Ebbing, MissouriOnce Upon a Time in HollywoodAmerican Hustle
2020[49] NomadlandThe Trial of the Chicago 7News of the WorldSoulDa 5 BloodsThe Midnight SkyMa Rainey's Black BottomSaint FrancesLet Them All TalkPalm Springs
2021[50] BelfastLicorice PizzaWest Side StoryPigThe Card CounterThose Who Wish Me DeadOld HenryIn the HeightsThe Harder They FallA Quiet Place: Part II
2022[51] The WhaleThe Banshees of InisherinAftersunNopeTo LeslieX and PearlEmily the CriminalTárThe Black PhoneThe Fabelmans
2023[52] OppenheimerKillers of the Flower MoonAirThe KillerMaestroMay DecemberDream ScenarioThe Color PurpleJoy RideBarbie

Filmography

YearTitleRoleNotes
2000-2008 At the Movies Host/Guest Host 411 episodes
2000; 2006 Chicago Tonight Himself 2 episodes
2000 Late Night with Conan O'Brien Guest Episode: "Roger Ebert & Richard Roeper/Bernie Mac/Tara MacLean"
Charlie Rose Guest 1 episode
2001-2013 The Tonight Show with Jay Leno Guest 23 episodes
2001 The Daily Show Himself 1 episode
2003-2008 E! True Hollywood Story Himself 4 episodes
2003 Sex at 24 Frames Per Second Interviewee
2004 101 Biggest Celebrity Oops Himself
101 Most Unforgettable SNL Moments Himself
Retrosexual: The 80's Himself
Non-Denominational All-Star Celebrity Holiday Special Himself
Jimmy Kimmel Live! Himself 1 episode
2005 Dennis Miller Himself 1 episode
The Factor Himself 1 episode
The Tony Danza Show Himself 3 episodes
2006 Supertwink Himself Uncredited
The Top 5 Reasons You Can't Blame... Himself Episode: "Bob Knight for his repeated outbursts"
2006 Independent Spirit Awards Audience Member
Howard Stern On Demand Judge Episode: "The Howard Stern Film Festival"
2007-2008 Live with Regis and Kelly Himself 2 episodes
2007 Heckler Himself
2008 An Evening at the Academy Awards Co-Host
Top Chef Guest Judge Episode: "Film Food"
Entourage Himself Episode: "Fantasy Island"
2009-2010 Richard Roeper & the Movies Himself 85 episodes
2009 This Is Our Moment: Election Night 2008 Commentator
The Hour Himself 1 episode
Don't You Forget Me Himself
The Jay Leno Show Himself 1 episode
Clarkworld Himself
2010-2011 ReelzChannel Spotlight Host 5 episodes
Hollywood's Top Ten Reelz Channel Movie Reviewer 9 episodes
2010 Richard Roeper's Reviews Himself 5 episodes
Prime 9 Himself 2 episodes
2011-2013 ReelzChannel Specials Himself 3 episodes
2014 Madzilla! Himself
2015-2017 Poker Night in America Himself 17 episodes
2015-2018 Roeper's Reviews Himself 162 episodes
2016 The Timeline Himself Episode: "The Fog Bowl"
2020 Himself

Bibliography

Accolades

In 1992, he was awarded the National Headliner Award as the top newspaper columnist in the country. He won two Chicago / Midwest Emmy Awards awards for his news commentaries on Fox.[4] On April 11, 2020, Roeper was awarded the Roger Ebert Award at the 2020 AAFCA Special Achievement Award Luncheon.[53]

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: 'Ebert Presents At the Movies' a work in progress. Chicago Tribune. January 23, 2011. Phil. Rosenthal. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110125023903/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-01-23/business/ct-biz-0123-phil-20110123_1_sun-times-ebert-tribune-s-siskel-roger-ebert. January 25, 2011.
  2. News: Ebert and Roeper leaving 'Ebert & Roeper'. July 21, 2008. CNN. July 21, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080724101812/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/21/people.roeper.ap/index.html . July 24, 2008.
  3. Web site: It's 'Roe & Roeper': WLS adds new afternoon star. Vocalo.org. Robert. Feder. March 11, 2010. June 24, 2022. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100313123843/http://blogs.vocalo.org/feder/2010/03/it%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98roe-roeper%E2%80%99-wls-adds-new-afternoon-star/17630. March 13, 2010.
  4. Web site: Richard Roeper says goodbye to 'Good Day Chicago'. October 18, 2017. Robert Feder. Robert. Feder.
  5. Gene and Roger: 8. Something Wonderful Is Coming to an End. August 25, 2021. The Big Picture. The Ringer. Podbay. Brian. Raftery.
  6. Web site: A Q&A WITH RICHARD ROEPER CO-CRITIC, 'EBERT & ROEPER AND THE MOVIES'. June 23, 2022. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20000817030308/http://tvplex.go.com/buenavista/ebertandthemovies/whatsnew/qa.html. August 17, 2000.
  7. Web site: Almost time to Bet the House. blog.richardroeper.com. February 15, 2010. Richard. Roeper. April 22, 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110715183210/http://blog.richardroeper.com/?p=1586. July 15, 2011.
  8. Web site: Cover Story: America's Top 50 Bachelors – Vol. 56 No. 1. July 2, 2001. People.com. October 2, 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080423222039/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20134797,00.html. April 23, 2008.
  9. Fantasy Island. Entourage. September 7, 2008. 5. 1.
  10. Film Food. Top Chef. April 2, 2008. 4. 4.
  11. Web site: Rich gets richer: Roeper to review movies again. Vocalo.org. Robert. Feder. November 24, 2009. June 24, 2022. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091127130730/http://blogs.vocalo.org/feder/2009/11/rich-gets-richer-roeper-to-review-movies-again/9405. November 27, 2009.
  12. Web site: Kennedy's Miniseries Lands Home, Will Air on ReelzChannel. The Hollywood Reporter. February 1, 2011. December 26, 2019. Matthew. Belloni.
  13. Web site: Feder. Robert. Richard Roeper set to join Fox 32's 'Good Day Chicago'. Robert Feder. October 19, 2015.
  14. News: Sun-Times halts Richard Roeper column to investigate allegation he bought Twitter followers. January 29, 2018. January 29, 2018. Chicago Tribune. Kim. Janssen. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20180129221347/http://chicagotribune.com/news/chicagoinc/ct-met-richard-roeper-twitter-0130-chicago-inc-20180129-story.html. January 29, 2018.
  15. Web site: Feder. Robert. Sun-Times reinstates Richard Roeper after Twitter investigation. Robert Feder. February 2, 2018.
  16. News: McG Thomas. Robert Jr.. Gene Siskel, Half of a Famed Movie-Review Team, Dies at 53. The New York Times. February 21, 1999. June 15, 2022.
  17. News: In Tribute: Legendary film reviewer leaves thumbprint on a nation of moviegoers. March 27, 1999. The Star Press. June 15, 2022. Newspapers.com.
  18. Web site: Perrone. Pierre. Obituary: Gene Siskel. The Independent. February 23, 1999. June 15, 2022.
  19. Web site: AWARD-WINNING CHICAGO SUN-TIMES COLUMNIST RICHARD ROEPER STEPS INTO CRITIC'S CHAIR OPPOSITE ROGER EBERT. June 23, 2022. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20000817030258/http://tvplex.go.com/buenavista/ebertandthemovies/whatsnew/roeper.html. August 17, 2000.
  20. News: Columnist to become foil to Roger Ebert. Tampa Bay Times. July 14, 2000. May 18, 2022. Newspapers.com.
  21. News: Thumbs Up! 20 Years in the Balcony. October 15, 1995. Richard. Roeper. Chicago Sun-Times.
  22. Web site: From the archives: When I interviewed Siskel & Ebert. blog.richardroeper.com. January 16, 2009. Richard. Roeper. July 11, 2022. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130517053724/http://blog.richardroeper.com/?p=80. May 17, 2013.
  23. Web site: E-mail from Roger. RogerEbert.com. Roger. Ebert. August 17, 2006. June 22, 2022. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060820123705/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060817/PEOPLE/60817001. August 20, 2006.
  24. News: Roeper to part ways with 'At the Movies' after 8 years' . July 21, 2008 . July 21, 2008 . Chicago Sun-Times . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080722230725/http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/television/1065664,roepnote072108.article . July 22, 2008 .
  25. Web site: Time keeps on slip, slip, slippin' away. Roger Ebert's Journal. Roger. Ebert. November 25, 2009. June 22, 2022. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091130021524/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2009/11/post.html. November 30, 2009.
  26. News: Richard Roeper Replacing Roger Ebert at Sun-Times. September 12, 2013. Associated Press. June 22, 2022. ABC News. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130915052405/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/richard-roeper-replacing-roger-ebert-sun-times-20238418. September 15, 2013.
  27. Web site: 'Guardians of the Galaxy': A giddy space oddity makes the summer sunnier. Chicago Sun-Times. July 30, 2014. Richard. Roeper. June 22, 2022. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140804174955/http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/movies/28944728-421/guardians-of-the-galaxy-a-giddy-space-oddity-makes-the-summer-sunnier.html#.U9_H2I6TLrc. August 4, 2014.
  28. Web site: Members . 2023-09-22 . Chicago Film Critics Association . en-US.
  29. Web site: Web Extra: Roger Ebert (July 19, 2000). Chicago Tonight. Phil. Ponce. April 4, 2013. July 9, 2022. PBS.org.
  30. Web site: Ferris, Kevin, Samantha and Uncle Buck are in mourning. Saying goodbye to John Hughes.. August 7, 2009. Richard. Roeper. blog.richardroeper.com. July 9, 2022. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110614043238/http://blog.richardroeper.com/?p=1119. June 14, 2011.
  31. Web site: Save Ferris. August 7, 2009. blog.richardroeper.com. Richard. Roeper. July 9, 2022. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120303231551/http://blog.richardroeper.com/?p=1122. March 3, 2012.
  32. https://youtube.com/watch?v=UPgwotHtL_s Best 90s movies | Chicago film critic Richard Roeper picks 5 decade-defining films
  33. Web site: Ebert and Roeper Top Ten Lists (2000-2005). Innermid.com. May 3, 2012. July 9, 2022.
  34. Web site: Roeper and Scott Top Ten Lists (2006-2007). Innermind.com. May 3, 2012. July 9, 2022.
  35. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 22, 2008 . The Best and Worst of 2008 . dead . https://archive.today/20120709184754/http://blog.richardroeper.com/?p=41 . July 9, 2012 . July 11, 2022 . RichardRoeper.com.
  36. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 27, 2009 . The Best (and Worst) of 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130517001912/http://blog.richardroeper.com/?p=1454 . May 17, 2013 . July 11, 2022 . RichardRoeper.com.
  37. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 31, 2009 . The 100 best movies of the decade . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130517003656/http://blog.richardroeper.com/?p=1499 . May 17, 2013 . July 9, 2022 . blog.richardroeper.com.
  38. Web site: The Best Movies of 2010 . October 13, 2024 . YouTube.
  39. Web site: The Best Movies of 2011 . October 13, 2024 . YouTube.
  40. Web site: The Best Movies of 2012 . October 13, 2024 . YouTube.
  41. Web site: The Best Movies of 2013 . October 13, 2024 . YouTube.
  42. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 18, 2014 . BEST OF 2014: The 10 movies that moved me . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141219070408/http://entertainment.suntimes.com/movies/best-2014-10-movies-moved/ . December 19, 2014 . July 10, 2022 . Chicago Sun-Times.
  43. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 23, 2015 . The Year in Review: Richard Roeper's Best Movies of 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151225201054/http://entertainment.suntimes.com/movies/year-review-richard-roepers-best-movies-2015 . December 25, 2015 . July 10, 2022 . Chicago Sun-Times.
  44. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 23, 2016 . Richard Roeper picks the 10 best movies of 2016 . July 9, 2022 . Chicago Sun-Times.
  45. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 27, 2017 . Roeper: The 10 surprising best movies of 2017 . July 9, 2022 . Chicago Sun-Times.
  46. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 26, 2018 . Richard Roeper's best movies of 2018: an instant Chicago classic tops them all . July 9, 2022 . Chicago Sun-Times.
  47. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 24, 2019 . Richard Roeper: The best movies of 2019 . July 9, 2022 . Chicago Sun-Times.
  48. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 30, 2019 . 5 movements in the 2010s that changed where movies come from and who's in them . July 9, 2022 . Chicago Sun-Times.
  49. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 24, 2020 . Richard Roeper: The best movies of 2020 . July 9, 2022 . Chicago Sun-Times.
  50. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 23, 2021 . Richard Roeper: The best movies of 2021 . July 9, 2022 . Chicago Sun-Times.
  51. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 23, 2022 . Richard Roeper's best movies of 2022 . May 27, 2023 . Chicago Sun-Times.
  52. Web site: Roeper . Richard . December 21, 2023 . The 10 best movies of 2023: 'Oppenheimer' made with detailed care that no film can match . 8 January 2024 . Chicago Sun Times.
  53. Web site: Richard Roeper to Receive the Roger Ebert Award at AAFCA's Special Achievement Awards Luncheon. RogerEbert.com. October 30, 2019. August 4, 2023.