Rhizophagus clarus explained

Rhizophagus clarus (previously known as Glomus clarum[1]) is an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in the family Glomeraceae. The species has been shown to improve nutrient absorption and growth in several agricultural crops but is not typically applied commercially.[2]

Distribution and conservation

Rhizophagus clarus is widely distributed and found worldwide.[3] The species is proposed to be at the level of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its global distribution.[4]

Spores and morphology

The spores of Rhizophagus clarus vary in color from white to yellow-brown.[5] [6] [7] They naturally vary in size from 100 to 260 μm and are globose to subglobose in shape. The spores are larger than the spores of other species in the genus Rhizophagus.[8] The spores are composed of an outer mucilaginous layer which thickens as they mature.

Rhizophagus clarus is composed of extraradical hyphae that extend past the rhizosphere soil zone, and intraradical hyphae that inhabit the host plant's roots.[9]

Ecology

Rhizophagus clarus is a biotrophic mutualist fungus that exchanges soil nutrients with its host plant for photoassimilates.[10] Rhizophagus clarus is able to form a symbiotic relationship with a wide variety of plant hosts, some of which include:

Genome

Rhizophagus clarus has a relatively small number of genes coding for cell wall degrading enzymes because the species is mutualistic and not pathogenic. Effector molecules secreted by the fungus affect plant signaling and immune function to promote fungal colonization. Hyphal anastomosis is common in colonies of Rhizophagus clarus and allows for horizontal gene transfer and increased variation in genotypes.

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Species Fungorum - GSD Species . 2022-05-07 . www.speciesfungorum.org.
  2. Cely . Martha V. T. . de Oliveira . Admilton G. . de Freitas . Vanessa F. . de Luca . Marcelo B. . Barazetti . André R. . dos Santos . Igor M. O. . Gionco . Barbara . Garcia . Guilherme V. . Prete . Cássio E. C. . Andrade . Galdino . 2016-05-25 . Inoculant of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Rhizophagus clarus) Increase Yield of Soybean and Cotton under Field Conditions . Frontiers in Microbiology . 7 . 720 . 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00720 . 27303367 . 4880672 . 1664-302X. free .
  3. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy . 2021 . 10.15468/39omei. Registry-Migration.Gbif.Org . GBIF Secretariat .
  4. Web site: Rhizophagus clarus . 2022-05-07 . iucn.ekoo.se.
  5. Bentivenga . Stephen P. . Bever . James D. . Morton . Joseph B. . September 1997 . Genetic variation of morphological characters within a single isolate of the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus clarum (Glomaceae) . American Journal of Botany . en . 84 . 9 . 1211–1216 . 10.2307/2446044 . 2446044 . 21708675 . 0002-9122.
  6. Web site: Rhizophagus clarus INVAM West Virginia University . 2022-05-07 . fungi.invam.wvu.edu.
  7. Lee . Eun-Hwa . Eom . Ahn-Heum . December 2015 . Growth Characteristics of Rhizophagus clarus Strains and Their Effects on the Growth of Host Plants . Mycobiology . en . 43 . 4 . 444–449 . 10.5941/MYCO.2015.43.4.444 . 1229-8093 . 4731649 . 26839504.
  8. Kobayashi . Yuuki . Maeda . Taro . Yamaguchi . Katsushi . Kameoka . Hiromu . Tanaka . Sachiko . Ezawa . Tatsuhiro . Shigenobu . Shuji . Kawaguchi . Masayoshi . 2018-06-18 . The genome of Rhizophagus clarus HR1 reveals a common genetic basis for auxotrophy among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi . BMC Genomics . 19 . 1 . 465 . 10.1186/s12864-018-4853-0 . 1471-2164 . 6007072 . 29914365 . free .
  9. Purin . Sonia . Morton . Joseph B. . 2013-05-01 . Anastomosis behavior differs between asymbiotic and symbiotic hyphae of Rhizophagus clarus . Mycologia . 105 . 3 . 589–602 . 10.3852/12-135 . 23233505 . 36315596 . 0027-5514.
  10. Sędzielewska Toro . Kinga . Brachmann . Andreas . December 2016 . The effector candidate repertoire of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus . BMC Genomics . en . 17 . 1 . 101 . 10.1186/s12864-016-2422-y . 1471-2164 . 4746824 . 26861502 . free .
  11. Moradtalab . Narges . Hajiboland . Roghieh . Aliasgharzad . Nasser . Hartmann . Tobias E. . Neumann . Günter . January 2019 . Silicon and the Association with an Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal Fungus (Rhizophagus clarus) Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Drought Stress on Strawberry . Agronomy . en . 9 . 1 . 41 . 10.3390/agronomy9010041 . 2073-4395. free .
  12. Rafique . Mazhar . Ortas . Ibrahim . Rizwan . Muhammad . Sultan . Tariq . Chaudhary . Hassan Javed . Işik . Mehmet . Aydin . Oğuzhan . 2019-07-01 . Effects of Rhizophagus clarus and biochar on growth, photosynthesis, nutrients, and cadmium (Cd) concentration of maize (Zea mays) grown in Cd-spiked soil . Environmental Science and Pollution Research . en . 26 . 20 . 20689–20700 . 10.1007/s11356-019-05323-7 . 31104234 . 159039847 . 1614-7499.
  13. Urcoviche . Regiane Cristina . Gazim . Zilda Cristiani . Dragunski . Douglas Cardoso . Barcellos . Fernando Gomes . Alberton . Odair . 2015-05-01 . Plant growth and essential oil content of Mentha crispa inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under different levels of phosphorus . Industrial Crops and Products . en . 67 . 103–107 . 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.016 . 0926-6690.
  14. Barbosa da Silva . Mylena . Custódio Oliver . Fernanda . Sete da Cruz . Rayane Monique . Almeida Marchi . Bianca . Marques Das Almas . Luiz Renato . Alberton . Odair . 2017-09-29 . RESPOTA DO FUNGO MICORRÍZICO ARBUSCULAR RHIZOPHAGUS CLARUS E ADIÇÃO DE SUBSTÂNCIAS HÚMICAS NO CRESCIMENTO DO TOMATEIRO . Scientia Agraria . 18 . 3 . 123 . 10.5380/rsa.v18i3.52888 . 1983-2443. free .

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