| Honorific Prefix: | The Reverend |
| W. Montgomery Watt | |
| Birth Name: | William Montgomery Watt |
| Birth Date: | 14 March 1909 |
| Birth Place: | Ceres, Fife, Scotland |
| Death Place: | Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Nationality: | Scottish |
| Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies | |
| Discipline: | Oriental studies and Religious studies |
| Sub Discipline: | Arabic History of Islam Muhammad Islamic Philosophy Islamic theology |
| Workplaces: | Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem University of Edinburgh |
| Notable Works: | Muhammad at Mecca (1953) Muhammad at Medina (1956) |
William Montgomery Watt (14 March 1909 – 24 October 2006) was a Scottish historian and orientalist. An Anglican priest, Watt served as Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at the University of Edinburgh from 1964 to 1979 and was also a prominent contributor to the field of Quranic studies.
Watt was one of the foremost non-Muslim interpreters of Islam in the West. Watt's comprehensive biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Muhammad at Mecca (1953) and Muhammad at Medina (1956), are considered to be classics in the field.
Watt was born on 14 March 1909 in Ceres, Fife, Scotland.[1] His father, who died when he was only 14 months old, was a minister of the Church of Scotland.
Watt was ordained in the Scottish Episcopal Church as a deacon in 1939 and as a priest in 1940. He served his curacy at St Mary The Boltons, West Brompton, in the Diocese of London from 1939 to 1941. When St Mary's was damaged in The Blitz, he moved to Old Saint Paul's, Edinburgh to continue his training. From 1943 to 1946, he served as an Arabic specialist to the Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem.
After Watt returned to academia in 1946, he never again held a full-time religious appointment. He did, however, continue his ministry with part-time and honorary positions. From 1946 to 1960, he was an honorary curate at Old Saint Paul's, Edinburgh, an Anglo-Catholic church in Edinburgh. He became a member of the ecumenical Iona Community in Scotland in 1960.[2] From 1960 to 1967, he was an honorary curate at St Columba's-by-the-Castle, near Edinburgh Castle. He supervised the PhD of Shaykh Hasan Fatih, later a Sudanese Sufi Master, in 1970. Between 1980 and 1993, following his retirement from academia, he was an honorary curate at St Mary the Virgin, Dalkeith and at St Leonard's Church, Lasswade.
Watt was Professor of Arabian and Islamic Studies at the University of Edinburgh from 1964 to 1979.
He has been called "The Last Orientalist".[3]
Watt held visiting professorships at the University of Toronto, the Collège de France and Georgetown University.
Watt died in Edinburgh on 24 October 2006 at the age of 97.[4] He had four daughters and a son with his wife Jean. The family went on holidays in Crail, a Scottish village. On his death, the writer Richard Holloway wrote of Watt that "he spent his life battling against the tide of intolerance".
Watt received the American Giorgio Levi Della Vida Medal and won, as its first recipient, the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies award for outstanding scholarship.
Watt received an honorary doctorate from Aberdeen University.[5]
Watt's works are considered a classic in modern Western Islamic studies. Watt believed that the Qur'an was divinely inspired but not infallibly true.[3]
Martin Forward, a 21st-century non-Muslim Islamic scholar, states:
Carole Hillenbrand, a professor of Islamic History at the University of Edinburgh, states:
According to Carole Hillenbrand "an enormously influential scholar in the field of Islamic studies and a much-revered name for many Muslims all over the world". His account of the origin of Islam met with criticism from other scholars such as John Wansbrough of the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies, and Patricia Crone and Michael Cook, in their book Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World (1977), and Crone's Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam.[6] However, Both Patricia Crone and Michael Cook have since said that the central thesis of the book "Hagarism" was mistaken because the evidence they had to support the thesis was not sufficient or internally consistent enough.[7]
Pakistani academic, Zafar Ali Qureshi, in his book, Prophet Muhammad and His Western Critics: A Critique of W. Montgomery Watt and Others has criticized Watt as having incorrectly portrayed the life of Muhammad in his works. Qureshi's book was praised by Turkish academic İbrahim Kalın.
French jurist Georges-Henri Bousquet has mocked Watt's book, Muhammad at Mecca, describing it as "A Marxist interpretation of the origins of Islam by an Episcopal clergyman." Danish historian Patricia Crone took issue with Watt's approach of extracting "historical" information from mythical stories by simply excluding the miraculous elements.[8]