Results of the 2019 Canadian federal election explained
The 2019 Canadian federal election was held on October 21, 2019, to elect members of the House of Commons to the 43rd Canadian Parliament. The Liberal Party of Canada, having previously held a majority of the seats in the House, was returned with a minority of the seats, while the Conservative Party of Canada gained fewer seats than expected and the Bloc Québécois saw its standing revived in Quebec.
In this election there were 18,170,880 valid votes cast with 179,479 voters rejected, for total voter turnout of 67 percent of the 27,373,028 registered voters.[1]
Summary
Campaign strategy was weak in most of the political parties. As one commentator remarked, "Never before have both major parties taken such a small share of the vote. Never before, in my memory, have both declined steadily and together throughout a campaign."[2] While the Conservative share of the vote rose from 31.9 percent in 2015 to 34.4 percent in 2019, and saw its share of the popular vote rise in 194 of the ridings, its share of the vote fell In the remaining 144.[3] The Liberals emerged from the election with a strategic advantage in seats in both Ontario and Quebec, and the Conservatives' weakness on election day may lead to questions about the future of its leader Andrew Scheer,[4] [5] but there is also discussion as to whether the Tories' shortfall is due to more systemic reasons,[6] [7] [8] especially with respect to the urban/rural divide in the electorate.[9]
Opinion polling was generally accurate, although in most polls support for the Liberals and Conservatives was mildly understated, while that for the Bloc and the Greens was overstated.[10] Seats won fell within poll projections, but it was noted that at least eight seats expected to go to the NDP actually went Liberal, leading to the conjecture that the prior departure of their long-time NDP MPs revealed the underlying weakness of the party brand.[10]
Synopsis of results
Results overview
Summary analysis
| Party | Votes | Seats |
|---|
| 6,018,728 | | 6.4pp | | 27 |
| 6,239,227 | | 2.5pp | | 22 |
| 1,384,030 | | 3.0pp | | 22 |
| 2,903,722 | | 3.8pp | | 20 |
| 1,189,607 | | 3.0pp | | 1 |
| 75,836 | | 0.1pp | | 1 | |
Results by province
Distribution of seats and popular vote %, by party by province/territory (2019)| Party name | BC | AB | SK | MB | ON | QC | NB | NS | PE | NL | YT | NT | NU | Total |
|---|
| rowspan="2" | | Liberal | Seats: | 11 | - | - | 4 | 79 | 35 | 6 | 10 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 1 | - | 157 |
| Vote: | 26.2 | 13.8 | 11.7 | 26.5 | 41.6 | 34.3 | 37.5 | 41.4 | 43.7 | 44.9 | 33.5 | 39.7 | 30.9 | 33.1 |
| rowspan="2" | | Conservative | Seats: | 17 | 33 | 14 | 7 | 36 | 10 | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 121 |
| Vote: | 34.0 | 69.0 | 64.0 | 45.2 | 33.1 | 16.0 | 32.8 | 25.7 | 27.3 | 27.9 | 32.7 | 25.5 | 26.1 | 34.3 |
| rowspan="2" | | NDP | Seats: | 11 | 1 | - | 3 | 6 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 24 |
| Vote: | 24.4 | 11.6 | 19.6 | 20.8 | 16.8 | 10.8 | 9.4 | 18.9 | 7.6 | 23.7 | 22.0 | 22.3 | 40.8 | 16.0 |
| rowspan="2" | | Bloc Québécois | Seats: | | 32 | | 32 |
| Vote: | 32.4 | 7.6 |
| rowspan="2" | | Green | Seats: | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 |
| Vote: | 12.5 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 5.1 | 6.2 | 4.5 | 17.2 | 11.0 | 20.9 | 3.1 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 2.2 | 6.5 |
| rowspan="2" | | People's | Seats: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Vote: | 1.7 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.2 | - | 0.1 | 1.4 | 1.8 | - | 1.6 |
| rowspan="2" | | Independents and others | Seats: | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Vote: | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 |
| Seats: | 42 | 34 | 14 | 14 | 121 | 78 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 338 | |
Seats won and lost by party
Elections to the 43rd Parliament of Canada – seats won/lost by party, 2015–2019| Party | 2015 | Gain from (loss to) | 2019 |
|---|
| Lib | Con | NDP | BQ | Grn | Ind |
|---|
| 184 | | | 2 | (21) | 5 | (3) | (8) | (1) | (1) | 157 |
| 99 | 21 | (2) | | | 6 | | (3) | | | 121 |
| 44 | 3 | (5) | | (6) | | | (11) | (1) | | 24 |
| 10 | 8 | | 3 | | 11 | | | | | 32 |
| 1 | 1 | | | | 1 | | | | | 3 |
| - | 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| Total | 338 | 34 | (7) | 5 | (27) | 23 | (3) | (22) | (2) | (1) | 338 | |
The following 62 seats (representing 18.34 percent of seats in the House of Commons) changed allegiance from the 2015 election:
- Liberal to Conservative (22)
- NDP to Bloc (11)
- Liberal to Bloc (8)
- NDP to Conservative (6)
- NDP to Liberal (5)
- Liberal to NDP (3)
- Conservative to Bloc (3)
- Conservative to Liberal (2)
- Liberal to Green (1)
- NDP to Green (1)
- Liberal to Independent (1)
The reasons for the changes were:
| Reason | - of MPs
|
|---|
| Defeated in general election | 45 |
| Open seats that changed hands | 11 |
| Vacancies previously filled in byelections; subsequently retained | 3 |
| Vacancies previously filled in byelections; subsequently lost to another party | 1 |
| Standing under different political affiliation | 2 |
| Total | 62 | |
Defeated MPs
Open seats that changed hands
Of the 44 seats that were open at dissolution, 11 were won by candidates of non-incumbent parties:
Vacancies filled in earlier byelections
Three open seats were filled in earlier byelections, retained by the winners in the ensuing general election:
Two vacancies were filled in earlier byelections, but the winners failed to keep them in the general election. They were both upset votes in favour of the Liberals, where one subsequently returned to the previous party, while the other went to a third party.
MPs standing under a different political affiliation
Leona Alleslev had previously crossed the floor from the Liberals to the Conservatives in 2018, and was subsequently re-elected as a Conservative. Jody Wilson-Raybould contested her seat as an Independent and won, after having been expelled from the Liberal caucus.
Swing analysis within the largest provinces
Results in BC (2019 vs 2015)| Party | Seats | Votes |
|---|
| 2015 | Gained | Lost | 2019 | Total | % | Change (%) |
|---|
| 10 | 7 | - | 17 | 799,239 | 34.1 | +4.1 |
| 17 | - | -6 | 11 | 612,098 | 26.1 | -9.1 |
| 14 | - | -3 | 11 | 572,063 | 24.4 | -1.5 |
| 1 | 1 | - | 2 | 290,629 | 12.4 | +4.2 |
| - | - | - | - | 39,549 | 1.7 | |
| - | 1 | - | 1 | 30,182 | 1.3 | +0.6 |
| Total | 42 | | 2,343,760 | Turnout | 65.0% |
| Liberal to Conservative swing | 6.6% |
| Liberal to Green swing | 6.6% | |
Results in Alberta (2019 vs 2015)| Party | Seats | Votes |
|---|
| 2015 | Gained | Lost | 2019 | Total | % | Change (%) |
|---|
| 29 | 4 | - | 33 | 1,413,360 | 69.2 | +9.7 |
| 4 | - | -4 | - | 280,309 | 13.7 | -10.9 |
| 1 | - | - | 1 | 235,013 | 11.5 | -0.1 |
| - | - | - | - | 57,468 | 2.8 | +0.3 |
| - | - | - | - | 9,476 | 0.6 | -1.2 |
| Total | 34 | | 2,041,445 | Turnout | 68.5% |
| Liberal to Conservative swing | 10.3% | |
Results in Saskatchewan (2019 vs 2015)| Party | Seats | Votes |
|---|
| 2015 | Gained | Lost | 2019 | Total | % | Change (%) |
|---|
| 10 | 4 | - | 14 | 366,611 | 64.3 | +15.8 |
| 3 | - | -3 | - | 111,379 | 19.5 | -5.6 |
| 1 | - | -1 | - | 66,031 | 11.6 | -12.3 |
| - | - | - | - | 14,417 | 2.5 | +0.4 |
| - | - | - | - | 10,211 | 1.8 | |
| - | - | - | - | 1,856 | 0.3 | -0.1 |
| Total | 14 | | 570,505 | Turnout | 71.7% |
| Liberal to Conservative swing | 14.0% | |
Results in Manitoba (2019 vs 2015)| Party | Seats | Votes |
|---|
| 2015 | Gained | Lost | 2019 | Total | % | Change (%) |
|---|
| 5 | 2 | - | 7 | 264,071 | 45.4 | +8.1 |
| 7 | - | -3 | 4 | 152,803 | 26.3 | -18.3 |
| 2 | 1 | - | 3 | 120,533 | 20.7 | +6.9 |
| - | - | - | - | 29,768 | 5.1 | +1.9 |
| - | - | - | - | 10,021 | 1.7 | |
| - | - | - | - | 3,840 | 0.8 | -0.3 |
| Total | 14 | | 581,036 | Turnout | 63.8% |
| Liberal to Conservative swing | 13.2% | |
Results in Ontario (2019 vs 2015)| Party | Seats | Votes |
|---|
| 2015 | Gained | Lost | 2019 | Total | % | Change (%) |
|---|
| 80 | 2 | -3 | 79 | 2,814,010 | 41.5 | -3.3 |
| 33 | 3 | - | 36 | 2,252,238 | 33.2 | -1.8 |
| 8 | - | -2 | 6 | 1,138,735 | 16.8 | +0.2 |
| - | - | - | - | 420,397 | 6.2 | +3.3 |
| - | - | - | - | 107,673 | 1.6 | |
| - | - | - | - | 53,989 | 0.7 | - |
| Total | 121 | | 6,787,042 | Turnout | 65.3% |
| Liberal to Green swing | 3.3% | |
Results in Quebec (2019 vs 2015)| Party | Seats | Votes |
|---|
| 2015 | Gained | Lost | 2019 | Total | % | Change (%) |
|---|
| 40 | 1 | -6 | 35 | 1,447,712 | 34.2 | -1.5 |
| 10 | 22 | - | 32 | 1,376,135 | 32.5 | +13.2 |
| 12 | 1 | -3 | 10 | 677,283 | 16.0 | -0.7 |
| 16 | - | -15 | 1 | 454,550 | 10.7 | -14.7 |
| - | - | - | - | 188,347 | 4.4 | +2.1 |
| - | - | - | - | 63,203 | 1.5 | |
| - | - | - | - | 23,408 | 0.1 | +0.1 |
| Total | 78 | | 4,230,638 | Turnout | 65.5% |
| NDP to Bloc Québécois swing | 13.9% | |
Voter demographics
Post-election analysis from Elections Canada
Elections Canada reported the following general characteristics of voter turnout in the election, compared to 2015:[19]
Estimated voter turnout %, by age and sex, all Canada (2019 v 2015)| Age group | All voters | Male | Female |
|---|
| 2019 | 2015 | Change (pp) | 2019 | 2015 | Change (pp) | 2019 | 2015 | Change (pp) |
|---|
| First-time voters | 53.6 | 58.3 | 4.7 | 49.7 | 54.9 | 5.2 | 57.7 | 61.9 | 4.2 |
| Not first time | 54.2 | 55.1 | 0.9 | 50.2 | 52.0 | 1.8 | 58.4 | 58.3 | 0.1 |
| 18 - 24 yrs | 53.9 | 57.1 | 3.2 | 49.9 | 53.8 | 3.9 | 58.0 | 60.5 | 2.5 |
| 25 - 34 yrs | 58.4 | 57.4 | 1.0 | 55.5 | 54.3 | 1.2 | 61.3 | 60.6 | 0.7 |
| 35 - 44 yrs | 64.6 | 61.9 | 2.7 | 62.7 | 58.7 | 4.0 | 66.4 | 65.1 | 1.3 |
| 45 - 54 yrs | 68.1 | 66.6 | 1.5 | 66.7 | 63.6 | 3.1 | 69.5 | 69.6 | 0.1 |
| 55 - 64 yrs | 73.3 | 73.7 | 0.4 | 71.9 | 71.4 | 0.5 | 74.6 | 76.0 | 1.4 |
| 65 - 74 yrs | 79.1 | 78.8 | 0.3 | 78.9 | 79.0 | 0.1 | 79.2 | 78.6 | 0.6 |
| 75 yrs + | 68.6 | 67.4 | 1.2 | 72.3 | 74.1 | 1.8 | 65.7 | 62.8 | 2.9 |
| All ages | 67.0 | 66.1 | 0.9 | 65.5 | 64.1 | 1.4 | 68.5 | 68.0 | 0.5 | |
From polling firms after Election Day
Per Ipsos
Ipsos 2019 election day poll| Social group | Liberal | Conservative | NDP | Bloc | Green | PPC | Other |
|---|
| | | | | | |
|---|
| Actual results |
|---|
| Total vote | 33 | 34 | 16 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 1 |
| Gender |
|---|
| Male | 32 | 36 | 14 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 1 |
| Female | 31 | 31 | 22 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 1 |
| Age |
|---|
| 1834 | 31 | 31 | 26 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 1 |
| 3554 | 31 | 33 | 19 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 1 |
| 55+ | 32 | 39 | 12 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 1 | |
Per Leger
Leger post-election poll (2019)[20] | Social group | Liberal | Conservative | NDP | Bloc | Green | PPC | Other |
|---|
| | | | | | |
|---|
| Actual results |
|---|
| Total vote | 33 | 34 | 16 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 1 |
| Gender |
|---|
| Male | 31 | 37 | 15 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 1 |
| Female | 35 | 31 | 17 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 1 |
| Age |
|---|
| 1834 | 30 | 29 | 24 | 6 | 9 | 1 | 1 |
| 3554 | 32 | 37 | 15 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 2 |
| 55+ | 35 | 35 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 0 | |
Per Abacus
Abacus post-election poll (2019)[21] | Social group | Liberal | Conservative | NDP | Bloc | Green | PPC | Other |
|---|
| | | | | | |
|---|
| Actual results |
|---|
| Total vote | 33 | 34 | 16 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 1 |
| Age |
|---|
| 1829 | 34 | 23 | 26 | N/A | 9 | N/A | N/A |
| 3044 | 34 | 35 | 18 | 7 | 5 | N/A | N/A |
| 4559 | 33 | 36 | 12 | 8 | 8 | N/A | N/A |
| 60+ | 31 | 38 | 12 | 10 | 7 | N/A | N/A | |
Strategic voting and vote splitting
Strategic voting may have played a significant part in determining the results. A survey by Angus Reid, issued several days after the election,[22] revealed that 23% of undecided voters did not make up their mind until election day. Of that number, 52% voted for the candidate and party they liked, while 48% voted based on who they disliked the least.[23] Of all undecided voters, 45% cast their vote for the Liberals, while 25% supported the Conservatives.[23] NDP voters were the least likely group to have made up their mind early on in the campaign.[23] An Ipsos-Reid exit poll conducted on election day[24] found that 26% of all voters made their choice as to try to ensure which party did not win, and the Liberals were the main beneficiary of such activity.[23] (Apparently these decisions were based on perception of the local situation so the vote was used - when used strategically - to try to produce the election of a local candidate not so well liked but definitely more liked than a competitor in that same district.)
Vote splitting skewed the results in many ridings. Vote splitting did not arise from multiple candidates of the same party running in a district (as that did not happen anywhere in Canada in this election) but from like-minded candidates of different parties running in the same district. Thus this analysis is based on somewhat arbitrary grouping of votes of like-minded parties despite different party labels into single voting blocks. Vote-splitting mainly benefited the Conservatives in Ontario and Metro Vancouver, the Liberals in Quebec and the Maritimes, and the NDP in BC and Ontario outside the GTA, while the Bloc benefited from multiple splits in the federalist parties, a wide group of all the nation-wide parties that ran candidates in Quebec.[25] The seats affected (where 2nd and 3rd place votes combined were greater than what the 1st place candidate received) are summarized thus:
Effect of vote splitting, by province (2019)| Parties | Province/territory | Totals |
|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | BC | AB | SK | MB | ON | QC | NB | NS | PE | NL | NU |
|---|
| | | | | | | | 8 | | | | | | 8 | 21 |
| | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | 4 |
| | | 1 | | | | 2 | | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | 6 |
| | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | 1 |
| | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | 1 |
| | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | 1 |
| | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | 4 | 32 |
| | | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 15 | | | | | | | 25 |
| | | | | | | 1 | | | 1 | | | | 2 |
| | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | 1 |
| | | | | | | | 2 | | | | | | 2 | 13 |
| | | | | | | | 5 | | | | | | 5 |
| | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | 1 |
| | | | | | | | 3 | | | | | | 3 |
| | | | | | | | 2 | | | | | | 2 |
| | | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | 19 |
| | | 3 | 1 | | 1 | 2 | | | | | | | 7 |
| | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | 1 |
| | | | | | 1 | 3 | | | | | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | 1 | 1 |
| | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 16 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 23 | 31 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 87 | |
Closest victories and greatest landslides
The total of the nine close results where Liberal were elected means a shift of just slightly more than 3205 voters away from Liberal candidates in those ridings would have lost the Liberals nine seats and given the Conservatives nine more, making the Liberal minority government weaker than it already was. Approximately 3000 votes is already anything at all when the votes are counted in the millions.
Rank !!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Riding ! | 2015 | 2019 |
|---|
| 1st place | 2nd place | Margin (pp) | Plurality |
|---|
| 1 | | BC | | | | 0.3 | 153 |
| 2 | | ON | | | | 0.4 | 212 |
| 3 | | QC | | | | 0.6 | 325 |
| 4 | | QC | | | | 0.6 | 328 |
| 5 | | ON | | | | 0.7 | 365 |
| 6 | | BC | | | | 0.7 | 390 |
| 7 | | YK | | | | 0.7 | 153 |
| 8 | | NS | | | | 1.0 | 453 |
| 9 | | QC | | | | 1.0 | 609 |
| 10 | | ON | | | | 1.1 | 629 |
| 11 | | NB | | | | 1.1 | 370 |
| 12 | | BC | | | | 1.2 | 796 |
| 13 | | QC | | | | 1.2 | 639 |
| 14 | | QC | | | | 1.5 | 729 |
| 15 | | QC | | | | 1.5 | 898 |
| 16 | | QC | | | | 1.7 | 637 |
| 17 | | ON | | | | 1.8 | 1,141 |
| 18 | | QC | | | | 1.9 | 834 |
| 19 | | ON | | | | 2.0 | 1,060 |
| 20 | | ON | | | | 2.4 | 1,449 | |
Rank !!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Riding ! | 2015 | 2019 |
|---|
| 1st place | 2nd place | Margin (pp) | Plurality |
|---|
| 1 | | AB | | | | 80.4 | 50,124 |
| 2 | | AB | | | | 78.2 | 43,106 |
| 3 | | AB | | | | 77.4 | 44,586 |
| 4 | | AB | | | | 77.0 | 46,953 |
| 5 | | SK | | | | 76.7 | 31,853 |
| 6 | | AB | | | | 76.3 | 50,016 |
| 7 | | AB | | | | 75.2 | 42,066 |
| 8 | | AB | | | | 73.1 | 37,773 |
| 9 | | AB | | | | 73.1 | 49,819 |
| 10 | | SK | | | | 71.5 | 27,474 |
| 11 | | AB | | | | 70.9 | 47,831 |
| 12 | | AB | | | | 70.4 | 37,406 |
| 13 | | AB | | | | 70.3 | 35,858 |
| 14 | | AB | | | | 67.4 | 46,295 |
| 15 | | SK | | | | 66.8 | 23,932 |
| 16 | | SK | | | | 66.2 | 29,778 |
| 17 | | SK | | | | 63.9 | 24,776 |
| 18 | | AB | | | | 63.9 | 49,970 |
| 19 | | AB | | | | 63.2 | 43,052 |
| 20 | | AB | | | | 61.2 | 44,733 | |
Significant results among independent and minor party candidates
Those candidates not belonging to a major party, receiving more than 1,000 votes in the election, are listed below:
Riding !! colspan="2"| Candidate ! | Votes | Placed |
|---|
| QC | | Maxime Bernier | 1,084 | 7th |
| QC | | | 1,335 | 6th |
| ON | | Harold Stewart | 1,083 | 6th |
| ON | | | 13,216 | 3rd |
| NB | | Allison MacKenzie | 1,160 | 6th |
| ON | | | 4,997 | 4th |
| ON | | Harold Jonker | 1,019 | 5th |
| ON | | Dan Criger | 1,125 | 6th |
| NB | | | 1,183 | 6th |
| QC | | Hassan Guillet | 3,061 | 4th |
| ON | | | 2,524 | 4th |
| BC | | Rod Taylor | 1,343 | 5th |
| NS | | Archie MacKinnon | 5,679 | 4th |
| BC | | | 16,357 | 1st |
| ON | | Keith Komar | 1,311 | 5th | |
Notes and references
References
Notes and References
- Web site: forty-third general election 2019 Official Voting Results . Elections Canada . 9 April 2023.
- News: Coyne. Andrew. Andrew Coyne. October 22, 2019. The Liberals didn't win the 2019 federal election, they just lost less than the Conservatives. National Post. Toronto. October 26, 2019. August 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210808175714/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/election-2019/canadian-federal-election-2019-results-justin-trudeau-liberals-andrew-scheer-conservatives. live.
- News: Fournier. Philippe J.. October 27, 2019. A 338Canada analysis: Where the Conservatives lost. Maclean's. Toronto. October 27, 2019. July 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210706210611/https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/a-338canada-analysis-where-the-conservatives-lost/. live.
- News: Hébert. Chantal. October 25, 2019. Election has left Conservatives in a bad place. Toronto Star. Chantal Hébert. October 27, 2019. October 27, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191027161419/https://www.thestar.com/politics/political-opinion/2019/10/25/election-has-left-conservatives-in-a-bad-place.html. live.
- News: Colpron. Suzanne. October 26, 2019. Scheer a manqué de "couilles", estime Sylvie Fréchette. Scheer lacked 'balls', figures Sylvie Fréchette. fr. La Presse. Montreal. October 27, 2019. October 27, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191027113736/https://www.lapresse.ca/elections-federales/201910/25/01-5247046-scheer-a-manque-de-couilles-estime-sylvie-frechette.php. live.
- News: . October 25, 2019. It’s deeper than Andrew Scheer: The root of the Conservative Party’s failure to launch. The Globe and Mail. Toronto. October 27, 2019. October 27, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191027115717/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/article-its-deeper-than-andrew-scheer-the-root-of-the-conservative-partys/. live.
- News: Cornellier. Manon. October 26, 2019. Reform Party 2.0?. fr. Le Devoir. Montreal. October 27, 2019. October 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191026234232/https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/canada/565697/reform-party-2-0. live.
- News: Coyne. Andrew. October 31, 2019. No point in Tories changing their leader if they don't change their message. National Post. Toronto. Andrew Coyne. October 31, 2019. August 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210808175714/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/andrew-coyne-conservatives-need-to-change-course-not-change-leaders. live.
- News: . It’s deeper than Andrew Scheer: The root of the Conservative Party’s failure to launch, Part 2. The Globe and Mail. Toronto. October 29, 2019. October 30, 2019. October 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191030161021/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/article-its-deeper-than-andrew-scheer-the-root-of-the-conservative-partys-2/. live.
- News: Grenier. Éric. October 24, 2019. Canada's pollsters nailed the outcome of the federal election - mostly. CBC News. Toronto. October 26, 2019. October 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191026174936/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grenier-poll-postmortem-1.5332548. live.
- [Leona Alleslev]
- previously served as MP in 2008-2015
- previously served as MP in 2004-2015
- previously served as MP in 2011-2015
- previously served as MP in 2008-2015
- previously served as Alliance MP in 2000-2004
- expelled from NDP caucus in 2019; stood as a Green candidate in general election
- previously served as MP in 2006-2011
- Web site: Voter Turnout by Sex and Age. . elections.ca. June 7, 2021. this result differs from the Official Voting Results, which is based on registered electors. January 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210123051605/https://elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rec%2Feval%2Fpes2019%2Fvtsa&document=index&lang=e. live.
- Web site: Leger Post-Election Poll. October 24, 2019. Leger. October 31, 2019. October 31, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191031161842/https://leger360.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Federal-Politics-POST-ELECTION.pdf. live.
- Web site: Federal vote by age. Liberal share was consistent across age groups, Conservative third among youth, first among seniors. From a post-election survey we conducted, Oct 22 to 24, n=1,500 #elxn43 #cdnpolipic.twitter.com/48FinTCZ4v. Coletto. David. October 24, 2019. Twitter. November 29, 2019. October 25, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191025012227/https://twitter.com/Colettod/status/1187538183220649984. live.
- Web site: Why and when did uncommitted voters lock in? Study shows Liberals benefitted most from strategic voting. . October 25, 2019. angusreid.org. October 26, 2019. October 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191026195038/http://angusreid.org/election-2019-exit-poll/. live.
- News: Abedi. Maham. October 25, 2019. ‘Hold your nose and vote’: How undecided Canadian voters made up their minds. Global News. October 26, 2019. October 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191026195039/https://globalnews.ca/news/6081855/canada-election-undecided-strategic-voting/. live.
- Web site: Election Day Poll. Simpson. Sean. October 22, 2019. ipsos.com. October 26, 2019. October 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191026195047/https://www.ipsos.com/en-ca/news-polls/federal-election-day-2019-poll. live.
- News: Carman. Tara. October 23, 2019. How vote-splitting helped — and hurt — the federal parties. CBC News. Toronto. October 26, 2019. July 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210706210650/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/vote-splitting-liberal-conservative-ndp-bloc-2019-election-1.5330440. live.
- News: Berthiaume. Lee. October 22, 2019. Down to the wire: The 10 closest races in Monday's federal election. Canadian Press. October 26, 2019. August 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210808175626/https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/down-to-the-wire-the-10-closest-races-in-mondays-federal-election. live.
