Results of the 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election explained

There are numerous, conflicting accounts on the outcome of the November–December 1917 election to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly. The Constituent Assembly election, which took place in the midst of the First World War and the October Revolution, was the largest exercise of universal suffrage in the history of mankind until that date. Spanning over decades, different historical research projects have been undertaken to try to map the puzzle of outcomes of the election from the various constituencies.

National results summary

The numbers in the table below represent accounts from the voting in 71 out of 81 electoral districts, although not all of those districts have complete voting tallies.

Party	Votes	%	Lists counted
Socialist-Revolutionaries Constituency List Votes % Altai List 2 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 621,377 87.03 Arkhangelsk List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Soviet of Peasants' Deputies 85,272 66.81 Astrakhan List 6 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 100,482 51.77 Baltic Fleet List 1 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 30,510 27.04 Bessarabia List 2 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 85,349 33.63 Black Sea Fleet List 6 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 22,251 42.28 Chernigov List 1 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 105,565 10.84 Chinese Eastern Railway List 1 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 5,081 14.45 Don Cossack Region List 2 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 478,901 34.05 Ekaterinoslav List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 231,717 19.42 Estonia List 5 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 3,200 1.07 Irkutsk List 1 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Peasants Union 113,378 54.47 Kaluga List 2 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 127,313 32.65 Kazan List 11 - The Kazan Governorate Organization of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Soviet of Peasants Deputies 264,158 30.77 Kiev List 14 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 19,220 1.28 Kostroma List 1 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Soviet of Peasants Deputies 249,838 44.97 Kuban-Black Sea List 4 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 2,268 11.9 Kursk List 1 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 868,743 82.08 Minsk List 12 - Bloc of Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Soviet of Peasants Deputies 181,673 19.81 Mogilev List 1 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Soviet of Peasants Deputies 511,998 70.62 Moscow List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 159,630 25.6 Moscow Metropolis List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 62,260 8.14 Nizhny Novgorod List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Soviet of Peasants Deputies 314,004 54.15 Northern Front List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Peasants' Deputies 249,832 29.72 Novgorod List 4 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 220,665 45.36 Olonets List 1 - Soviet of Peasants Deputies (Socialist-Revolutionaries/Mensheviks) 127,062 84.62 Orenburg List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 110,172 16.28 Oryol List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Soviet of Peasants Deputies 511,049 62.7 Penza List 4 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 517,226 81.29 Perm List 2 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 665,118 52.05 Petrograd List 10 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 119,761 25.39 Petrograd Metropolis List 9 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 152,230 16.15 Podolia List 10 - Socialist-Revolutionaries, Soviet of Peasants and Soviet of Soldiers of the South-Western Front 10,170 1.22 Poltava List 17 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries 198,437 17.27 Priamur List 7 - Amur Oblast Organization of Socialist-Revolutionaries 41,152 19.65 Priamur List 1 - Maritime Province Socialist-Revolutionaries 6,513 3.11 Pskov List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Soviet of Peasants Deputies 295,012 57.25 Romanian Front List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 666,438 59.05 Ryazan List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Soviet of Peasants Deputies 397,229 57.14 Samara List 3 - Soviet of Peasants Deputies and Socialist-Revolutionaries 702,924 58.47 Saratov List 12 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Soviet of Peasants Deputies 612,094 56.28 Semirechie List 2 - Bloc of Socialists of Ver-Nogo Town, Soviet of Peasants Deputies, Soviet of Soldiers and Workers Deputies, Kirghiz Socialist Party "Fukhara" (Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks) 167,793 40.34 Simbirsk List 2 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Congress of Peasants 363,847 57.68 Smolensk List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Soviet of Peasants Deputies 250,134 38 South-Western Front List 1 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Soviet of Peasants Deputies of the South-Western Front 402,930 40 Stavropol List 1 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Soviet of Peasants Deputies 291,395 88.69 Steppes List 8 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 7,393 7.46 Tambov List 1 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Governorate Soviet of Peasants Deputies 835,556 71.22 Taurida List 5 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 300,100 52.22 Ter-Dagestan List 8 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 4,292 11.17 Tobolsk List 5 - Socialist-Revolutionaries (Southern Group) 388,328 78.53 Tomsk List 2 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 541,153 85.16 Transbaikal List 4 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 49,363 50.26 Transcaucasus List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 117,522 4.79 Tula List 1 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 216,267 45.28 Turgai List 2 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Congress of Peasants, Soldiers and Workers Deputies 63,750 22.62 Tver List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Soviet of Peasants Deputies 186,030 30.4 Ufa List 9 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 322,166 33.68 Uralsk List 2 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 5,076 1.37 Vitebsk List 1 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 150,279 26.81 Vladimir List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Congress of Peasants Deputies 197,311 32.67 Volhynia List 6 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 27,575 3.43 Vologda List 1 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Soviet of Peasants' Deputies 320,528 75.79 Voronezh List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 875,300 79.72 Vyatka List 3 - Vyatka Governorate Congress of Peasants Deputies and the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries 300,503 46.91 Western Front List 12 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Soviet of Peasants Deputies of the Armies of the Western Front 180,582 18.5 Yaroslavl List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Governorate Soviet of Peasants Deputies 197,465 43.06 Yenisei List 3 - Socialist-Revolutionaries 229,723 64.48	17,239,633	37.56	68
Bolsheviks Constituency List Votes % Altai List 7 - Bolsheviks and Menshevik-Internationalists 45,268 6.34 Arkhangelsk List 5 - Bolsheviks 21,779 17.06 Astrakhan List 4 - Bolsheviks 36,023 18.56 Baltic Fleet List 2 - Bolsheviks 65,093 57.7 Bessarabia List 8 - Bolsheviks-Menshevik-Internationalists 25,569 10.07 Black Sea Fleet List 5 - Bolsheviks 10,771 20.47 Chernigov List 9 - Bolsheviks 271,174 27.85 Chinese Eastern Railway List 3 - Bolsheviks 10,612 30.18 Don Cossack Region List 5 - Bolsheviks 205,497 14.61 Ekaterinoslav List 9 - Bolsheviks, Bakhmut Soviet of Peasants Deputies 213,163 17.87 Estonia List 2 - Bolsheviks 119,863 39.98 Irkutsk List 7 - Bolsheviks and Menshevik-Internationalists 31,587 15.17 Kaluga List 7 - Bolsheviks 225,378 57.81 Kazan List 7 - Bolsheviks 51,936 6.05 Kharkov List 3 - Bolsheviks 114,743 10.5 Kherson List 9 - Bolsheviks 81,826 13.18 Kiev List 12 - Bolsheviks 60,693 4.04 Kostroma List 4 - Bolsheviks 226,905 40.84 Kuban-Black Sea List 2 - Bolsheviks 8,744 46.0 Kursk List 4 - Bolsheviks 119,127 11.26 Livonia List 3 - Social-Democracy of the Latvian Territory 97,781 71.86 Minsk List 9 - Bolsheviks 579,087 63.13 Mogilev List 11 - Bolsheviks 93,060 12.83 Moscow List 5 - Bolsheviks and Menshevik-Internationalists 351,853 56.43 Moscow Metropolis List 5 - Bolsheviks 366,148 47.88 Nizhny Novgorod List 7 - Bolsheviks 133,950 23.1 Northern Front List 5 - Bolsheviks 471,828 56.13 Novgorod List 6 - Bolsheviks 203,658 41.87 Orenburg List 8 - Bolsheviks 163,425 24.14 Oryol List 8 - Bolsheviks 241,786 29.66 Penza List 5 - Bolsheviks and Menshevik-Internationalists 54,731 8.6 Perm List 6 - Bolsheviks 268,292 20.99 Petrograd List 2 - Bolsheviks 229,698 48.69 Petrograd Metropolis List 4 - Bolsheviks 424,027 45 Podolia List 15 - Bolsheviks 27,550 3.32 Poltava List 12 - Bolsheviks 64,460 5.61 Priamur List 5 - Bolsheviks 40,850 19.5 Pskov List 6 - Bolsheviks 173,631 33.69 Romanian Front List 6 - Bolsheviks 173,804 15.4 Ryazan List 5 - Bolsheviks 251,815 36.22 Samara List 2 - Bolsheviks 179,533 14.93 Saratov List 10 - Bolsheviks 261,308 24.03 Simbirsk List 10 - Bolsheviks 93,000 14.74 Smolensk List 7 - Bolsheviks 361,062 54.85 South-Western Front List 4 - Bolsheviks 292,626 29.05 Stavropol List 2 - Bolsheviks 17,430 5.31 Steppes List 3 - Bolsheviks 13,591 13.72 Tambov List 7 - Bolsheviks 240,652 20.51 Taurida List 3 - Bolsheviks 31,612 5.5 Ter-Dagestan List 7 - Bolsheviks 21,495 55.95 Tomsk List 3 - Bolsheviks 51,456 8.1 Transbaikal List 1 - Bolsheviks- 8,560 8.71 Transcaucasus List 5 - Bolsheviks 93,581 3.81 Tula List 5 - Bolsheviks 219,337 45.93 Tver List 6 - Bolsheviks 362,687 59.27 Ufa List 10 - Bolsheviks 48,151 5.03 Vitebsk List 5 - Bolsheviks 287,101 51.22 Vladimir List 6 - Bolsheviks 337,941 55.95 Volhynia List 12 - Bolsheviks 35,612 4.43 Vologda List 2 - Bolsheviks/Mensheviks 67,650 16.00 Voronezh List 2 - Bolsheviks 151,517 13.8 Vyatka List 11 - Bolsheviks 222,272 34.7 Western Front List 9 - Bolsheviks 653,430 66.95 Yaroslavl List 7 - Bolsheviks 176,035 38.39 Yenisei List 2 - Bolsheviks 95,307 26.75	10,680,131	23.27	65
Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party and allies Constituency List Votes % Bessarabia List 11- Ukrainian Socialist Organizations 4,241 1.67 Black Sea Fleet List 1 - Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries 12,895 24.5 Chernigov List 10 - Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries 484,156 49.73 Ekaterinoslav List 5 - Bloc of Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries, Selyanska Spilka, Soviet of Peasant Deputies, Ukrainian Soc.-Dem. Labour Party 556,012 46.6 Kharkov List 5 - Socialist-Revolutionaries and Ukrainian SRs 795,558 72.82 Kherson List 4 - Ukrainian SRs, SRs and the United Jewish Socialist Labour Party (S.S. and E.S.) 266,771 42.98 Kiev List 1 - Ukrainian Socialist Bloc 1,161,033 77.26 Northern Front List 4 - Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Muslim National Socialist Organization 88,956 10.58 Petrograd List 9 - Petrograd organizations of the Ukrainian Soc.-Dem. Labour Party, Ukrainian SRs and United Jewish Socialist Labour Party (S.S. and E.S.) 1,997 0.42 Petrograd Metropolis List 6 - Petrograd organizations of the Ukrainian Soc.-Dem. Labour Party, Ukrainian SRs and United Jewish Socialist Labour Party (S.S. and E.S.) 4,219 0.45 Podolia List 1 - Ukrainian SRs, Selyanska Spilka and Ukrainian Soc.-Dem. Labour Party 652,306 78.57 Poltava List 8 - Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries and Selianska Spilka 727,247 63.28 Romanian Front List 1 - United Ukrainian Socialists 186,219 16.5 South-Western Front List 3 - Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries, Ukrainian Soc.-Dem. Labour Party and Socialist-Cossacks 168,354 16.71 Taurida List 3 - Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries 61,541 10.71 Volhynia List 11 - Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionaries and Council of Village Deputies 569,044 70.76 Western Front List 1 - Ukrainian SRs and Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party 85,062 8.72	5,825,611	12.69	17
Kadets Constituency List Votes % Altai List 5 - Kadets 12,108 1.7 Arkhangelsk List 1 - Kadets 12,086 9.47 Astrakhan List 1 - Kadets 13,017 6.71 Bessarabia List 5 - Kadets 16,545 6.52 Chernigov List 7 - Kadets 28,864 2.96 Chinese Eastern Railway List 4 - Kadets 6,327 18 Don Cossack Region List 6 - Kadets 43,345 3.08 Ekaterinoslav List 7 - Kadets 27,551 2.31 Irkutsk List 4 - Kadets 8,834 4.24 Kaluga List 3 - Kadets 24,125 6.19 Kazan List 2 - Kadets 31,728 3.7 Kharkov List 6 - Kadets 58,302 5.34 Kherson List 5 - Kadets 53,770 8.66 Kiev List 6 - Kadets 21,667 1.44 Kostroma List 2 - Kadets 41,448 7.46 Kuban-Black Sea List 1 - Kadets 3,206 16.9 Kursk List 2 - Kadets 47,199 4.46 Minsk List 6 - Kadets 10,724 1.17 Mogilev List 6 - Kadets 19,316 2.66 Moscow List 1 - Kadets 43,295 6.94 Moscow Metropolis List 1 - Kadets 263,859 34.5 Nizhny Novgorod List 12 - Kadets 34,726 5.99 Northern Front List 7 - Kadets 13,687 1.63 Novgorod List 3 - Kadets 31,484 6.47 Olonets List 2 - Kadets 20,278 13.5 Orenburg List 1 - Kadets 24,757 3.66 Oryol List 2 - Kadets 18,345 2.25 Penza List 1 - Kadets 25,407 3.99 Perm List 5 - Kadets 111,241 8.71 Petrograd List 1 - Kadets 64,859 13.75 Petrograd Metropolis List 2 - Kadets 246,506 26.16 Podolia List 4 - Kadets 7,951 0.96 Poltava List 3 - Kadets 18,105 1.58 Priamur List 9 - Kadets 17,233 8.23 Pskov List 2 - Kadets 25,961 5.04 Romanian Front List 7 - Kadets 21,443 1.9 Ryazan List 1 - Kadets 27,808 4 Samara List 6 - Kadets 44,466 3.7 Saratov List 1 - Kadets 27,226 2.5 Simbirsk List 5 - Kadets 16,718 2.65 Smolensk List 1 - Kadets 29,274 4.45 South-Western Front List 7 – Kadets; List 10 - Kadets and Allies 13,724 1.36 Stavropol List 5 - Kadets 10,938 3.33 Steppes List 6 - Kadets 5,031 5.08 Tambov List 5 - Kadets 47,548 4.05 Taurida List 1 - Kadets 38,794 6.75 Ter-Dagestan List 5 - Kadets 7,725 20.11 Tobolsk List 1 - Kadets 13,793 2.79 Tomsk List 1 - Kadets 18,618 2.93 Transbaikal List 6 - Kadets 4,111 4.19 Transcaucasus List 2 - Kadets 25,637 1.05 Tula List 2 - Kadets 21,298 4.46 Tver List 1 - Kadets 32,830 5.37 Ufa List 12 - Kadets 15,825 1.65 Vitebsk List 3 - Kadets 8,132 1.45 Vladimir List 1 - Kadets 38,035 6.3 Volhynia List 5 - Kadets and Non-Party Farmers 22,337 2.78 Vologda List 4 - Kadets 22,912 5.42 Voronezh List 1 - Kadets 36,488 3.32 Vyatka List 9 - Kadets 22,404 3.5 Western Front List 3 - Kadets 16,750 1.72 Yaroslavl List 2 - Kadets 53,730 11.72 Yenisei List 1 - Kadets 12,017 3.37	2,103,468	4.58	64
Mensheviks Constituency List Votes % Altai List 4 - Mensheviks 3,785 0.53 Arkhangelsk List 2 - Mensheviks 7,335 5.75 Astrakhan List 5 - Mensheviks 2,256 1.16 Bessarabia List 4 - Bund-Mensheviks 1,438 0.57 Black Sea Fleet List 4 - Mensheviks 1,943 3.69 Chernigov List 2 - Mensheviks 10,813 1.11 Chinese Eastern Railway List 2 - Mensheviks 13,139 37.37 Don Cossack Region List 8 - Mensheviks 17,504 1.24 Ekaterinoslav List 12 - Mensheviks 26,909 2.26 Irkutsk List 2 - Mensheviks 5,534 2.66 Kaluga List 5 - Mensheviks 6,996 1.79 Kazan List 5 - Mensheviks 4,906 0.57 Kherson List 7 - Mensheviks-Bund 14,369 2.31 Kiev List 5 - Mensheviks 11,613 0.77 Kostroma List 3 - Mensheviks 19,488 3.51 Kuban-Black Sea List 8 - Mensheviks 786 4.10 Kursk List 6 - Mensheviks 6,037 0.57 Livonia List 2 - Mensheviks 7,046 5.18 Minsk List 5 - Mensheviks-Bund 16,277 1.77 Mogilev List 2 - Mensheviks-Bund 21,664 2.99 Moscow List 4 - Mensheviks 27,108 4.35 Moscow Metropolis List 4 - Mensheviks 19,690 2.57 Nizhny Novgorod List 2 - Mensheviks 7,634 1.32 Northern Front List 1 - Mensheviks 5,966 0.71 Novgorod List 9 - Mensheviks 9,336 1.92 Orenburg List 4 - Mensheviks 7,544 1.11 Oryol List 5 - Mensheviks 16,301 2 Penza List 2 - Mensheviks-Bund 4,726 0.74 Perm List 7 - Mensheviks 28,002 2.19 Petrograd List 3 - Mensheviks 6,100 1.29 Petrograd Metropolis List 16 - Mensheviks 11,740 1.25 Podolia List 14 - Mensheviks 4,028 0.49 Poltava List 10 - Mensheviks, Bund, Polish Unity 5,993 0.52 Priamur List 4 - Mensheviks 15,458 7.38 Pskov List 4 - Mensheviks 4,870 0.95 Romanian Front List 4 - Mensheviks 36,115 3.2 Ryazan List 2 - Mensheviks 4,389 0.63 Samara List 6 - Mensheviks 4,166 0.35 Saratov List 2 - Mensheviks 15,152 1.39 Simbirsk List 6 - Mensheviks 3,681 0.58 Smolensk List 6 - Mensheviks 7,901 1.2 South-Western Front List 2 - Mensheviks 79,630 7.9 Stavropol List 7 - Mensheviks 1,836 0.56 Tambov List 3 - Mensheviks 22,425 1.91 Taurida List 6 - Mensheviks 15,176 2.64 Ter-Dagestan List 4 - Mensheviks 958 2.49 Tobolsk List 2 - Menshevik-Bolshevik alliance 12,061 2.44 Tomsk List 5 - Mensheviks 5,769 0.91 Transbaikal List 3 - Mensheviks 2,154 2.19 Transcaucasus List 1 - Mensheviks 661,934 26.98 Tula List 4 - Mensheviks 9,605 2.01 Turgai List 3 - Mensheviks 6,758 2.40 Tver List 5 - Mensheviks 22,552 3.69 Ufa List 5 - Mensheviks 2,614 0.27 Vitebsk List 9 - Mensheviks-Bund 12,471 2.22 Vladimir List 4 - Mensheviks 13,074 2.16 Volhynia List 1 - Mensheviks-Bund 16,947 2.11 Voronezh List 4 - Mensheviks 8,658 0.79 Vyatka List 6 - Mensheviks 18,964 2.96 Western Front List 5 - Mensheviks-Bund 5,622 0.58 Yaroslavl List 4 - Mensheviks 16,809 3.67 Yenisei List 4 - Mensheviks 4,531 1.27	1,386,286	3.02	62
Cossacks Constituency List Votes % Astrakhan List 3 - Cossack Group 16,400 8.45 Don Cossack Region List 4 - Cossack 636,966 45.28 Kuban-Black Sea List 3 - Highlanders and Cossacks 3,544 18.6 Orenburg List 2 - Orenburg Cossack Host 144,039 21.28 Petrograd Metropolis List 19 - Council of the Union of Cossack Host 6,712 0.71 Priamur List 3 - Amur and Ussuri Cossacks 22,612 10.8 Steppes List 1 - Cossack 4205 4.24 Ter-Dagestan List 1 - Cossack 3,062 7.97 Transbaikal List 5 - Transbaikal Cossacks 12,854 13.09 Uralsk List 3 - Military Committee of the Ural Cossack Host 61,476 16.59	911,870	1.99	10
Muslim socialists Constituency List Votes % Fergana List 2 - All Fergana List of Soviet of Deputies of Muslim Organizations 77,282 50.14 Kazan List 10 - Muslim Socialist Committee 153,151 17.84 Nizhny Novgorod List 8 - All Muslim Socialist Bloc 19,935 3.44 Romanian Front List 2 - Muslim Socialists 23,136 2.05 South-Western Front List 6 - Socialist Group of Muslim Soldiers of the South-Western Front 32,910 3.27 Steppes List 11 - Kirghiz Socialists 1,843 1.86 Tambov List 8 - Party of the Muslim Socialist-Democratic Bloc 6,222 0.53 Transcaucasus List 11 - Hummet 84,748 3.45 Transcaucasus List 12 - Muslim Socialist Bloc 159,770 6.51 Ufa List 3 - Muslims (Social-Revolutionaries) 304,864 31.88 Western Front List 2 - Muslim Socialists 16,846 1.73	880,707	1.92	11
Alash Orda Constituency List Votes % Turgai List 1 - Kirghiz Alash Party 211,274 74.98 Semirechie List 3 - Bloc of the Kirghiz Party Alash and other Muslims (Alash-Semirechie Cossack Host) 219,832 52.85 Steppes List 5 - Alash 58,512 59.05 Uralsk List 1 - Ural Regional Kirghiz Committee 278,014 75.01	767,632	1.67	4
Turkic Democratic Federalist Party — Musavat and Muslim National Committee (Transcaucasus)	615,816	1.34	1
Jewish national lists Constituency List Votes % Bessarabia List 9 - Jewish National Electoral Committee 28,785 11.34 Chernigov List 4 - Jewish National Committee 28,308 2.91 Ekaterinoslav List 10 - Jewish National Electoral Committee 37,032 3.1 Kharkov List 10 - Jewish National Bloc 6,366 0.58 Kherson List 10 - Jewish Bloc 86,190 13.89 Kiev List 2 - Jewish National Bloc 90,829 6.04 Minsk List 2 - Jewish National Electoral Committee 65,046 7.09 Mogilev List 9 - Jewish National Electoral Committee 42,037 5.8 Podolia List 2 - Jewish National Electoral Committee 62,544 7.53 Podolia List 6 - Jewish List 322 0.04 Poltava List 6 - Jewish National Electoral Committee 13,722 1.19 Poltava List 9 - Jewish List 12,100 1.05 Taurida List 11 - Jewish Nationalists 13,986 2.43 Transcaucasus List 15 - Zionists 6,983 0.35 Vitebsk List 7 - Jewish National Electoral Committee 24,790 4.42 Volhynia Jewish national lists; List 2 - Jewish National Electoral Committeeï; List 3 - Jewish National Party; List 8 - Jewish Community Personalities 55,967 6.96	575,007	1.25	18
Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Transcaucasus)	558,400	1.22	1
Other Muslim lists Constituency List Votes % Astrakhan List 2 - Muslim Group 25,023 12.89 Kazan List 4 - Kazan Governorate Muslim Assembly 99,080 11.54 Orenburg List 5 - Muslim Association 16,652 2.46 Perm List 9 - Muslims-Bashkirs 47,578 3.72 Perm List 3 - Muslims 29,683 2.32 Steppes List 7 - Tatars 468 0.47 Steppes List 13 - Muslim-Democrats 14 0.01 Taurida List 9 - Muslims 68,581 11.93 Tobolsk List 4 - Muslims 25,830 5.22 Transcaucasus List 13 - Western Transcaucasus Muslims 71 0 Ufa List 1 - Muslim National Council 88,850 9.29 Vyatka List 4 - Muslim Union of Vyatka Governorate 37,781 5.9	439,611	0.96	12
Popular Socialists, Ukrainian Socialist-Federalists and allies Constituency List Votes % Altai List 3 - Popular Socialists 6,068 0.85 Astrakhan List 7 - Popular Socialist Group of Tsarevsky Uezd 906 0.47 Bessarabia List 10 - Bessarabian Popular Socialist Labour Party 376 0.15 Irkutsk List 3 - Siberian Autonomists and Popular Socialists 6,925 3.33 Kaluga List 1 - Popular Socialists 601 0.15 Kharkov List 11 - Popular Socialists 11,852 1.08 Kherson List 11 - Popular Socialists 5,626 0.91 Kursk List 3 - Popular Socialists 8,594 0.81 Moscow List 2 - Popular Socialists 6,058 0.97 Moscow Metropolis List 7 - Popular Socialist 2,508 0.33 Nizhny Novgorod List 10 - Popular Socialists 2,666 0.46 Northern Front List 2 - Popular Socialists 5,868 0.7 Novgorod List 1 - Popular Socialists 10,314 2.12 Orenburg List 7 - Popular Socialists 5,681 0.84 Penza List 6 - Popular Socialists 4,336 0.68 Petrograd List 8 - Popular Socialists 12,048 2.55 Petrograd Metropolis List 1 - Popular Socialists 19,109 2.03 Podolia List 9 - Popular Socialists 852 0.1 Pskov List 1 - Popular Socialists and Toiling Peasants 4,059 0.79 Romanian Front List 5 - Popular Socialists 4,514 0.4 Ryazan List 4 - Popular Socialists 5,216 0.75 Samara List 5 - Popular Socialists 4,364 0.36 Saratov List 8 - Popular Socialists 10,243 0.94 Smolensk List 4 - Popular Socialists 2,210 0.34 South-Western Front List 9 - Popular Socialists 3,084 0.31 Taurida List 2 - Popular Socialists 4,643 0.81 Ter-Dagestan List 2 - Popular Socialists 53 0.14 Tobolsk List 3 - Peasants Union-Popular Socialists alliance 50,780 10.27 Tomsk List 4 - Popular Socialists 15,802 2.49 Transbaikal Popular Socialists; List 7 - Popular Socialists and Citizens of Barguzin Uezd; List 8 - Transbaikal Division of the Popular Socialists 2,682 2.73 Transcaucasus List 9 - Popular Socialists 514 0.02 Tula List 6 - Popular Socialists 1,832 0.38 Tver List 7 - Popular Socialists 2,338 0.38 Ufa List 8 - Popular Socialists 11,429 1.19 Vitebsk List 2 - Popular Socialists 3,599 0.64 Vladimir List 5 - Popular Socialists 6,908 1.14 Vologda List 3 - Popular Socialists 8,071 1.91 Voronezh List 6 - Popular Socialists 6,116 0.56 Vyatka List 5 - Popular Socialists and Cheremi National Union 25,311 3.95 Yaroslavl List 1 - Popular Socialists 5,637 1.23 Yenisei List 6 - Popular Socialists 8,703 2.44 Chernigov List 3 - Bloc of Ukrainian Socialist-Federalists and Popular Socialists 10,089 1.04 Kiev List 13 - Ukrainian Socialists-Federalists and Popular Socialists 3,072 0.2 Poltava List 13 - Ukrainian Socialist-Federalists 9,092 0.79 Don Cossack Region List 7 - Popular Socialists-Cooperative alliance 5,049 0.36 Ekaterinoslav List 4 - Popular Socialists-Cooperative alliance 9,496 0.8 Poltava List 14 - Popular Socialists and Cooperativists 4,391 0.38 Stavropol List 6 - Popular Socialists-and Cooperativists 670 0.2 Tambov List 4 - Popular Socialists and Congress of Cooperative Organizations 7,408 0.63	347,763	0.76	50
	235,587	0.51	3
All-Russian Union of Landowners and Farmers, allies Constituency List Votes % Bessarabia List 3 - Union of Landowners 5,246 2.07 Chernigov List 14 - Landowners 11,857 1.22 Don Cossack Region List 9 - Landowners 5,457 0.39 Ekaterinoslav List 1 - Landowners and Nonpartisan Progressives 26,597 2.23 Kharkov List 2 - Landowners 13,847 1.27 Kursk List 5 - Union of Landowners 8,656 0.82 Minsk List 3 - Union of Landowners 3,465 0.38 Mogilev List 5 - Union of Landowners 10,136 1.4 Moscow List 8 - Landowners 2,189 0.35 Novgorod List 7 - Union of Landowners 7,804 1.6 Oryol List 6 - Union of Landowners 12,911 1.58 Poltava List 2 - Farmer-Owners 61,115 5.32 Pskov List 5 - Pskov Provincial Union of Landowners 3,209 0.62 Saratov List 6 - Union of Landowners 13,804 1.27 Tambov List 2 - Union of Landowners 12,493 1.06 Taurida List 12 - Landowner 7,715 1.34 Tver List 2 - Union of Landowners 3,677 0.6 Ufa List 2 - Landowners 7,358 0.77 Voronezh List 8 - Union of Landowners 7,231 0.66 Yaroslavl List 5 - Union of Landowners 4,497 0.98 Ryazan List 7 - Bloc of Landowners and Old Believers 1,041 0.15 Vitebsk List 8 - Landowners and Old Believers 6,098 1.09 Novgorod List 2 - Homeowners and Landowners of Novgorod Governorate 1,178 0.24	237,581	0.52	23
Polish lists Constituency List Votes % Kiev List 11 - Polish 42,943 2.86 Minsk List 8 - Polish Electoral Committee 36,882 4.02 Mogilev List 10 - Mogilev Governorate Polish Council 15,981 2.2 Podolia List 8 - Regional Polish List 46,500 5.6 Podolia List 16 - United Polish 412 0.05 Vitebsk List 10 - United Polish Organizations 10,556 1.88 Volhynia List 4 - Polish 57,998 7.21	211,272	0.46	7
Orthodox lists Constituency List Votes % Ekaterinoslav List 6 - Orthodox-Farmers alliance 8,068 0.68 Irkutsk List 6 - Orthodox parishes 2,653 1.27 Kazan List 6 - Orthodox Clergy and Laymen of the Kazan Governorate 12,322 1.44 Kharkov List 1 - [Orthodox] Parishes 10,478 0.96 Kherson List 1 - [Orthodox] Clergy and Laymen 13,038 2.1 Kostroma List 5 - Orthodox Clergy and Laymen 17,901 3.22 Perm List 10 - [Orthodox] Clerical People's Party 47,881 3.75 Petrograd List 7 - Petrograd Governorate Union of Orthodox Parishes 5,661 1.2 Petrograd Metropolis List 12 - United Orthodox Parishes 24,139 2.56 Samara List 15 - Orthodox Followers 13,133 1.09 Saratov List 5 - Orthodox People's Party 17,414 1.6 Smolensk List 8 - [Orthodox] Parish Non-Party Group 5,300 0.81 Stavropol List 4 - [Orthodox] Clergy and Worshippers 3,078 0.94 Steppes List 2 - [Orthodox] Clergy and Laymen 705 0.71 Steppes List 14 - [Orthodox] Clergy and Laymen of Petropavlovsk 5 0.01 Ufa List 6 - Orthodox Parishes 11,178 1.17 Vitebsk List 6 - Vitebsk Belarusian People's Union and Orthodox Parishes of the Faith of the Polotsk Diocese 9,019 1.61 Vyatka List 10 - Orthodox Parish Democratic Union 9,000 1.4	210,973	0.46	18
Bashkir Federalists Constituency List Votes % Orenburg List 9 - Bashkir Federalists 51,787 7.65 Samara List 4 - Bashkir Federalists 12,397 1.03 Ufa List 11 - Bashkir Federalists 135,977 14.22	200,161	0.44	3
German lists Constituency List Votes % Altai List 6 - Russian Germans 8,048 1.13 Ekaterinoslav List 14 - Russian Citizens of German Nationality 25,977 2.18 Kharkov List 16 - Germans 5,221 0.48 Kherson List 3 - Russian Citizens of German Nationality 27,879 4.49 Moscow Metropolis List 6 - Commonwealth of Nations (mainly Germans) 2,076 0.27 Samara List 16 - Union of Russian Citizens of German Nationality in the Central Volga Region 47,705 3.97 Saratov List 7 - Volga Germans 50,025 4.6 Steppes List 12 - Germans 11 0.01 Taurida List 10 - Germans 27,681 4.82	194,623	0.42	9
Muslim Shuro-Islamia Constituency List Votes % Samara List 13 - Muslim Shuro-Islamia 126,558 10.53 Simbirsk List 8 - Muslim Shuro Islamia 57,000 9.04	183,558	0.40	2
Peasants lists Constituency List Votes % Bessarabia List 1 - Soviet of Peasants' Deputies 69,085 27.22 Chernigov List 6 - Peasants of Mglin Uezd 538 0.06 Kharkov List 18 - Peasants of Zmiyevsky Uezd 311 0.03 Kharkov List 17 - Peasants of Sumy Uezd 229 0.02 Perm List 1 - Krasnoufimsky Non-Partisan Credit Union 13,748 1.08 Poltava List 16 - Soviet of Peasants Deputies of Smenoi Rovno Village 445 0.04 Priamur List 2 - Maritime Province Soviet of Peasants Deputies 56,718 27.08 Samara List 12 - Non-Party Peasants-Farmers 3,030 0.25 Saratov List 11 - Peasants of Petrovsk uezd and Mordva Population 6,379 0.59 Stavropol List 3 - Farmers 3,205 0.98 Tambov List 6 - Uezd Peasants List 887 0.08 Tula List 3 - Peasants of Basavsk volost 770 0.16 Uralsk List 4 - Soviet of Peasants and Non-Resident Deputies 26,059 7.03 Vitebsk List 13 - Peasants of Vitebsk Governorate 9,752 1.74	191,156	0.42	14
Russian rightists Constituency List Votes % Kherson List 2 - Russian Popular State Union (Rightists) 4,217 0.68 Kiev List 8 - Russian Rightists 48,758 3.24 Minsk List 11 - Russian Democratic Party 10,040 1.09 Moscow List 10 - Group of Public Figures (rightists) 8,443 1.35 Moscow Metropolis List 9 - Labour Non-Party Group (Rightists, ex-Octobrists) 4,085 0.53 Nizhny Novgorod List 11 - Christian Union for Faith and Fatherland 48,428 8.35 Perm List 8 - Radical Democrats 1,381 0.11 Petrograd Metropolis List 11 - Central Committee of the Russian Radical Democratic Party 413 0.04 Saratov List 9 - Society for Faith and Order 6,600 0.61 Vladimir List 2 - Revival of Free Russia (rightists) 9,209 1.52 Volhynia List 13 - Rightists and coreligionists 1,438 0.18 Western Front List 6 - Russian Democratic Party 3,055 0.31	146,067	0.32	12
Old Believers Constituency List Votes % Altai List 1 - Old Believers 17,292 2.42 Chernigov List 5 - Old Believers 4,858 0.5 Don Cossack Region List 3 - Old Believer 8,183 0.58 Kaluga List 4 - Old Believers 4,409 1.13 Kherson List 12 - Old Believers 2,188 0.35 Moscow List 9 - Old Believers 7,467 1.2 Nizhny Novgorod List 5 - Union of Old Believer Accord 16,230 2.8 Perm List 4 - Old Believers 35,853 2.81 Samara List 7 - Old Believer Joint Committee 6,508 0.54 Saratov List 4 - Russian People's Party of Christians-Old Believers 13,956 1.28 Transbaikal List 9 - Union of Transbaikal Old Believers 1,418 1.44	118,362	0.26	11
SR Defencists Constituency List Votes % Baltic Fleet List 4 - Right-wing Socialist-Revolutionaries 13,249 11.74 Kazan List 9 - Right-wing Socialist-Revolutionaries 9,820 1.14 Kharkov List 15 - SR Defencists 42,331 3.87 Petrograd Metropolis List 8 - Petrograd Group of SR Defencists (Volya Naroda group) 4,696 0.5 Simbirsk List 4 - SR Defencists 29,446 4.67	99,542	0.22	5
Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party Constituency List Votes % Kherson List 8 - Ukrainian Soc.-Dem. Labour Party 63,159 10.18 Poltava List 15 - Ukrainian Social Democrats 22,613 1.97	85,772	0.19	2
Right-wing socialist blocs Constituency List Votes % Don Cossack Region List 1 - Bloc of Socialists (right-wing socialists, incl. Unity) 5,718 0.41 Kazan List 3 - Cooperatives and Independent Socialists 2,993 0.35 Kharkov List 19 - Cooperators and Unity 590 0.05 Moscow Metropolis List 8 - Democratic Socialist Bloc (incl. Cooperative, Unity) 35,305 4.62 Oryol List 7 - Unity, Cooperators and Popular Socialists 1,384 0.17 Perm List 11 - Bloc of Rightist SRs and Unity 29,112 2.28 Steppes List 10 - United Socialists (Mensheviks-Rightwing Socialist Bloc) 4,731 4.77 Western Front List 10 - Bloc of Popular Socialists, Unity and right-wing SRs (based around the Volya Naroda newspaper) 2,840 0.29	82,673	0.18	8
Muinil Islam Society (Fergana)	76,849	0.17	1
Estonian Democratic Bloc (Estonia)	68,085	0.15	1
Ittehad (Transcaucasus)	66,504	0.14	1
Estonian Labour Party (Estonia)	64,704	0.14	1
Buryat National Committee Constituency List Votes % Irkutsk List 5 - Buryat National Committee, SRs 39,248 18.85 Transbaikal List 2 - Buryat National Committee 17,083 17.39	56,331	0.12	2
Union of Ukrainian Peasants, Ukrainian Refugees and the Organization of Tatar Socialist Revolutionaries (Saratov)	53,445	0.12	1
Union of Socialists of the Volga German Region (Samara)	42,148	0.09	1
Lettish Peasant Union Constituency List Votes % Livonia List 1- Lettish Peasants Union 31,253 22.97 Pskov List 8 - Lettish Peasant Union and Lettish Radical Democratic Party 3,859 0.75	35,112	0.08	2
United Jewish Socialist Labour Party (S.S. and E.S.) Constituency List Votes % Ekaterinoslav List 2 - United Jewish Socialist Labour Party (S.S. and E.S.) 5,831 0.49 Kharkov List 13 - Serp 917 0.08 Kiev List 3 - Jewish Socialists 14,115 0.94 Minsk List 1 - United Socialist Jewish Labour Party (S.S. and E.S.) 4,880 0.53 Mogilev List 3 - United Jewish Socialist Labour Party (S.S. and E.S.) 4,004 0.55 Podolia List 3 - United Jewish Socialist Labour Party (S.S. and E.S.) 3,415 0.41 Poltava List 7 - United Jewish Socialist Labour Party (S.S. and E.S.) 1,482 0.13	34,644	0.08	7
Bund Constituency List Votes % Ekaterinoslav List 11 - Bund 4,883 0.41 Kiev List 9 - Bund 20,144 1.34 Podolia List 5 - Bund 7,959 0.96	32,986	0.07	3
National Bloc (Ukrainians, Muslims, Poles and Lithuanians) (Penza)	29,821	0.06	1
Uighur-Dungan alliance (Semirechie)	28,386	0.06	1
Commercial-Industrial lists Constituency List Votes % Chernigov List 12 - Commercial-Industrial 525 0.05 Kharkov List 12 - Commercial-Industrial 6,543 0.6 Kiev List 16 - Commercial-Industrial 2,508 0.17 Moscow Metropolis List 12 - Commercial-Industrial Group 2,300 0.3 Oryol List 4 - Commercial-Industrial Union 4,462 0.55 Tula List 7 - Commercial-Industrial 6,624 1.39 Tver List 8 - Commercial-Industrial Union 812 0.13 Vyatka List 2 - Vyatka Governorate Commercial and Industrial Union 3,424 0.53	27,198	0.06	8
Socialist-Federalists and Peasants of Latgale (Vitebsk)	26,990	0.06	1
Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion) Constituency List Votes % Chernigov List 11 - Poalei Zion 2,808 0.29 Ekaterinoslav List 8 - Poalei Zion 3,307 0.28 Kharkov List 8 - Poalei Zion 875 0.08 Kherson List 6 - Poalei Zion 1,687 0.27 Kiev List 4 - Poalei Zion 4,086 0.27 Minsk List 10 - Jewish Soc.-Dem. Labour Party (Poalei Zion) 6,184 0.67 Mogilev List 4 - Jewish Soc.-Dem. Labour Party (Poalei Zion) 2,596 0.36 Podolia List 7 - Poalei Zion 2,164 0.26 Poltava List 4 - Poalei Zion 879 0.08 Taurida List 8 - Poalei Zion 1,745 0.3	26,331	0.06	10
Unity Constituency List Votes % Ekaterinoslav List 15 - Unity 7,363 0.62 Kharkov List 14 - Unity 2,293 0.21 Kiev List 17 - Unity 928 0.06 Novgorod List 5 - Unity 860 0.18 Petrograd Metropolis List 18 - All-Russian Soc.-Dem. Organization "Unity" 1,823 0.19 Samara List 11 - Unity 937 0.08 Taurida List 7 - Unity 2,273 0.4 Tver List 4 - Unity and Union of Credit and Savings Associations 975 0.16 Ufa List 7 - Unity 3,078 0.32 Vologda List 5 - Unity 3,742 0.88	24,272	0.05	10
Menshevik Defencists Constituency List Votes % Kharkov List 9 - Menshevik Defencists 6,024 0.55 Petrograd Metropolis List 17 - Menshevik Defencists (Potresovites) 17,427 1.85	23,451	0.05	2
Georgian National Democrats (Transcaucasus)	22,499	0.05	1
Menshevik-Internationalists Constituency List Votes % Kharkov List 4 - Menshevik-Internationalists 12,192 1.12 Moscow Metropolis List 10 - United Internationalists 1,907 0.25 Northern Front List 6 - Menshevik-Internationalists (Novayazhiznists) 4,454 0.53 Samara List 14 - Menshevik-Internationalists 936 0.08 Steppes List 4 - Menshevik-Internationalists 1,775 1.79 Tula List 8 - Menshevik-Internationalists 550 0.12	21,814	0.05	6
Cooperative movement Constituency List Votes % Novgorod List 8 - Union of Cooperativists 1,123 0.23 Orenburg List 6 - Cooperative 7,296 1.08 Petrograd List 6 - Cooperative Group 841 0.18 Tomsk List 6 - Cooperative Organizations of Tomsk Governorate 2,686 0.42 Tula List 9 - Cooperative 1,294 0.27 Ufa List 4 - Cooperative 4,941 0.52 Vladimir List 7 - Cooperative 1,482 0.25	19,663	0.04	7
Georgian Socialist-Federalists (Transcaucasus)	19,042	0.04	1
Estonian Socialist Revolutionary Party (Estonia)	17,726	0.04	1
Ukrainian non-socialists Constituency List Votes % Chernigov List 15 - Non-Partisan Public Figures 12,050 1.24 Poltava List 11 - Ukrainian National Republican Group 1,070 0.09 Kharkov List 7 - E. Abramov 3,776 0.35	16,896	0.04	3
Estonian Radical Democratic Party (Estonia)	17,022	0.04	1
Estonian List (Petrograd)	15,963	0.03	1
All-Russian Peasants Union Constituency List Votes % Moscow List 6 - All-Russian Peasants Union 12,967 2.08 Moscow Metropolis List 11 - All-Russian Peasants Union 2,279 0.3	15,246	0.03	2
Finnish Socialists (Petrograd)	14,807	0.03	1
International Unity of Christian Democrats (Roman Catholics) (Petrograd Metro)	14,382	0.03	1
Dissident leftist SR lists Constituency List Votes % Kuban-Black Sea List 1 - Leftist SRs 357 1.9 Priamur List 8 - SRs of Vladivostok, Nikolayevsk-on-Amur and Spassk (leftist Socialist-Revolutionaries) 5,805 2.77 Tobolsk List 6 - Socialist-Revolutionaries (Northern Group), leftists 3,733 0.75 Vyatka List 12 - Glazovski Uezd Congress of Workers, Soldiers and Peasants Soviets (Left Socialist-Revolutionaries) 942 0.15 Yenisei List 5 - Internationalists (leftist SRs) 3,668 1.03	14,505	0.03	5
Armenian Populist Party (Transcaucasus)	13,099	0.03	1
Leftist SRs-Ukrainian SRs-Polish Socialist Party alliance (Voronezh)	11,871	0.03	1
Estonian Social Democratic Association (Estonia)	9,244	0.02	1
Greek Settlement of Mariupol uezd (Yekaterinoslav)	9,143	0.02	1
Belarusian Socialist Assembly Constituency List Votes % Kaluga List 6 - Belarusian Socialist Assembly 1,067 0.27 Minsk List 13 - Belarusian Socialist Assembly 2,998 0.33 Western Front List 4 - Belarusian Socialist Assembly and the Congress of Belarusian Soldiers of the Western Front 4,380 0.45	8,445	0.02	3
Folkspartei Constituency List Votes % Mogilev List 7 - Yidishe Folkspartei and Non-Party Democratic Committee 1,737 0.24 Poltava List 1 - Folkspartei 6,448 0.56	8,185	0.02	2
Other Ukrainians Constituency List Votes % Kuban-Black Sea Ukrainians (Lists 5 and 9) 98 0.6 Nizhny Novgorod List 6 - Ukrainian Group 126 0.02 Priamur List 6 - Amur Oblast Ukrainian Council 3,125 1.49 Samara List 10 - Ukrainians 4,378 0.36 Ter-Dagestan List 10 - Ukrainians 209 0.54	7,936	0.02	6
All Russian League for Women's Equality Constituency List Votes % Petrograd Metropolis List 7 - All-Russian League for Women's Equality 5,310 0.56 Pskov List 9 - All-Russian League for Women's Equality 2,366 0.46	7,676	0.02	2
Moldovan National Party (Bessarabia)	6,643	0.01	1
Lettish Democrats-Nationalists (Vitebsk)	5,881	0.01	1
Latgallian Popular Committee and Latgallian Socialist Party of Working People (Vitebsk)	5,118	0.01	1
Other lists with less than 5,000 votes Constituency List Votes % Petrograd Metropolis List 14 - Independent Union of Workers, Soldiers and Peasants 4,942 0.52 Black Sea Fleet List 2 - Tsentroflot and the Sevastopol Branch of the Union of Sailors 4,769 9.06 Moscow List 7 - Democratic Non-partisan Group of Members of District Committees of Sergiev Posad 4,497 0.72 Yaroslavl List 6 - Bloc of Traders, Industrialists, Artisans and Homeowners 4,421 0.96 Podolia List 12 - Ukrainian Toilers List 3,810 0.46 Petrograd Metropolis List 3 - Christian Democratic Party 3,797 0.40 Romanian Front List 9 -Lettish Soldiers 3,386 0.30 Mogilev List 8 - White Russian Organizations 2,523 0.35 Moscow Metropolis List 2 - National-Socialist Bloc (Ukrainian Socialist Bloc and Nationalist Bloc) 2,346 0.31 Pskov List 7 - Pskov United Democratic Groups of Townspeople, Peasants and Workers 2,337 0.45 Yenisei List 7 - Siberian Autonomist 2,299 0.65 Baltic Fleet List 3 - List without title (Officers' Union) 2,018 1.79 Kazan List 8 - Agricultural-Artisan-Commercial-Industrial group 2,001 0.23 Baltic Fleet List 5 - Non-Partisan Group 1,948 1.73 Smolensk List 5 - Nationalist Bloc 1,708 0.26 Poltava List 5 - List without title 1,657 0.14 Chernigov List 8 - Toiling Peasants 1,020 0.10 Chernigov List 13 - Employees of Government Agencies 1,005 0.10 Kiev List 10 - Villagers' Group 655 0.04 Kiev List 7 - Military Revolutionary Union 258 0.02 Kiev List 15 - Zaustsinsky 203 0.01 Oryol List 1 - Union of Homeowners 438 0.05 Petrograd Metropolis List 10 - People's Development League 386 0.04 Petrograd Metropolis List 13 - Women's Union for Motherland 318 0.03 Petrograd Metropolis List 5 - Universal League of National Associations of Socialist-Universalists 158 0.02 Podolia List 13 - Ushitsky Uezd List 284 0.03 Smolensk List 2 - Group Allied with Socialist Parties 645 0.1 Steppes List 9 - Cossack-Socialists 475 0.48 Taurida Molokan 885 0.15 Ter-Dagestan List 9 - Chechen-Ingush Peoples 332 0.86 Voronezh List 7 - Mazury Society of Novokhopersky Uezd 796 0.07 Arkhangelsk List 3 - Citizens Group of Kurlev volost 1,160 0.91 Olonets List 3 - Citizens of Vazhinskaya Volost, Olonets Uezd 2,813 1.87 Vitebsk List 14 - Citizens of Boletskii Volost of Gorodsky Uezd 752 0.13	61,042	0.13	34	-	Muslim Organizations of Samarkand Oblast (Samarkand)	?		1	4
Yakutian Labour Union of Federalists (Yakutsk)	?		1	1
Kalmyk (Pricaspian)	?		1 -->
Unaccounted	294,530	0.64
Total	45,904,897	100.00	640
align=left colspan=4	Sources: Radkey (1989), Spirin (1987), Hovannisian (1967),^[1] Vestnik Evrazii (2004)^[2]

Studies on the Constituent Assembly election outcome

Svyatitsky and Lenin

There are various different accounts of the election result, with varying numbers.^[3] Many accounts on the election result originate from N. V. Svyatitsky's account, who was himself elected as an SR deputy to the Constituent Assembly.^[3] His article was included in the one-year anniversary symposium of the Russian Revolution organized by the SR party (Moscow, Zemlya i Volya Publishers, 1918). Lenin (1919) describes Svyatitsky's account as extremely interesting. It presented results from 54 electoral districts, covering most of European Russia and Siberia. Notably is lacked details from the Olonets, Estonian, Kaluga, Bessarabian, Podolsk, Orenburg, Yakutsk, Don governorates, as well as Transcaucasus. All in all, Svyatitsky's account includes 36,257,960 votes. According to Lenin, the actual number from said 54 electoral districts was 36,262,560 votes. But Lenin reaffirms that between Svyatitisky's article and his account, the number of votes cast by party is largely identical.^[4]

Lenin's account of the 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly result
(54 districts)! Bloc! Votes! %!Party! Votes! %

Party of the Proletariat	9,023,963	25	Bolsheviks	9,023,963	25
Petty-bourgeoisie democratic parties	22,616,064	62	Socialist-Revolutionaries	20,900,000	58
Mensheviks			668,064	2
Popular Socialists			312,000	1
Unity			25,000
Cooperative			51,000
Ukrainian Soc.-Dem.			95,000
Ukrainian Socialists			507,000	1
German socialists			44,000
Finnish Socialists			14,000
Parties of landowners and bourgeoisie	4,539,639	13	Kadets	1,856,639	5
Association of Rural Proprietors and Landowners			215,000	1
Right groups			292,000	1
Old Believers			73,000
Jews			550,000	2
Muslims			576,000	2
Bashkirs			195,000
Letts			67,000
Polish			155,000
German			130,000
White Russians			12,000
Lists of various groups and organizations			418,000	1

Radkey and Spirin

Later studies often use Svyatitsky's 1918 account as their starting point for further elaboration.^[3] L. M. Spirin (1987) uses local newspapers and Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian archival holdings to supplement Svyatitsky, whereas U.S. historian Oliver Henry Radkey predominately uses local newspapers as sources.^[3] According to Rabinovitch (2016), Spirin's account is the most complete.^[3] According to Arato (2017), Radkey is the most serious historian on the 1917 election.^[5]

Radkey uses a number of uses broad categories in presenting the result party-wise: SRs (sometimes distinguished between left/right), Bolsheviks, Mensheviks (sometimes divided between Menshevik-Internationalists and Right-wing pro-war Mensheviks), Other Socialists (with subcategories) Kadets, Special interests (including subcategories peasants, landowners, Cossacks, middle-class, others), Religious (Orthodox, Old Believers, others), Ukrainian (with subcategories), Turkic-Tatar (with subcategories), Other Nationalities (with subcategories).^[6]

The main source for the results table is Radkey (1989), who is used as reference for district-wise results unless specified otherwise. List numbers and names are largely taken from the Soviet historian L. M. Spirin's work. Notably, one list has been included that appears in Radkey but not in Spirin (the Molokan list in Taurida, with 885 votes).

Essentially, Radkey uses 5 classifications on the completeness of the district-level electoral result in his study:

Complete or presumably complete:
Somewhat incomplete (missing up to 1 uezd):	Moscow Petrograd Livonia Ryazan Astrakhan Volynia Taurida Yenisei Irkutsk Priamur Western Front South-Western Front Romanian Front
Substantially incomplete (missing results from more than 1 uezd):	Arkhangelsk Vologda Tula Vyatka Podolia Kherson Transbaikal Transcaucasus
Fragmentary (missing more than half of the results from the district), but still used in the results table:	Mogilev Ter-Dagestan (no deputies elected) Bessarabia Steppes (no deputies elected) Kamchatka Caucasian Front
No election or no result	Fergana Kuban-Black Sea Turgai Amu Darya Syr Darya Transcaspian Samarkand Pricaspian Horde Yakutsk Russian forces in France and the Balkans

From Radkey's account, there are 294,530 "unaccounted" votes, i.e. votes that were registered in totals but without their list identity clarified.

Protasov

A more recent research effort is represented by Russian historian L. G. Protasov, whose 1997 account includes 48,401,962 votes from 75 electoral districts. His estimate is that electoral participation was around 63-64%. In comparison with other historians, Protasov uses the category "Other socialists" to include many of the national minority parties. However, a 2004 account by Protasov puts the total number of accounted votes at 47,167,621.^[7]

Protasov records 765 deputies elected from 73 electoral districts;^[8] out of them 345 SRs, 47 Ukrainian SRs, 175 Bolsheviks, 17 Mensheviks, 7 Ukrainian Social Democrats, 14 Kadets, 2 Popular Socialists, another 32 Ukrainian socialists (possibly SRs or social democrats), 13 Muslim socialists, 10 Dashnaks, 68 from other national parties, 16 Cossacks, 10 Christians and one clergyman.^[9]

Electoral district	SRs	Popular Socialists	Mensheviks	Bolsheviks	Others socialists	Kadets	National lists	Rightists	Others	Total
Altai	621377	6068	3785	45268		12108	8048	17292		713946
Arkhangelsk	106570		7335	36522		12086			1160	163673
Astrakhan	100482	942	2220	36023		13017	25023		16400	194107
Bessarabia	112886	1367	4179	28614	10797	19050	49018	6317	116467	348695
Vitebsk	150279	3599	12471	287101	32108	8132	41227	15117	10504	560538
Vladimir	196886	6917	13139	345306		38058		9193	1659	611158
Vologda	348239	8340	3606		84358	25357				469900
Volynia	27575		16947	35612	570073	22397	113992	1746	15866	804208
Voronezh	875300	6116	8658	151517	11871	36488		7281	769	1098000
Vyatka	612525	37621	19167	236952		48106	55585	9396	55476	1074828
Don Cossack Region	478901	5049	17504	205497	5718	43345		13640	636966	1406620
Yekaterinoslav	231717	9496	39155	213163	565150	27551	72152	34665		1193049
Yenisei	233345	8000	4581	96138		12263			2452	356779
Transbaikal	104220	4260	3245	17260		7200	26155	218	15078	177636
Transcaucasus	117522	514	661934	93581	825672	25673	728206			2453102
Irkutsk	127834	14935	6899	33576		9393	39248	3267		235152
Kazan	273978		4906	51936	382640	31728	99080	12322	2001	858591
Kaluga	127313	601	6996	225378	1067	24125		4409		389889
Kamchatka	226		95						16	337
Kiev	19220	3072	32685	60693	1179234	28667	133766	48758	3624	1509719
Chinese Eastern Railway	5079		13138	10613		6322				35152
Kostroma	249838		19488	226905		41448		17901		555580
Kursk	869497	8591	6043	120094		47221		8715		1060161
Kuban-Black Sea	2828		794	9167		3226	98		5733	21846
Livonia			7046	97781					31253	136080
Minsk	181673		16277	579087	14054	10724	101928	13505		917248
Mogilev	511998		21664	93060	6600	19316	62278	10136		725052
Moscow Metropolis	62260	2508	21597	366148	37651	263859			10740	764763
Moscow	172229	6978	27928	368264		44478		8458	31536	659871
Nizhni Novgorod	314472	5186	7660	133970	19959	34724	402	67305	2216	585894
Novgorod	220665	10314	10196	203658		31484		7804	2301	486422
Olonets					127120	20278			2813	150211
Oryol	510628		16301	241785	3338	18345		12911	10096	813404
Orenburg	112209	6550	9575	166121		24847	158663		226604	704569
Penza	517226	4336	4726	54731		25407	29821			636247
Perm	665118		27502	268292	29012	111241	77861	83734	15129	1277889
Petrograd Metropolis	156936	19109	29820	424024	4377	246506		42308	18001	941081
Petrograd	119761	12048	6100	229698	16904	64859	15963	5661	841	471835
Podolia	11052	852	12487	32942	660432	9371	113588		7530	848254
Poltava	198437	4391	5993	64460	761313	18105	33340		63217	1149256
Priamur	61967		16772	43534		17799	3275		97556	240903
Pskov	295012	4059	4870	173631		25961	3859	3209	4703	515304
Ryazan	427364	5695	5039	272153		30734		9368	4216	754569
Samarkand	4238		1586				87059		1913	94796
Samara	690341	4369	6125	195132	51212	44507	192861	20180	3083	1207810
Saratov	612094	10243	15152	261308		27226	103470	51774	6379	1087646
Semirechie					120150		200639		28272	349061
Simbirsk	424185	7953	4785	90388		18303	71931	11130	2116	630791
Smolensk	250134	2855	7901	361062		29274	1708	5300		658234
Stavropol	291395	670	1836	17430		10898		3078	2609	327916
Steppes	14930		2500	18901	7713	7886	135386	1469	5869	194654
Taurida	300150	4544	16875	31154	63271	38108	105586	8022	825	568535
Tambov	837497	7412	22424	240652	6222	47548		12494	889	1175138
Tver	245997	3739	18752	398479		37453		7723	2974	715117
Ter-Dagestan	11542	443	1461	29889	386	11330	1881		29924	86856
Tobolsk	392061	50780	12061			13793	25830			494525
Tomsk	541153	15802	5769	51456		18618			2686	635484
Tula	256069	1991	10940	237558		22782			9516	538856
Turgai	63650		6758				211274			281682
Uralsk	5076						278014		87535	370625
Ufa	322166	11429	2614	48151	304844	15825	224817	11178	15372	956396
Fergana							770284			770284
Kharkov	838873	11852	20529	114743	1802	61302	11587	24335	11448	1096451
Kherson	368078	6177	17371	107975	65210	57699	117805	21609	143647	905571
Chernigov	105565	10089	10813	271174	486964	28864	28308	16715	15154	973646
Estonia	3200	64704		119863			68085		17022	299844
Yakutsk	1208		247			586			1541	3582
Yaroslavl	197465	5637	16803	176035		53730		4427	4421	458518
Baltic Fleet	45016			66810					3997	115193
Black Sea Fleet	22251		1943	10771	12895				4769	52629
Northern Front	249832	5868	10420	471828	88956	13687				840591
Western Front	180582		9700	653430	68455	16750			47083	976000
South-Western Front	402930	1125	79630	300112	177354	13724	9465		23083	1007423
Romanian Front	670047	4004	36485	173728	188760	20956	31623			1125603
Caucasian Front	229705		20574	61783	10285	8640				330987
Total	19110074	439200	1522577	10890067	7030897	2180488	4670189	674160	1885050	48401962

^[10]

District-wise results

The voting figures presented in the tables below are from Radkey (1989), unless stated otherwise. In various districts, Radkey was not able to present a full account of the vote. In many cases the sources available to Radkey did not include all the lists in a specific district, meaning that in the account as a whole smaller parties tend to get underrepresented in many of the district-wise accounts. In some districts Radkey uses different sources for different lists, creating partially incomplete listings.

The names of elected deputies originate from Protasov (2008).^[11] Party identity has been simplified. SR lists often included labels such as 'Socialist-Revolutionaries and Congress of Peasants Deputies' or 'Earth and Will', for example, but are here just presented as SR.

Metropolitan cities

Petrograd City

See main article: Petrograd Metropolis electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). Petrograd city constituted an electoral district of its own, separate from the rest of the Petrograd Governorate.^[12] Voter turnout in the capital was estimated at between 69.7% and 72%.^[13]

For the Petrograd Metropolitan district, Radkey assigns 861 votes as "unaccounted" for minor lists. Spirin presents lists 5, 10 and 13 with a total vote of 862. In the results tally below, Spirin's data is used for these 3 lists.

Moscow City

See main article: Moscow Metropolis electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the city of Moscow, separate from Moscow Governorate.^[12] Voter turnout in the city was estimated at between 65.4% and 69.7%.^[13]

North

Arkhangelsk

See main article: Arkhangelsk electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Arkhangelsk Governorate.^[12] Radkey's account is missing 4 uezds, representing some 25% of the electorate the Archangel electoral district.

Notably, Arkhangelsk had a different electoral system than the rest of the country, as voters voted for individual candidates rather than party lists.^[14] Five parties had fielded their candidates in the constituency; The Kadets fielded Aleksander Isupov and Viktor Bartenev, the Socialist-Revolutionaries (supported by the Peasants' Deputies Soviet) fielded Alexey Ivanov and Mikhail Kvyatkovsky, the Bolsheviks fielded Matvei Muranov and Georgy Oppokov and the Mensheviks fielded Anatoli Zhidkov and Vladimir Bustrem. Pavel Osipov was nominated by a group of citizens from Kurlev volost in Kholmogory uezd.^[15]

Olonets

See main article: Olonets electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Olonets Governorate.^[12] Olonets had special electoral system, electing 2 deputies and with each voter having 2 votes.^{[16] [17]}

Vologda

See main article: Vologda electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Vologda Governorate.^[12] Out of the 10 uezds in Vologda electoral district, the account of Rakdey has 1 uezds with a largely incomplete vote count and gaps in coverage in another 2 uezds.

In Vologda the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks had a common list.^[18] Soviet sources indicated that Social Democratic list was dominated by the Bolsheviks.^[19]

North-Western

Petrograd

See main article: Petrograd electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Petrograd Governorate, except for the capital city itself.^[12] According to Radkey his account of the result available was incomplete, as data was missing for 7 minor lists.^[20] Radkey's account totals 446,273 votes, including 451 unaccounted votes. Soviet historian Spirin has the same account for the three major lists, but adds another 25,462 votes for the smaller lists. Spirin's account is used for the results table below.

Pskov

See main article: Pskov electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Pskov Governorate.^[12] There was a 60.3% voter turnout in the district.^[21]

Novgorod

See main article: Novgorod electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Novgorod Governorate.^[12] Whilst Novgorod was an agrarian province, the Bolsheviks obtained a good vote. This might have been due to the fact that many inhabitants were accustomed to perform seasonal work in nearby Petrograd. 4 local peasants lists did not qualify to run in the election.

Baltics

Estonia

See main article: Estonia electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia.^[12]

Voter turnout stood at 56.6% in the Estonia electoral district. The Bolsheviks and Estonian Labour Party had their strongest support in Reval and northern Estonia. Bolsheviks obtained 47.6% of the votes cast in Reval. The Democratic Bloc obtained 53.4% in Tartu, and did also get a good number of votes in southern Estonia.^[22] Notably, the Bolsheviks benefited from popular discontent with the failure of the Provisional Government to follow through on its promises of self-determination for Estonia.^[22]

Soldiers stationed at garrisons in Estonia didn't vote in the Estonian district, but in the Baltic Fleet constituency.

Livonia

See main article: Livonia electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Livonia Governorate, as well as the parts of the Courland Governorate not under German occupation.^[12] However, at the time Riga was under German occupation so no vote took place there.^[23]

In Radkey's account some 9,000 votes are missing from 9 uezds.^[23]

White Russia

Vitebsk

See main article: Vitebsk electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Vitebsk Governorate.^[12]

Minsk

See main article: Minsk electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district consisted of the Minsk Governorate and the parts of the Vilna Governorate and the Kovno Governorate that were not under German occupation.^{[12] [24]} Notably, the soldiers based in the garrison in Minsk voted in the Western Front electoral district rather than the Minsk electoral district. According to Radkey, his count of the result in Minsk is largely complete, only lacking 3 out of 25 volosts Mozyr uezd. These 3 volosts had 16,755 eligible voters.^[23]

Mogilev

See main article: Mogilev electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Mogilev Governorate.^[12]

According to Radkey the vote count in Mogilev is largely incomplete. He claims to have the data for Gomel (with the votes for all 11 lists), Mogilev (with votes for the 7 most voted lists) and Orsha (with votes for the 6 most votes lists) towns as well as 80 precincts in Gomel uezd (but in these precincts, only the vote for SR and Bolshevik lists).^[23] The account of Soviet historian L. M. Spirin, shown to the right in the table and which Radkey did not consider reliable, includes a much greater number of votes accounted for the Mogilev electoral district.

Smolensk

See main article: Smolensk electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Smolensk Governorate.^[12] 2 volost-level lists were barred from participating in the election.^[25] List no. 3, endorsed by Smolensk Provincial Council of SR Party and the Smolensk Provincial Congress of Peasants Deputies, was headed by E.K. Breshko-Breshkovskaia and Andrei Argunov.^[26] The Socialist-Revolutionary and Menshevik lists formed an electoral bloc. Likewise Lists 2 and 4 formed an electoral bloc.

The Bolsheviks won some 75% of the vote in the rural Sychevka uezd, obtaining 23,984 out of 32,007 votes cast in the uezd.^[27]

Central Industrial Region

Moscow

See main article: Moscow electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Moscow Governorate, except for the city of Moscow.^[12] According to Radkey's account, only few votes are missing from the summary (one military voting box in Moscow uezd, the votes from a single volost in Bronnitsy uezd and the votes for smaller parties in Serpukhov uezd).^[23]

Tver

See main article: Tver electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Tver Governorate.^[12] Radkey lists the Tver result as 'somewhat incomplete'.^[28]

Yaroslavl

See main article: Yaroslavl electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Yaroslavl Governorate.^[12]

Kostroma

See main article: Kostroma electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Kostroma Governorate.^[12]

Vladimir

See main article: Vladimir electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Vladimir Governorate.^[12] Vladimir was heavily industrialized, second only to Moscow itself. There were many textile mills in Ivanovo-Voznesensky, Out of 13 uezd, SR won in 2; Viazniki (east of industrial belt), an area with hemp and linen production where SRs scored 42,4%, and further east in Gorokhovets uezd, an area with no factories where SRs scored 57.4%.^[29]

Kaluga

See main article: Kaluga electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Kaluga Governorate.^[12]

Tula

See main article: Tula electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Tula Governorate.^[12] The votes from the city of Tula and 10 out 12 uezds are complete, according to Radkey. The votes from Yefremov uezd and one of the volosts of Odoyev uezd are not covered in Radkey's account.^[23]

Central Black Earth Region

Ryazan

See main article: Ryazan electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Ryazan Governorate.^[12] Radkey's account is missing the vote from Egoriev uezd, 1 out of 12 uezds in the electoral district.^[23]

Oryol

See main article: Oryol electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Oryol Governorate.^[12]

Kursk

See main article: Kursk electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Kursk Governorate.^[12] Kursk was an agrarian, Black Earth province with no industries. The Bolshevik vote was attributed to soldiers returning home from the front.^[30]

Voronezh

See main article: Voronezh electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Voronezh Governorate.^[12]

Tambov

See main article: Tambov electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Tambov Governorate.^[12] 73% electoral participation was reported, as the SRs had a good mobilization capacity among the peasantry.^[31] In the Spassko-Kashminskaia canton, Morshansk uezd the SR local government banned the Bolshevik election campaign, alleging that the Bolsheviks were German spies.^[32]

Penza

See main article: Penza electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Penza Governorate.^[12] In Penza town there were 49,741 eligible voters, out of whom 17,583 voted (35%).^[13]

Volga

Nizhny Novgorod

See main article: Nizhny Novgorod electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate.^[12] Only in the Nizhny Novgorod constituency could the combined forces of clergy and far right make an electoral impact.^[33] The Christian Union for Faith and Fatherland had a relative success.^[34]

Simbirsk

See main article: Simbirsk electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Simbirsk Governorate.^[12] Electoral participation was reported at around 58%.^[13]

Kazan

See main article: Kazan electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Kazan Governorate.^[12] 66% turnout was reported.^[13] The Chuvash largely voted for the SRs, and the local SR party branch was dominated by leftist elements.^[35] The Tatars voters were split between leftist and rightist lists.^[36]

Samara

See main article: Samara electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Samara Governorate.^[12] Electoral turnout was at 54.86%.^[13] Out of 95 different lists submitted, 79 were turned down (out of which approximately 42 lists were denied due to late submission).^[25]

Saratov

See main article: Saratov electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Saratov Governorate.^[12] Saratov had been one of the early strongholds of the SRs.^[37] Kerensky was one of the SR candidates, but many voters scratched his name from the list (and thus made their votes invalid). It was politically turbulent, also during the election.^[38] In Saratov Bolshevik campaigners were frequently attacked by rich farmers.^[32] Whilst the SR won in the largely agrarian district, the Bolsheviks had a strong showing, with strong support from soldiers and from the industrial city of Tsaritsyn.^[39]

Astrakhan

See main article: Astrakhan electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered parts of the Astrakhan Governorate, excluding the areas of the Bukey Horde and the Kalmyk Steppe.^[12] Radkey's account is incomplete, with some votes missing.

Kama-Ural

Vyatka

See main article: Vyatka electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Vyatka Governorate.^[12] Radkey's account only includes full result for 3 lists (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Orthodox), albeit the number of votes for the Orthodox list has been rounded off. The real vote of the other nine lists, according to Radkey, would have been more than double that what is accounted for.^[23]

Perm

See main article: Perm electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Perm Governorate.^[12]

Ufa

See main article: Ufa electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Ufa Governorate.^[12]

Orenburg

See main article: Orenburg electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Orenburg Governorate.^[12] According to Radkey, his account of the Bashkir Federalist vote is underestimated, believing that the real figure would land at around 100,000.^[34]

Ukraine

Kiev

See main article: Kiev electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Kiev Governorate.^[12] Kiev was a historical Black Hundred stronghold, and monarchists got some 3% of the votes in the district.^[40]

Volhynia

See main article: Volhynia electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Volhynian Governorate.^[12] The western parts of the electoral district were under German or Austrian occupation.^[23] Radkey expresses concern that the votes account from Volynia (exclusively brought from the 1918 study by Sviatitski) may have been largely incomplete, possibly an effect of the proximity to the battle lines.^[23]

Podolia

See main article: Podolia electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Podolian Governorate.^[12] Podolia was close to the frontline.^[41] Radkey cites that the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party organ Robitchna Gazeta reported that elections were held in Podolia between Dec 3–7, and presented results from 9 out of 12 uezds, but Robitchna Gazetas party tally greater than the vote cast in the 9 uezds, possibly pointing to results included from the remaining 3 uezds.^[41]

Chernigov

See main article: Chernigov electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Chernigov Governorate.^[12] Chernigov was an agrarian province. The Bolshevik Party was absent in most uezds and weak in others. But returning soldiers, about a quarter of the electorate, boosted the Bolshevik vote.^[42]

Spirin is the source for the results tally from Chernigov. There is a difference of just 16 votes in the total tallies of Spirin and Radkey, but Spirin is more precise on the identities of the candidate lists in the fray.

Poltava

See main article: Poltava electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Poltava Governorate.^[12] Poltava was an agrarian province.^[43] Voter turnout was reported at 74%.^[13]

The Russian SRs (dominated by the left) ran a joint list with the Ukrainian SRs (also dominated by its leftist faction).^[44] The Selianska Spilka ('Village Union'), the agrarian wing of the Ukrainian SRs, confronted the Farmers (Landowners) Party, excluding Landowners from local election commissions. The campaign against the Landowners Party occasionally took a violent shape.^[43]

The lists of the Folkspartey and the Jewish National Electoral Committee formed an electoral bloc, likewise the Poalei Zion and the United Socialist Jewish Workers Party lists formed an electoral bloc. Three minor Ukrainian lists formed an electoral bloc: the Ukrainian Social Democrats and the Ukrainian Socialist-Federalists and the Ukrainian National Republican Group.

Kharkov

See main article: Kharkov electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Kharkov Governorate.^[12] The SR list in Kharkov was dominated by the left-wing, contesting jointly with the Ukrainian SRs. The rightwing pro-war SR faction had its own list, headed by E.K. Breshko-Breshkovskaia. Whilst trailing far behind the SRs across the country-side, the Bolsheviks won the election in Kharkov city.^[45]

Spirin is the source for the result from Kharkov. There is a difference of just 873 votes between Radkey and Spirin in the total tally for Kharkov electoral district, but Spirin is more precise on the identities of the lists in the fray.

Yekaterinoslav

See main article: Yekaterinoslav electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Yekaterinoslav Governorate.^[12] Yekaterinoslav was a large province; ethnically and economically diverse.^[46] The Yekaterinoslav electoral district recorded the highest vote for a landowners list in the country. List 1 Landowners and Nonpartisan Progressives gathered 26,597 votes (2.2%), and was headed by Mikhail Rodzianko (an Octobrist leader, having served as the presiding officer in the 3rd and 4th Dumas, elected on the Stolypin franchise).^[47]

Kherson

See main article: Kherson electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Kherson Governorate.^[12] According to Radkey, the Odessa city results appeared complete, the Odessa uezd possibly incomplete, the Kherson uezd having results from 195 out of 223 voting centers, no indication about whether 2 other uezds' results were complete or not. From the remaining 2 uezds the results were missing altogether.^[23]

South

Bessarabia

See main article: Bessarabia electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). Radkey's account is substantially incomplete.^[48] According to Radkey, only the results from Kishinev and 3 out of 8 uezds could be gathered by scholars. The 5 uezds left out of the count were more populous.^[23] Two other sets have been published: one by Moldovan historian Gheorghe Cojocaru, providing a detailed account of the civilian votes, covering almost two thirds of the ones cast in Bessarabia, and a reportedly complete set provided by Soviet author G. Ustinov.^[49] 17 lists were in the fray in Bessarabia. The demographics of the district were divided between Romanians (48%), Ukrainians (20%) and Russians (8%). Among the elected deputies, SR deputies were Jewish or Russian, whilst the peasant soviet deputies were Romanian.

As per Serge, some 600,000 people took part in the vote, with the Peasant soviet obtaining some 200,000 votes, SRs 200,000 votes, Jewish national list 60,000, Kadets 40,000 and the Moldavian National Party 14,000.^[50]

Taurida

See main article: Taurida electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Taurida Governorate.^[12] Taurida had a 54.74% voter turnout.^[13] Radkey's account is missing Berdiansk uezd with some 3,400 electors and Vodiansk volost of Melitopol uezd.^[23] All in all there were 753 precincts in the Taurida electoral district.^[23]

South-East

Don Cossack Region

See main article: Don Cossack Region electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Don Host Oblast.^[12]

Stavropol

See main article: Stavropol electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Stavropol Governorate, as well as the Karanogai precinct (which was part of the Terek Oblast).^[12] In Stavropol town the Bolsheviks won 47.6% of the vote. Likewise, in Pyatigorsk the Bolsheviks won some 8,000 votes, half of the votes from the town.^[51]

Kuban-Black Sea

See main article: Kuban-Black Sea electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Kuban Oblast and the Black Sea Governorate.^[12] Kuban was fully engulfed by civil war by the time of the vote.^[52] 16 seats had been allotted to the Kuban-Black Sea electoral district, but the election was only held in Ekaterinodar and some surrounding villages were the Kuban Territorial Council was in control.^{[53] [52]} Spirin gives the following result for Ekaterinodar;

Ekaterinodar!Party!Vote!%

List 2 - Bolsheviks	8,744	46.0
List 3 - Highlanders and Cossacks	3,544	18.6
List 1 - Kadets	3,206	16.9
List 4 - Socialist-Revolutionaries	2,268	11.9
List 8 - Mensheviks	786	4.1
List 1 - Leftist SRs	357	1.9
Ukrainians (Lists 5 and 9)	98	0.6

^[54]

Caucasus

Ter-Dagestan

See main article: Ter-Dagestan electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Terek Oblast (except the Karanogai precinct and the aimak of the Kalmyks) and the Dagestan Oblast.^[12] Voting was delayed in Ter-Dagestan and was held between November 26 and December 5. In some areas the votes were counted but not reported, in other areas votes were left uncounted.^[55] In Radkey's account a complete result was only available for Vladikavkaz city. He includes sporadic results of the major parties in some towns and garrisons. Radkey's account contains no results from rural areas.^[23]

Bolsheviks obtained 44% of the vote in Vladikavkaz. This situation could be compared to that by March 1917 the Bolshevik Party had been so weak in the city that it had been decided to form a joint Bolshevik-Menshevik Party Committee in the city.^[51]

Pricaspian

See main article: Pricaspian electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The Pricaspian electoral district, which included areas of the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan Governorate, was thinly populated.^{[53] [56]} One seat was assigned to the constituency.^[53] A list was submitted, signed by 137 electors, with the 33-year old lawyer Sandzhi Bayanovich Bayanov as its candidate.^[56] Due to late arrival of electoral material, the vote was postponed to November 26–28, 1917.^[56] The vote was reportedly held on these dates, in some places with very low turnout. Bayanov received a majority of votes.^[56]

Transcaucasus

See main article: Transcaucasus electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Baku Governorate, the Elizavetpol Governorate, the Erivan Governorate, the Kutais Governorate, the Tiflis Governorate, the Batum Oblast, the Kars Oblast, the Sukhum Okrug and the Zakatal Okrug.^[12]

The three largest parties in Transcaucasus were the Mensheviks, the Musavat Party and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaksiun). Whilst the Mensheviks were the most voted party, here Menshevism had become intertwined with Georgian nationalism.^[57] Soon after the election, the Georgian Mensheviks would become openly nationalistic.^[58] Bolsheviks won the election Baku city (followed closely by Musavat and Dashnaksiun), Ittihad won the elections in the rural areas of Baku uezd, in the villages of the Absheron Peninsula. Musavat won most of the Azerbaijani vote in Baku guberniia, followed by Ittehad.^[59] In Tiflis the Bolsheviks quadrupled their vote compared to the July 1917 city duma election.^[60]

The numbers in the column to the left originate from Hovannisian (1967)^[1] and Vestnik Evrazii (2004)^[2] The source for Vestnik Evrazii for the results stems from the State Archive of the Russian Federation.^[2]

These two references present a more complete account than that of Radkey. Radkey's account lists a total of 1,887,453 votes, including 215,121 unspecified 'residue' votes.^[61] Radkey's effort to map the votes in Transcaucasus was frustrated by the insistence of Soviet sources to lump parties like Musavat and Dashnaksiun into a single bloc.^[34]

Between Hovannisian and Vestnik Evrazii, the votes for the Mensheviks, Kadets, SRs and Bolsheviks are identical. Vestnik Evrazii presents the vote for the Popular Socialist list, which is not detailed in Hovannasian. Vestnik Evrazii groups the Dashnaks, the Muslim Socialist Bloc and Hummet together (825,672 votes) and 728,206 for Bourgeois parties (presumably including Musavat). In the case of Musavat, Hummet, Ittihad and Dashnaks, the figures from Hovannisian are used. Hovannisian does not present a total of votes, so the total from Vestnik Evrazii is utilized instead.

Comparing the account from Hovannisian with that of Swietochowski (2004)^[62] the numbers for the Mensheviks, Musavat, the Muslim Socialist Bloc, SRs, Hummet and Ittihad are identical. The minor discrepancies between Hovannisian and Swietochowski are different vote for Bolshevik list (93,581 in Hovannisian and Vestnik Evrazii, 95,581 in Switeochowski), the Dashnaks got 40 votes more in Swietochowski's account and Swietochowski lists a total of 2,455,274 (plus 2,172 compared to Vestnik Evrazii).^[62] Maḣmudov (2004)^[63] and Balaev (1998)^[64] carries the same numbers as Swietochowski.

The results in the column to the right is from the account of Soviet historian L. M. Spirin.^[54] Spirin's total is missing about half a million votes compared to the other accounts.^[54]

Siberia

Tobolsk

See main article: Tobolsk electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Tobolsk Governorate.^[12] Tobolsk hosted one of only 2 undivided Social Democratic lists in the fray across the country.^[65] Soviet sources indicated that the Social Democratic list was Menshevik-dominated.^[19]

Soviet sources reported voter turnout at a mere 33.5%.^[13]

Steppes

See main article: Steppes electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Akmolinsk Oblast and the Semipalatinsk Oblast.^[12] According to Wade (2004), it is unclear whether the election was carried through to completion in the electoral district.^[52]

Radkey's account only includes votes from Omsk and surroundings;^[23]

This account of the vote in Semipalatinsk uezd comes from the work of Spirin;^[54]

Tomsk

See main article: Tomsk electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Tomsk Governorate.^[12] The SR list won a landslide victory, drawing the support from the rural areas. In the Novonikolayevsk uyezd the SRs obtained 95.3% of the votes cast, followed by Kainsk uyezd (91%), Kuznetsk uyezd (90.8%), Mariinsk uyezd (88.6%), Tomsk uyezd (73.6%) and Togur uyezd (64.6%).^[66] The Bolsheviks fared better in industrial centers; obtaining some 36% of the vote at the Kemerovo mine and chemical plant, some 32% of the votes were cast at the Anzhersky mines and 25.8% of the votes at the Sudzhensk mines (both in present-day Anzhero-Sudzhensk).^[67]

Altai

See main article: Altai electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Altai Governorate.^[12]

Yenisei

See main article: Yenisei electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Yenisei Governorate.^[12] Moreover, the Russian citizens living in the Uryankhay Kray formed part of the constituency.^[12]

The SRs and Menshevik lists formed an electoral bloc, whilst the Bolsheviks and the leftist dissident SR list formed a second electoral bloc.^[54]

According to Radkey the results from Krasnoyarsk city and 5 out of 6 uezds appeared complete, with the thinly populated Turukhansk uezd missing.^[23]

Irkutsk

See main article: Irkutsk electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Irkutsk Governorate.^[12]

Transbaikal

See main article: Transbaikal electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Transbaikal Oblast.^[12]

Priamur

See main article: Priamur electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The Priamur electoral district consisted of the Amur Oblast, the Maritime Province and the Sakhalin Oblast.^{[12] [68] [69]} The election was held on time in the constituency. From the Maritime Province the results were, according to Radkey, seemingly complete. In areas north of the Amur river some problems in voting occurred, with 312 polling stations reporting and 77 did not (another reference stated that no election had been held in some 50 polling stations).^[70]

The SRs had suffered a four-way split in the constituency, with the branches in Amur and Maritime contesting separately. Ahead of the election the Maritime Province Peasants Soviets threw out the SR party representatives and fielded a separate list (in Amur, however, the peasants soviets stayed loyal to the SR party).^[68] There was also a left SR list, distinctively urban.^[68]

Chinese Eastern Railroad

See main article: Chinese Eastern Railway electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The Chinese Eastern Railroad electoral district was located outside the borders of Russia.^[52] Four candidates were nominated for the Chinese Eastern Railroad seat; Lieutenant General Dmitri Horvath (the Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone administrator since 1902) ran as the Kadet candidate, representing the pre-revolutionary status quo. Nikolai Strelkov of the Railwaymens' Union contested as the Menshevik candidate, the Jewish businessman and Chair of the Chinese Eastern Railroad Executive Committee Faytel Volfovich was the SR candidate and the ensign and Harbin Soviet chairman Ryutin the Bolshevik candidate.^{[71] [72] [73]}

The vote was held for the Chinese Eastern Railroad seat on November 29, 1917.^[74] The voter turnout stood at around 60%.^[71]

According to a contemporary account published in the organ of the Nikolsk-Ussuriysky Soviet (whose totals differ somewhat from the figures of Radkey), the vote in Harbin was won by Strelkov (4,874 votes, 31.74%), followed by Horvath (4,450 votes, 28.98%), Ryutin (4,412 votes, 28.73%) and Volfovich (1,620 votes, 10.55%).^[75] In the 26 precincts of the western line, Ryutin was the most vote candidate (5,991 votes, 38.25%), followed by Strelkov (5,845 votes, 37.32%), Volfovich (2,519 votes, 16.08%) and Horvath (1,307 votes, 8.35%).^[75] In the four precincts of the eastern line, Ryutin emerged as the winner with 1,461 votes (39.84%), followed by Strelkov (1,187 votes, 32.37%), Volfovich (831 votes, 22.66%) and Horvath (188 votes, 5.13%).^[75]

Yakutsk

See main article: Yakutsk electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Yakutsk Oblast.^[12] An election was held and deputies elected, but Radkey was unable to trace the any voting figures.^[53]

Kamchatka

See main article: Kamchatka electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Kamchatka Oblast.^[12] The vote was held in the Kamchatka electoral on October 29, 1917, well ahead of the rest of the country, in order to allow its sole deputy to be able to catch the last steamship to Petrograd to attend the opening of the Constituent Assembly.^[52] Radkey claims to only have been able to trace results from the town of Zavoyko, but the Zavoyko poll was disqualified as the vote had been held one day in advance.^[23] 275 people had voted in Zavoyko, 258 of them for SR, 9 for Social Democrats and 8 for others.^[61]

Turkestan

Horde

See main article: Horde electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The Horde (or 'Orda') electoral district covered the areas of the Bukey Horde in the Transvolga.^[52] Khanskaya Stavka was the administrative center of the electoral district.^[52] According to Radkey, two lists had registered in the Horde electoral district. As per Radkey's account, there was no information on whether election had been held.^[61] As per Wade (2004), members of the local revolutionary committee began arresting the District Election Commission officials as the vote tallying was ongoing.^[52]

^[11]

Uralsk

See main article: Uralsk electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Ural Oblast as well as the Mangyshlak uezd of the Transcaspian Oblast (except for areas inhabited by Turkmens).^[12]

Turgai

See main article: Turgai electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Turgai Oblast.^[12] According to Radkey the vote was held in one uezd, but that the result was not known.^[61] Nevertheless, Soviet sources indicate voting took place across the district. Soviet historian L. M. Spirin (whose data is used for the results table below) lists 281,782 votes cast for three different candidate lists.^[54] Notably, Radkey rejects these results as unreliable.^[61]

Transcaspian

See main article: Transcaspian electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Transcaspian Oblast, except for most of the Mangyshlak uezd (only the volosts inhabited by Turkmens remained part of the Transcaspian electoral district).^{[12] [17]} The Transcaspian electoral district was assigned 2 seats in the Constituent Assembly.^[53] According to Radkey, an election was held but results not known.^[53] Per Wade (2004), it is certain that no election took place in the Transcaspian electoral district.^[52]

Samarkand

See main article: Samarkand electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Samarkand Oblast.^[12] Samarkand was assigned 5 seats.^[53] According to Radkey, an election was held but results were not known to him.^[53]

Amu Darya

See main article: Amu Darya electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Amu Darya Division of the Syr-Darya Oblast.^[12] According to Radkey, it is not known whether voting took place. One seat had been allotted to Amu Darya.^[53] Per Wade (2004), it is certain that no election took place in Amu Darya.^[52]

Syr Darya

See main article: Syr Darya electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Syr-Darya Oblast, except for the Amu Darya Division.^[12] Voting in Syr Darya was postponed until mid-Dec 1917, then to January 19, 1918.^[55] In the end no vote ever took place.^{[55] [52]} Nine seats had been allotted to Syr Darya.^[53]

Fergana

See main article: Fergana electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Fergana Oblast.^[12] An election was held and deputies elected, but Radkey was unable to trace the any voting figures.^[53] Seemingly, per Soviet sources cited by Radkey, there were 5 deputies elected from Fergana, out of whom 1 SR.^[76]

The results in the table below are based on data from Soviet historian L. M. Spirin.^[54] U.S. historian Oliver Henry Radkey rejected these results as unreliable.^[61]

^[54]

Semirechie

See main article: Semirechie electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Semirechie Oblast.^[12] The electoral battle in Semirechie stood between a general soviet list (SRs and Mensheviks) and the Kirgiz-Cossack alliance. The Bolshevik list had been banned.^[61]

Military districts

Baltic Fleet

See main article: Baltic Fleet electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the military forces and employees and workers at bases under the command of the Baltic Fleet. The Baltic Fleet was a revolutionary bastion.^[40] Electoral participation stood at around 70%. 76% of sailors voted, but the sailors were outnumbered by workers and soldiers at the naval bases.^[13] Baltic Fleet used a separate electoral system, where the voter could vote for two individual candidates rather than fixed party lists.^[77]

The election campaign received plenty attention in the fleet newspapers.^[77] The campaign of non-Bolshevik candidates was largely confined to Helsingfors.^[77] The outcome of the vote indicated strong dissatisfaction with the performance of the Provisional Government, as the combined Bolshevik/Left SR vote stood at around 85% (the highest of all electoral constituencies nationwide).^[77] Radkey claims Dybenko was the most voted Bolshevik candidate, placing Lenin second.^[78] Dybenko was himself a sailor, and likewise in the case of the SRs sailor candidates Shisko and Maslov scored higher votes than non-sailor political leaders.^[77]

Saul (1978) expresses strong concerns over the accuracy of the result presented by Radkey.^[77] Saul (1978) reports the following result from the Helsingfors region of the Baltic Fleet electoral district (with results from 97 out of 100 electoral precincts); 22,670 votes for Dybenko, 22,237 votes for Lenin, 13,617 votes for Shishko, 12,906 votes for Proshian, 7,620 votes for Maslov, 7,351 votes for Tsion, 855 votes for Demchinsky and 838 votes for Rengarten.^[77] According to Soviet sources the non-partisan group got one percent of the votes in Helsingfors.^[77] In Kronstadt an 84% vote for the Bolsheviks was recorded.^[77] On the battleships the Bolsheviks won some 70% of the vote, whilst the (left) SRs dominated the vote in the Åbo–Åland region (which had smaller ships).^[77]

Black Sea Fleet

The electoral district covered the military forces and employees and workers at bases under the command of the Black Sea Fleet.

Northern Front

See main article: Northern Front electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The constituency covered the Northern Front of the Russian Army. And apart from the Northern Front itself, the electoral district also included the Russian troops stationed in Finland (except those under the Baltic Fleet command) as well as the Lake Peipus Flotilla.^[79] Voter turnout stood at 72.36482% per official records.^[13]

Western Front

See main article: Western Front electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Western Front of the Russian Army.^[79] The result for Muslim Socialists stems from a newspaper report in Russkiye Vedomosti, which had data from 472 out of 602 voting centres.^[80]

South-Western Front

See main article: South-Western Front electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the South-Western Front of the Russian Army.^[79]

Romanian Front

See main article: Romanian Front electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Romanian Front of the Russian Army.^[79] Moreover, the constituency covered the Danube Flotilla.^[79] To Radkey some 12,000-15,000 votes appeared to be missing from official records.^[80]

Caucasian Front

See main article: Caucasian Front electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The electoral district covered the Caucasian Front of the Russian Army.^[79] Moreover, it included the Urmia-Van Flotilla.^[79]

Spirin's account of the election result only gives a rough estimate, with 360,000 votes for the Socialist-Revolutionaries and 60,000 votes for the Bolsheviks.^[54] The account of Radkey only includes votes from Erzerum fortress, with 16,824 votes.^[81] However, the Ukrainian vote in Erzerum was missing in the source material available to Radkey.^[80]

Russian forces in France and the Balkans

See main article: Russian Expeditionary Forces in France and the Balkans electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917). The Russian Expeditionary Force in France and the Salonika front formed an electoral district of its own, with some 50,000 eligible voters.^[52] According to Wade (2004) it is unclear whether any election took place in the electoral district.^[52]

Notes and References

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4. Lenin, V. I.. The Constituent Assembly Elections and The Dictatorship of the Proletariat
5. Book: Andrew Arato. The Adventures of the Constituent Power. 30 November 2017. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-107-12679-4. 421.
6. Book: Oliver Henry Radkey. Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. 1989. Cornell University Press. 978-0-8014-2360-4. 148–157.
7. Book: Rex A. Wade. Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches. 2004. Psychology Press. 978-0-415-30748-2. 243.
8. Book: George N. Rhyne. The Supplement to The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian, Soviet and Eurasian History. 2005. Academic International Press. 978-0-87569-142-8. 242.
9. Book: Rex A. Wade. Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches to the Russian Revolution of 1917. 31 July 2004. Routledge. 978-1-134-39764-8. 259.
10. Book: Лев Григорьевич Протасов. Всероссийское учредительное собрание: история рождения и гибели. 1997. РОССПЭН. 363–366. 9785860041172.
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