Responses to the Venezuelan presidential crisis explained

During the Venezuelan presidential crisis concerning the legitimate President of Venezuela, reactions and responses to the crisis were greatly divided.[1]

On 10 January 2019, Venezuela's opposition-majority National Assembly declared that incumbent Nicolás Maduro's 2018 reelection was invalid, and its president, Juan Guaidó, said that he was prepared to assume the acting presidency.[2] [3] On 23 January 2019, Guaidó and the National Assembly declared he was acting president, who took the presidential oath.[4] By vote of the opposition coalition that had previously supported Guaidó's claim, the Guaidó interim government dissolved on 5 January 2023.

Some countries and organizations recognized Guaidó as acting president, while others recognized Maduro; some expressed neutrality, and some supported the National Assembly without endorsing Guaidó.

Reactions

After Maduro's inauguration in January, United States National Security Advisor John Bolton, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro called him an illegitimate dictator.[5] [6] [7]

International demonstrations occurred on both sides. Hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans protested in more than 70 cities around the world in support of Guaidó,[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] and demonstrations in support of Maduro also took place.[13] [14] [15]

Governments

International

Argentina

During the presidency of Mauricio Macri, Argentina recognized Guaidó as the legitimate President of Venezuela and repeatedly denounced Maduro as a 'dictatorship'.[16] After the 2019 elections, when Alberto Fernández took office, Argentina stopped recognizing Guaidó as President and withdrew credentials to his ambassador in the country. Argentina, however, refused to recognize Nicolás Maduro's envoy as well.[17] [18] After Guaidó and other opposition representatives were refused entry into the National Assembly in January 2020, Argentina labeled the move by Maduro's supporters as "unacceptable".[19] [20] In a July 2020 report by the United Nations High Commission on Human Rights, Argentina toughened its position on the Maduro's government and signed a petition for fresh elections and denounced violations to human rights in the country.[21]

Brazil

Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro said that he would do all he could to "re-establish order, democracy and freedom" in Venezuela.[22] The Bolsonaro administration declared on 12 January 2019 that it recognizes Juan Guaidó as the legitimate president of Venezuela.[23]

Canada

During a town hall at Brock University at St. Catharines, Ontario, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, denounced Maduro as an 'illegitimate dictator' and said anyone should stand up and condemn the Maduro government, which he said has been responsible for "terrible oppression" and a humanitarian crisis unseen in South America for decades.[24] [25]

China

China was originally forthright in lending support to Maduro with Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Hua Chunying stating that China "supports efforts made by the Venezuelan government to protect the country's sovereignty, independence, and stability" and "opposes foreign forces from interfering into Venezuela affairs".[26] [27] In early February there were reports of China beginning to take a more neutral position for fear of alienating potential relationships with major South American countries who support Guaidó, and also possibly due to frustration with Venezuela's inability to repay the debt it owed, China having lent Venezuela US$67 billion. Geng Shuang, a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman, stated that China's trade deals would not be affected "no matter how circumstances change," and further stated that China has been in talks with "all sides".[28] [29] There also has been evidence of discontent in China's public over the amounts of money that have been given to Venezuela, which some state would be better used in China.[30] According to the Wall Street Journal, China has been holding meetings with diplomats from the government of Guaidó to discuss Chinese investments in Venezuela;[31] a Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman denied these claims, stating that it is "false information".[32] On 8 March, Foreign Minister Wang Yi reaffirmed China's opposition to the issued sanctions, and support for dialogue between Venezuela's opposition and government.[33] On 5 June, Chinese President Xi Jinping said that his country is ready to work with the international community to play a constructive role with Venezuela and help the country to get back on a normal development path as soon as possible while opposing foreign interference, unilateral sanctions, the use of force, or threats of the use of force when it comes to the current situation.[34] Moreover, President Xi said that the current crisis should be solved by the ruling party and the opposition through inclusive political dialogue and consultation within the framework of Venezuela's constitution.[35]

Iran's Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman stated that Iran "supports Venezuela's [Maduro] government and nation against any kind of foreign interference in its internal affairs".[36]

Russia has been a vocal supporter of Nicolás Maduro, as well as being a military and economic ally since under predecessor Hugo Chávez.[37] Russia has made shows of force, such as flying two Tu-160 nuclear capable bombers to Venezuela. In addition to direct support Russia also acts vocal supporter of Maduro in the UN, and has been one of the country's principal arms dealers.[38] Domestic reactions in Russia to the situation have been mixed with some publications praising Russia's support of Maduro and its willingness to confront the US, and others criticizing economic aid to Venezuela which they deem an economic black hole. The Russian national oil company Rosneft has invested heavily in numerous joint ventures with Venezuela's state-run oil company, PDVSA. Rosneft has made direct investments in six Venezuelan oil fields totaling around US$2.5 billion.[39] Rosneft has also acted as a major lender, and oil marketer for Venezuela aiding it in selling 225,000 barrels per day in crude supplies overseas. It has made large loans to the company with US$2.7 billion outstanding; to offset risk PDVSA has pledged a 49.9% stake of subsidiary Citgo as collateral for loans outstanding.[40] On 5 June 2019, following talks with China's President Xi Jinping, President Vladimir Putin wished the situation in Venezuela to stabilize.[41]

Turkey

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan phoned Maduro to offer support.[42] According to Haaretz, "Erdogan pledged to invest in Venezuelan's failing economy during the trip, with Maduro saying that Turkish businesses would pump some 4.5 billion euros into the country."[43] [44] On 1 April, Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu told his Venezuelan counterpart Jorge Arreaza that Turkey will continue supporting the Maduro government and deepen its cooperation "in all fields" despite pressure from the United States.[45] [46] However, in August 2019, Ziraat Bank, Turkey's largest bank by assets, stopped offering services to the Central Bank of Venezuela.[47]

United States (US): On 15 January, US President Donald Trump was reported to be deliberating whether to officially recognize Guaidó,[48] which he did on 23 January.[49] [50] [51] US Vice President Mike Pence released a video on 23 January in support of Guaidó and the people of Venezuela.[52] [53] The US was the first nation to recognize Guaidó after he swore an oath on the 23rd, with Trump and Pence sending their support and solidarity as well as the official recognition; other countries followed suit. In response Maduro ordered the expulsion of US diplomats, giving them 72 hours to leave Venezuela. The US said it would not close its embassy, stating their diplomatic relationship was with Guaidó's government, and holding Maduro responsible for the safety of its staff.[54] [55] [56] On 26 January 2019, only hours before the deadline, the Maduro government backtracked on its expulsion order, giving US diplomats another 30 days.[57] Secretary of State Mike Pompeo appointed Elliott Abrams as US Special Envoy to Venezuela.[58] On 28 January, the US imposed sanctions on PDVSA. The US accounted for 41% of purchases from the company, which is the biggest input to Venezuela's economy.[59] On 22 February—the same day as the Venezuela Aid Live concert, which Maduro said was part of an effort to topple him—Venezuela extended the deadline for US diplomats to leave by another 30 days.[60] On 12 March, the US announced that it was withdrawing its diplomats from Caracas.[61] The United States stopped recognizing Guaidó's presidential claim in January 2023, following the vote of opposition groups to dissolve the interim government. A spokesperson for the White House and State Department said that the US "recognized the National Assembly elected in 2015, which Guaidó had led, as Venezuela's 'only remaining democratically elected institution'."[62]

Corriere della Sera cited[63] a leaked copy[64] of a private letter reportedly sent by Pope Francis to Maduro on 7 February 2019 in reply to a letter Maduro wrote asking the pope to mediate.[65] Pope Francis' response—addressed to "His Excellency Mr Nicolás Maduro Moros"—said that what had been agreed in earlier negotiations had not been followed.[66] Those conditions, still applicable, were: open a channel for humanitarian aid, hold free elections, free political prisoners, and re-establish the constitutionally-elected National Assembly. According to Andrea Gagliarducci, writing for the Catholic News Agency, in not addressing Maduro as president, the Pope was agreeing with the stance taken by the Venezuelan bishops,[67] who held that Maduro's election was illegitimate.

Intergovernmental organizations

(EU): More than half of its member states, including the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Spain, said they support Guaidó;[68] [69] earlier, the EU issued a declaration saying it "fully supports the National Assembly as the democratically elected institution whose powers need to be restored and respected".[70] On 4 February 19 countries of the European Union made a joint declaration supporting and recognizing Juan Guaidó as acting president of Venezuela, asking that he "summons free, just and democratic presidential elections".[71] Italy's stance prevented this from becoming an official EU position. The EU condemned the Constituent Assembly stripping of Guaidó's parliamentary immunity, calling the action a "serious violation of the Venezuelan constitution, as well as of the rule of law and separation of power".[72] The EU's recognition of Guaidó's presidency was withdrawn (although it was never declared by the whole EU block in the first place because Italy vetoed)[73] [74] in January 2021. The United Kingdom, which left the EU the previous year, continued to recognize him,[75] and the European Parliament reaffirmed its recognition of Guaidó as president.[76] [77]

Lima Group

On 11 and 12 January, several nations of the Lima Group released statements independent from the international body, including their nations' agreement to not recognize Maduro.[78] [79] [80] The Maduro government said that these countries had "rectified" themselves to support him as president.[81] They had not; the non-intervention statements were seen as a concession to prevent rash action by Maduro after he broadly threatened the group. Venezuelan Foreign Minister, Jorge Arreaza, gave a different statement to the vice presidential office, saying that Venezuela had received diplomatic notices from some Lima Group countries about the original dispute. Colombia's statement reiterated the group's resolution and pledged to support "the restoration of democracy and constitutional order in Venezuela", as well as saying that they did not have a position on the territorial dispute. Arreaza contradicted the statement from his vice president's office that the Lima Group recognized Maduro's government, and doubled Maduro's 48-hour demand period for non-intervention for the remaining countries after it expired. He also advocated peaceful diplomatic discussion with neighboring countries.[82] The group—except for Mexico, which called for non-intervention in Venezuelan internal affairs[83] —continued to back the Guaidó government, with the Foreign Minister of Chile pledging "unlimited support".[84]

International Conference on the Situation in Venezuela

Mexico and Uruguay announced an international conference for countries with a neutral position in Montevideo on 7 February.[85] Uruguay has since recognized Maduro as president, with foreign minister Rodolfo Nin Novoa comparing the worsening situation to the United States' rationale for the Iraq War.[86] In April, Beatriz Becerra said that the international conference had been of no use, given that there had been no progress on the 90-day deadline for elections that the group established when it was formed; she stated that the Contact Group should be terminated and efforts should be coordinated through the Lima Group.[87]

During a July 2019 summit in Santa Fe, Argentina, the bloc called for "free, fair and transparent presidential elections, as soon as possible" in Venezuela. The presidents of the four member countries signed a statement expressing concern "for the grave crisis that Venezuela is going through, which is seriously affecting the humanitarian situation and human rights."[88] Venezuela's membership of the bloc has been suspended indefinitely since 1 December 2016 in response to the "rupture of the democratic order" in that country.[89] [90]

(OAS): The OAS approved a resolution on 10 January 2019 "to not recognize the legitimacy of Nicolas Maduro's new term".[91] Luis Almagro, Secretary General of the OAS, recognized Guaidó on 23 January.[92] In an extraordinary OAS session called for 24 January 16 countries including the US recognized Guaidó as president, but they did not achieve the majority needed for a resolution.[93] Almagro held countries who remained neutral on the presidential crisis responsible for the massacre, suffering, and human rights violations in Venezuela.[94] In October 2022, a bloc of leftist OAS member states led a motion to remove Tarre's representation in the organization. Out of 35 members, 19 nations voted in favor of the motion and 4 against. The motion fell short of the 24 votes required for a two-thirds majority.[95]

(UN): A special meeting of the Security Council was held on 26 January 2019 to discuss Venezuela; no consensus was reached. Secretary General António Guterres called for dialogue to ease tensions.[96] Delegates from Maduro's government continued to represent Venezuela at the United Nations.[97] On 28 February the Security Council voted on two draft resolutions: one from the US calling for new elections in Venezuela, the entry of humanitarian aid, and the recognition of Guaidó as interim president; the other from Russia calling for dialogue between the Maduro government and the opposition in line with the Montevideo initiative of Mexico and Uruguay. Neither proposal was adopted. The US draft received majority support (nine votes in favor to three against), but was vetoed by Russia and China. The Russian draft received four votes in favor and seven votes against.[98] [99] In December 2021, the United Nations General Assembly approved the diplomatic credentials for the Maduro government's United Nations representative Samuel Moncada.[100]

National organizations

Tibisay Lucena, president of the National Electoral Council (CNE),[101] [102] described Guaidó's declaration as a coup d'état and said that his actions were carried out by a group of foreign governments, subordinated to the guidelines of the United States government that seeks to undermine Venezuela's sovereignty.[103] She also defended the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election results, saying that "the positions of popular representation are elected by the people".[104]

The Catholic Church in Venezuela, organized by the Episcopal Conference of Venezuela, released a statement by Monsignor Ovidio Pérez Morales on 15 January 2019 saying "The Church in Venezuela, united to its Bishops in communion with the Pope, declare the socialist-communist regime illegitimate and stand in solidarity with the Venezuelan people to rescue democracy, freedom, and justice. Trusting in God, they support the National Assembly". Cardinal Porras declared: "This regime always calls for dialogue when it's up to its neck in water but when the water level falls it forgets about it."[105]

Members of the Constituent National Assembly stated that Guaidó's actions on 23 February solidified their support of Maduro.[106]

Social media

Despite internet blocks in Venezuela, by midday local time, the Twitter hashtag "#23Ene"—shorthand for "23 de Enero", Spanish for 23 January—was trending worldwide. Later in the day, five of the top ten trends were protest-related: "Venezuela", "Juan Guaidó", "#23Ene", "#GritemosConBrio", and "#Guaido".[107] With protests continuing to the next day, "#24Ene" also trended.[108]

It was reported in the late evening that Instagram had removed the "Verified" label from Maduro's account, instead placing one on Guaidó's account; this was denied by Instagram.[109] Guaidó's description had also been updated to include "President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela".[110] The following day, Facebook un-verified Maduro.[111]

In January 2019, the Associated Press said that Maduro's administration and Venezuela's state-run media[112] sought to discredit Guaidó with video footage[113] "to paint [him] as a liar and a fraud". Venezuela's Communications Minister, Jorge Rodríguez, said he had proof of a meeting between Guaidó and United Socialist Party of Venezuela members, Diosdado Cabello and Freddy Bernal,[114] [115] in which Guaidó allegedly said he was under pressure from the United States. According to Guaidó, the meeting never happened. Rodríguez' proof came as collated short video clips. One clip shows Cabello walking through a hotel lobby, then cuts to show a man in a hooded sweatshirt (alleged to be Guaidó) entering and crossing the hall in the same direction as Cabello. The hooded man is heavily obscured and blurry,[116] and it is impossible to identify the person. Within minutes[117] [118] of Venezuela's state-run media posting the video, the hashtag #GuaidoChallenge went viral, trending worldwide. The hashtag made fun of the video posted by Rodríguez as supposed proof of this meeting.

As a protest about what they called foreign intervention, pro-Maduro social-media users used the hashtag '#HandsOffVenezuela' to share videos, pictures, and comments.[119] [120]

China, a supporter of Maduro, has censored information about the crisis according to Radio Free Asia.[121] Reports from China state that Chinese citizens who criticize Maduro on social media are punished or fined, with economist He Jiangbing saying that the Chinese government is "trying to prevent another color revolution ... because Venezuela and China are very similar".

Turkish pro-government media outlets criticized European countries for issuing an eight-day election ultimatum, and called the presidential crisis "a foreign-linked coup d'état." It also likened Juan Guaidó to Egypt's president, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who played a significant role in overthrowing the Turkey-backed Islamist regime of Mohamed Morsi in 2013 following mass protests against the latter's rule.[122] When the French president, Emmanuel Macron, visited Egypt, Turkish newspapers Güneş and Sabah accused the French president of possessing hypocritical stances on democracy for describing Maduro's re-election as "illegitimate" but then shaking hands with a leader (el-Sisi) "who massacres pro-democracy protesters" and "[holds] thousands of political prisoners in Egyptian jails."[123] [124] Columnist İsmail Yaşa compared Maduro's re-election to el-Sisi's election in 2014, saying that Maduro's 67% of the vote proved that he was "democratically elected," and that since el-Sisi won his election with 97% of the vote despite a turnout perceived as low, election boycotts, and limited opposition, this proved in his words that it was a "sham."

Recognition

See also: Foreign relations of Venezuela.

Recognition of Guaidó acting presidency

Foreign states

Non-UN states

Domestic organizations

Recognition of opposition National Assembly

Foreign states

Non-UN states

Intergovernmental organizations

Recognition of Maduro presidency

Foreign states

Non-UN states

Domestic organizations

Armed groups

Vocal neutrality

Several nations called specifically for non-intervention and, without supporting either side, asked for diplomatic discussions to be held to move forward.

Intergovernmental organizations

Public opinion

Reuters has described previous polls in Venezuela as being "notoriously controversial and divergent".[131] The Wall Street Journal described Datanálisis as "a respected pollster in Venezuela" in March 2019.[132]

Stratfor reported Maduro lost support of working-class Venezuelans as government handouts subsided;[133] the opposition to Maduro has proposed plans to end the economic crisis, resulting in increased support for them.[133] The Wall Street Journal reported that barrios are turning against Maduro in "a shift born of economic misery and police violence", adding that "many blame government brutality for the shift".[132] Pollster Datanálisis found that, among the poorest 20% of Venezuelans, Maduro's support had fallen to 18% in February 2019 from 40% two years earlier.[132]

An April survey of 1,000 voters conducted by Hercon Consultores found that 78% of Venezuelans recognized Guaidó as interim president.[134]

An 11–14 March 2019 survey of 1,100 people in 16 Venezuelan states and 32 cities by Meganálisis found that 89% of respondents want Maduro to leave the presidency.[135]

A Datanálisis poll on 4 March found Guaidó approval at 61%, and Maduro's at all-time low of 14%. Guaidó would win 77% in an election to Maduro's 23%.[136]

A 2019 Gallup poll in Colombia, published in March, showed 80% of Colombians have a favorable opinion of Guaidó, 97% have a negative opinion of Maduro, and 45% believe the United States military should intervene in Venezuela.[137] President Iván Duque Márquez of Venezuela's neighboring Colombia was among the early supporters of Guaidó; an earlier (7–11 February) Colombian survey of 1,008 individuals in more than 20 cities, with a margin of error of 3%, found that his popularity had surged 15 points, partly because of his position on Venezuela, and that 70% of Colombians had a favorable view of Guaidó, and 93% had a negative impression of Maduro.[138]

Surveys between 30 January and 1 February by Meganálisis recorded that 84.6% of respondents recognized Guaidó as interim president, 11.2% were undecided and 4.1% believe that Maduro was president. The study of 1,030 Venezuelans was conducted in 16 states and 32 cities.[139] [140]

A telephone survey of 999 Venezuelans by Hercon from 25 to 30 January showed that 81.9% of respondents recognized Guaidó as president, 13.4% said Maduro was president and 4.6% were undecided.[141] A Meganálisis survey of 870 Venezuelans between 24 and 25 January reported that 83.7% of respondents recognized Guaidó as the legitimate president, 11.4% could not decide who was president and 4.8% recognized Maduro as president.[142]

A pre-23 January 2019 poll by Hinterlaces, a pollster headed by Constituent National Assembly member and described as pro-Maduro,[131] reported that 86% of Venezuelans would oppose a military intervention by the United States.[143]

Surveys of 900 people between 19 and 20 January by Meganálisis reported that 81.4% hoped that Guaidó would be sworn in on 23 January while 84.2% supported a transitional government to replace Maduro's government.[144] A telephone survey of 1,000 registered voters by Venezuelan pollster Hercon, conducted from 15 to 19 January 2019, reported 79.9% of respondents agreeing with Maduro leaving the presidency. Regarding the National Assembly, 68.8% of respondents rated their work as being positive while 15.6% rated their actions as negative. When asked if they agreed with the National Assembly swearing in Guaidó as interim president, 68.6% agreed and 19.4% disagreed.[145]

According to Datanálisis, in early 2019, 63% of Venezuelans believed that a change of government was possible. Fourteen months later, in May 2020, after the Macuto Bay raid, the percentage decreased to 20%.[146]

Public support for Guaidó decreased in May 2020, with 88.3% of respondents to a Meganálisis poll saying that they believed that Guaidó was not suited to govern Venezuela.[147]

See also

Notes and References

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  3. Web site: Juan Guaidó: Me apego a los artículos 333, 350 y 233 para lograr el cese de la usurpación y convocar elecciones libres con la unión del pueblo, FAN y comunidad internacional. www.asambleanacional.gob.ve. 24 January 2019.
  4. News: Maduro defiant as Venezuelan opposition leader declares himself acting president . Sanchez . Ray . Chavez . Nicole . CNN. 23 January 2019 . 28 January 2019.
  5. News: Trudeau slams Venezuelan 'dictator' Maduro, sidesteps question on Brazil's president . Global News . 15 January 2019.
  6. News: Bolton ramps up attack on 'illegitimate' Maduro reign in Venezuela . Politico . 11 January 2019.
  7. News: Brazil's Bolsonaro branded a 'modern Hitler' by rival leader . SBS News . 15 January 2019.
  8. News: Venezuelans take to the streets worldwide calling for an end to Maduro's presidency . NBC News . 2 February 2019 . 16 February 2019.
  9. Web site: Migrantes venezolanos rechazaron la juramentación de Maduro en una docena de países Efecto Cocuyo. efectococuyo.com. 11 January 2019 . 11 January 2019.
  10. News: Venezolanos en Miami participan en protesta mundial contra nuevo mandato de Maduro. Osorio. Sonia. 9 January 2019. 13 January 2019. El Nuevo Herald. es.
  11. Web site: Venezuela's Maduro starts new term amid increasing isolation. Havana Times. 13 January 2019.
  12. Web site: Noticias del Dia on Twitter. 24 January 2019.
  13. News: Gazans Rally in Support of Venezuela after Attempted Coup. 29 January 2019. Palestine Chronicle. 7 February 2019.
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  25. News: Perkel . Colin . Trudeau slams Venezuela's Maduro as an 'illegitimate dictator' . 9 February 2020 . The Globe and Mail . 15 January 2019.
  26. News: China opposes outside interference in Venezuela's affairs. 24 January 2019. Reuters.
  27. News: Wary China offers support to embattled Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro. 24 January 2019. South China Morning Post.
  28. News: Lau . Stuart . Self-declared leader of Venezuela Juan Guaido extends olive branch to China, wants 'productive and mutually beneficial relationship' . 5 February 2019 . The South China Morning Post . 2 February 2019.
  29. News: Page . Jeremy . China Counts the Costs of Its Big Bet on Venezuela . 6 February 2019 . The Wall Street Journal . 1 February 2019.
  30. News: Gedan . Benjamin . China's Venezuela Policy Is Losing Popularity in China . 8 February 2019 . The America's Quarterly . 27 November 2018.
  31. News: Vyas . Kejal . China Holds Talks With Venezuelan Opposition on Debt, Oil Projects . 12 February 2019 . The America's Quarterly . 12 February 2019.
  32. News: Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on February 13, 2019 . 14 February 2019 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China . 13 February 2019 . On your second question, I believe the reports you cited were made by the Wall Street Journal. I want to point out that some media has been churning out false information lately. I wonder why it has been acting like this. We hope that it could make media coverage in an objective and unbiased way. As for the Venezuelan issue, China believes that a political solution should be sought out through dialogue and consultation..
  33. News: China warns of repeating history's mistakes with Venezuela. Reuters. 8 March 2019. 27 March 2019.
  34. News: Xi says China will play 'constructive role' on Venezuela. 5 June 2019. Reuters. 5 June 2019.
  35. News: Xi expounds China's position on Syrian conflict, Venezuelan crisis, Iran's nuclear issue. https://web.archive.org/web/20190605043433/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/05/c_138116801.htm. dead. 5 June 2019. 5 June 2019. Xinhua. 5 June 2019.
  36. News: Iran Voices Support for Venezuela against Foreign Meddling . Tasnim News Agency . 24 January 2014.
  37. News: Venezuela crisis: Why Russia has so much to lose. Reuters. 1 February 2019. BBC.
  38. News: Russia Slams US Sanctions on Venezuela and Promises to Back Maduro. 25 January 2019. Washington Post. 8 February 2019. Reuters. News: Russo-Latin American Arms Sales. Americas Quarterly. 8 February 2019.
  39. Web site: Rosneft Increases Stake in Petromonagas JV with PDVSA . 20 February 2016 . Rosneft . 8 February 2019.
  40. News: Astrasheuskaya, Anastasia . 5 February 2019 . Rosneft sees no danger in Venezuela crisis . The Financial Times . Moscow . 8 February 2019 .
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  42. News: Turkey's Erdogan offers support for Venezuela's Maduro. 24 January 2019. Reuters.com.
  43. News: Explained What's Behind Turkey's Fervent Support for Venezuela's Maduro . Haaretz . 27 January 2019.
  44. News: Turkey warned over Venezuela gold trade . BBC News . 2 February 2019.
  45. Web site: Turkey reiterates support to Caracas Venezuela crisis. 1 April 2019. TRT World. 1 April 2019.
  46. News: Turkey pledges continued support to Venezuela's Maduro. 1 April 2019. The Public's Radio. 1 April 2019.
  47. Web site: 2019-08-15. Turkish Bank Ziraat Closes Door on Venezuela Amid U.S. Sanctions. 2019-08-16. www.bloomberg.com.
  48. Web site: Trump considering recognizing Venezuelan opposition leader as legitimate President. CNN. 15 January 2019 . 16 January 2019.
  49. News: Pompeo: Felicitamos a la Asamblea Nacional por declarar usurpador a Maduro . 16 January 2019 . . 16 January 2019 . es-ES.
  50. News: The Latest: Officials: US to recognize Guaido as president. Taylor, Alan Fram and Lisa Mascaro. The Sacramento Bee. 23 January 2019. 0890-5738.
  51. Web site: Trump recognises Venezuelan opposition leader as interim president amid unrest. Sky News . 23 January 2019.
  52. Web site: Venezuelans Heed Call to Hit the Streets With Maduro Under Pressure. Bloomberg.com. 23 January 2019.
  53. News: Deaths as Venezuela protesters gather. 23 January 2019. 23 January 2019.
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  58. Web site: Elliott Abrams, prominent D.C. neocon, named special envoy for Venezuela. Politico . Toosi, Nahal . 25 January 2019 . 27 January 2019.
  59. Web site: US hits 'corrupt' Venezuela oil firm PDVSA with sanctions. BBC. 28 January 2019.
  60. News: Venezuela agrees to extend U.S. diplomats' stay for another 30 days . NBC News . 22 February 2019 . 24 February 2019 . Acevedo, Nicole . Associated Press.
  61. Web site: Venezuela: US withdraws all staff from Caracas embassy. BBC. 12 March 2019. 27 March 2019.
  62. Web site: Lawler . Dave . 2023-01-04 . U.S. no longer recognizes Guaidó as Venezuela's president, Biden official confirms . 2023-01-05 . Axios . en.
  63. News: Lettera del Papa al "signor Maduro": Francesco deluso, accordi disattesi . it . Corriere della Sera . Franco, Massimo . 14 February 2019.
  64. News: Grogan, Courtney . 14 February 2019. In leaked letter to 'Mr. Maduro,' Pope Francis reiterates call for peace . Catholic Herald . UK. 17 February 2019.
  65. News: Juan Guaidó pidió al papa Francisco que "haga ver" a Nicolás Maduro la necesidad "de ir hacia un proceso de transición". InfoBAE . es . 6 February 2019 . 16 February 2019 .
  66. News: El papa Francisco le responde en una carta a Maduro . CNN en Espanol . Isaac, Lindsay . Hilary McGann . Livia Borghese . 13 February 2019 . 16 February 2019 . es .
  67. News: Analysis: Pope Francis' position on Venezuela. Gagliarducci, Andrea . Catholic News Agency . 16 February 2019 . 17 February 2019 .
  68. News: European powers recognise Guaidó as leader. 4 February 2019. 4 February 2019.
  69. News: Venezuela crisis: Maduro cuts ties with US after it recognises opposition leader. 24 January 2019. bbc.co.uk.
  70. Web site: Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on latest developments in Venezuela. Consilium.europa.eu.
  71. Web site: 4 February 2019 . Diecinueve países de la UE reconocen a Guaidó en una declaración conjunta . Efecto Cocuyo . 4 February 2019.
  72. News: EU condemns Venezuelan efforts to prosecute Guaido: statement . 4 April 2019 . 5 April 2019.
  73. Web site: 4 February 2019. Italy blocks EU statement on recognizing Venezuela's Guaido. Reuters.
  74. News: May 11, 2019. Associated Press. Italy explains refusal to recognize Venezuela's Guaido. The Washington Post.
  75. Web site: 2021-01-07. EU no longer recognises Juan Guaidó as Venezuela's interim president. 2021-01-12. euronews. en.
  76. Web site: 2021-01-21 . MEPs: Juan Guaidó is the legitimate interim President of Venezuela . 2023-01-21 . European Parliament.
  77. Web site: Juan Guaidó remains legitimate interim president, according to European Parliament . 2023-01-21 . Agence Europe.
  78. Web site: Presidente Maduro aplaude rectificación de Argentina ante su postura en el Grupo de Lima. Vicepresidencia. es-ES. 12 January 2019. 12 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190112052641/http://www.vicepresidencia.gob.ve/index.php/2019/01/11/presidente-maduro-aplaude-rectificacion-de-argentina-ante-su-postura-en-el-grupo-de-lima/. dead.
  79. Web site: Diario El Periodiquito Colombia rectificó postura sobre disputa territorial entre Venezuela y Guyana. Colmenares. Adriana Álvarez. 12 January 2019. El Periodiquito. es. 12 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20181126170449/https://www.elperiodiquito.com/. 26 November 2018. live.
  80. Web site: Argentina Y Chile Se Suman a Rectificación Sobre Límites de Venezuela. Crónica Digital. es. 12 January 2019.
  81. Web site: Gobierno colombiano se suma a países que rectifican posición injerencista sobre Venezuela. es-ES. 12 January 2019. 12 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190112184436/http://www.vicepresidencia.gob.ve/index.php/2019/01/12/gobierno-colombiano-se-suma-a-paises-que-rectifican-posicion-injerencista-sobre-venezuela/. dead.
  82. Web site: Arreaza: 10 países del Grupo de Lima rectifican postura injerencista. Últimas noticias. es. 12 January 2019.
  83. News: Mexico urges regional bloc not to meddle in Venezuela . 13 January 2019 . Reuters.com . 5 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190105033950/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/mexico-urges-regional-bloc-not-to-meddle-in-venezuela-idUSKCN1OY1R4 . 5 January 2019 . live.
  84. Web site: Gobierno de Chile expresa "irrestricto apoyo" a Asamblea Nacional venezolana. El Mostrador. es. 13 January 2019.
  85. Web site: Uruguay y México convocan a conferencia internacional en Montevideo sobre situación en Venezuela. 31 January 2019. es. 1 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013356/https://www.presidencia.gub.uy/comunicacion/comunicacionnoticias/encuentro-7-febrero-montevideo-situacion-venezuela-uruguay-mexico-dialogo. dead.
  86. Web site: Canciller uruguayo asegura que presidencia de Maduro es legítima. 12 February 2019. Noticieros Televisa. es-MX. 13 February 2019.
  87. News: Beatriz Becerra: El Grupo de Contacto no ha servido para nada en Venezuela . El Nacional . 18 April 2019 . 18 April 2019 . es . Beatriz Becerra: The Contact Group has not served in Venezuela at all.
  88. News: South American bloc calls for Venezuela elections. 17 July 2019. France 24. 24 February 2020. Agence France-Presse. Santa Fe, Argentina.
  89. News: Mercosur suspends Venezuela for failure to follow rules. 2 December 2016. Associated Press News. 2 December 2016.
  90. Web site: Mercosur suspends Venezuela, urges immediate transition. Silvio Cascione. August 5, 2017. Reuters. August 6, 2017.
  91. OAS Permanent Council Agrees "to not recognize the legitimacy of Nicolas Maduro's new term" . Organization of American States . 27 January 2019 . 10 January 2019.
  92. News: Almagro reconoce a Juan Guaidó como "presidente encargado" de Venezuela . es . EuropaPress . 23 January 2019 . 27 January 2019.
  93. News: En la OEA 16 países reconocen a Guaidó como presidente de Venezuela . El Tiempo . 27 January 2019 . 25 January 2019 . Gómez Maseri, Sergio . es . Sesión extraordinaria del Consejo Permanente de la OEA evaluó la situación del vecino país..
  94. News: Almagro a los países neutros: "Están promoviendo un proceso violento en Venezuela". CNNenEspanol . es . 30 January 2019 . 31 January 2019 .
  95. News: Aquino . Marco . Rochabrun . Marcelo . 2022-10-07 . Latin America's left raises pressure on Venezuela's Guaido at OAS summit . en . Reuters . 2022-10-07.
  96. News: UN political chief calls for dialogue to ease tensions in Venezuela; Security Council divided over path to end crisis. UN News. 29 January 2019.
  97. News: Gladstone . Rick . Venezuela's Top Diplomat Enlists Support From Dozens of Nations to Counter U.S. . 16 February 2019 . New York Times . 14 February 2019.
  98. News: Venezuela: Competing US, Russia resolutions fail to pass in Security Council . 28 February 2019. UN News. 4 March 2019.
  99. News: Nichols. Michelle . U.S., Russia fail in rival bids for U.N. action on Venezuela. 28 February 2019 . Reuters . 26 March 2019.
  100. Web site: 2022-03-23 . How Maduro Became Useless in the UN General Assembly . 2023-01-09 . Caracas Chronicles . en-US.
  101. News: As despair continues to engulf Venezuela, voters go to the polls . The Los Angeles Times . Mogollon, Mery and Chris Kraul . 19 May 2018 . 5 March 2019.
  102. News: Luis Almagro, ante el Senado de los EEUU: 'Venezuela es el país más corrupto del continente, toda la estructura del Estado está tomada por el narcotráfico . 19 July 2017. . 5 March 2019 . es . El diplomático también apuntó contra la cúpula del chavismo, y acusó a la presidente del Consejo Nacional Electoral (CNE), Tibisay Lucena, de trabajar 'para sostener los intereses de la dictadura': 'Ha sido crucial en el colapso institucional'.. Translation of Almagro's testimony to US Senate available from OAS: "All the members of the current illegitimate government are responsible and the role of the President of the National Electoral Council Tibisay Lucena has been crucial in the institutional collapse. The formula announced by Tibisay Lucena to the National Constituent Assembly is as technically absurd as it is unconstitutional and undemocratic. The convocation of the Constituent Assembly is taking place outside of that stipulated in article 347 of the Constitution, which states 'The Venezuelan people are the only ones who possess the original constituent power.' People like Tibisay Lucena, that continue stripping democracy of its content, work to serve the consolidation of the interests of the dictatorship imposed through the suffering of its people, sustained by the killing of its people, by the political imprisonment of opposition leaders and by torture."
  103. Web site: Pronunciamiento del Poder Electoral de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. 25 January 2019. Consejo Nacional Electoral (CNE). es. 5 March 2019.
  104. News: Is it legal for Juan Guaido to be proclaimed Venezuela's interim president?. Bello. Camille. 27 January 2019. Euronews. 5 March 2019.
  105. News: Nicolás Maduro, testing even the Pope's patience . Financial Times . Long, Gideon . 15 February 2019 . 18 February 2019.
  106. News: Will Maduro's supporters abandon him?. Briscoe, Ivan. 25 February 2019 . Foreign Affairs. 27 February 2019 . 0015-7120.
  107. Web site: NestorRivero on Twitter. 23 January 2019.
  108. Web site:
    1. 24Ene on Twitter at 15:53UTC 24-01-2019
    . https://web.archive.org/web/20190124155325/https://twitter.com/hashtag/24Ene?src=tren. dead. 24 January 2019. 24 January 2019.
  109. Web site: Instagram says it didn't unverify Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro. 23 January 2019. 26 January 2019.
  110. Web site: ReporteYa on Twitter. 24 January 2019.
  111. News: Facebook también quitó la verificación de Maduro. 24 January 2019. es. El Impulso. https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020322/https://www.elimpulso.com/2019/01/24/facebook-tambien-quito-la-verificacion-de-la-pagina-oficial-de-nicolas-maduro-24ene/. 25 January 2019. dead.
  112. News: Florida politicians join #GuaidoChallenge in support of Venezuelan leader . Swift, Tim . WPLG Local10.com . Associated Press . 25 January 2019 . 26 January 2019 . 27 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190127040200/https://www.local10.com/espanol/noticias/venezuela/florida-politicians-join-guaidochallenge-in-support-of-venezuelan-leader . dead .
  113. News: Dueling Venezuela leaders dig in defending presidency claims . Armario, Christine . Scott Smith . KomoNews.com . Associated Press . 25 January 2019 . 26 January 2019.
  114. News: Esto opinan las redes de la supuesta reunión Cabello-Guaidó (+Tuits) #GuaidoChallenge . Informe21.com . es . 25 January 2019 . 25 January 2019.
  115. News: Y tras video de Jorge Rodríguez llegó el #GuaidoChallenge . NTN24 . 24 January 2019 . es . 25 January 2019.
  116. News: #GuaidoChallenge, el reto con el que se burlan de supuesta reunión con Cabello . El Pais . es . 25 January 2019 . 25 January 2019.
  117. Web site: La Patilla . Estalla Venezuela con el #GuaidoChallenge . 25 January 2019 . es . 25 January 2019.
  118. News: Noticiero Digital . #GuaidoChallenge: la burla tras el video de Jorge Rodríguez . 24 January 2019 . es . Sequera, Luis . 25 January 2019.
  119. Web site: Father Raymond J. de Souza: Trudeau is somehow right on Venezuela | National Post. Full. Comment. 30 January 2019. 15 February 2019.
  120. News: Singh calls on Trudeau to part ways with U.S., Brazil on Venezuela crisis Social Sharing . 2 February 2019.
  121. Web site: China Targets Twitter Users Critical of Venezuela's Maduro. 11 February 2019. Radio Free Asia. 11 February 2019.
  122. News: Ismail Yaşa: Will the same be done to Sisi?. Yaşa. Ismail. 28 January 2019. Sesli Makale. 27 August 2019. tr.
  123. News: Macron declares Maduro "illegitimate", and Egyptian visit led by coup d'etat Sisi begins. 28 January 2019. Güneş. 27 August 2019. tr.
  124. News: Macron, before Sisi. 28 January 2019. Sabah. 27 August 2019. tr.
  125. Web site: Kosovo recognises Venezuela opposition leader as president. www.gazetaexpress.com.
  126. Web site: Morina. Die. US Balkan Allies Recognise New Venezuela President. www.Balkaninsight.com. Balkaninsight. 4 February 2019.
  127. Web site: We refute the statements of the so-called Ambassador of Venezuela in Belgrade who served the regime of Maduro. Kosovo recognized @jguaido as the legitimate Interim President of #Venezuela and we welcome the increasing number of countries that have taken this stance.. Behgjet. Pacolli. twitter. 4 February 2019. 7 February 2019.
  128. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ROC (Taiwan). MOFA_Taiwan . 1089421436467462145 . 27 January 2019 .
    1. Taiwan stands with the forces of freedom. We're keeping a close eye on the situation in #Venezuela & are willing & able to provide humanitarian assistance. It's imperative democratic order is restored & the people can enjoy freedom & a swift return to normal life.
    . https://mobile.twitter.com/MOFA_Taiwan/status/1089421436467462145 . 28 January 2019.
  129. News: Taiwan to donate US$500,000 to help Venezuela. 15 February 2019. Focus Taiwan.
  130. Web site: Guaido vs Maduro: Who backs Venezuela's two presidents? . State oil company PDVSA, which accounts for most of Venezuela's export earnings, stood by Maduro. "We have no other president" besides Maduro, said PDVSA President and Oil Minister Manuel Quevedo, a career military officer. . cnbc.com . 24 January 2019 . 4 March 2019 . 27 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190127205654/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/24/reuters-america-guaido-vs-maduro-who-backs-venezuelas-two-presidents.html . dead .
  131. News: Most Venezuelans think Chavez will recover: poll. 26 February 2013. Reuters. 31 January 2019.
  132. News: Maduro loses grip on Venezuela's poor, a vital source of his power . Wall Street Journal . Luhnow, David . 19 March 2019 . 20 March 2019.
  133. Web site: 13 February 2019 . Maduro's End Would Be Just the Beginning of Venezuela's Road to Recovery . 14 February 2019 . Stratfor.
  134. News: 87,5 % de los venezolanos no cree los cuentos de Nicolás Maduro sobre tesis del "sabotaje eléctrico" (Encuesta Hercon). La Patilla . es . 5 April 2019 . 5 April 2019 .
  135. News: Meganálisis: 88.9 % de venezolanos quiere que Maduro y el chavismo se vayan ya . La Patilla . es . 15 March 2019 . 15 March 2019 . Meganalisis: 88.9% of Venezuelans want Maduro and Chavismo to leave.
  136. News: 'The chain of command is broken,' Guaidó tells supporters upon his return to Venezuela . Miami Herald . 4 March 2019 . 19 March 2019 . Wyss, Jim . According to a recent Datanalisis poll, Guaidó has an approval rating of 61 percent while Maduro's has hit an all-time low of 14 percent.. citing Francisco Monaldi Tweet of 2 March, "Maduro cae a su mínimo histórico de aprobación con 14%. Guaidó logra 61% de aprobación y arrasaría en una elección con 77% vs. 23% Maduro."
  137. News: Encuesta: Duque sigue remontando . Semana . es . 8 March 2019 . 6 April 2019 . Survey: Duque continues to rise.
  138. News: Guaidó goza de 70 % de popularidad entre los colombianos, según encuesta . NTN 24 . es . 18 February 2019.
  139. Web site: Solo 4.1 % de venezolanos reconocen a Maduro como presidente: Guaidó se alza con 84.6 % de apoyo popular (Flash Meganálisis). 2 February 2019. La Patilla. es-ES. 5 February 2019.
  140. News: Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro orders multiple arrests within military to squelch dissent . Miami Herald . Maria Delgado, Antonio . 5 February 2019 . 6 February 2019. Also at Chicago Tribune
  141. Web site: 81,9 % de venezolanos reconoce a Juan Guaidó como presidente de Venezuela (Encuesta Hercón). 31 January 2019. La Patilla. es-ES. 31 January 2019.
  142. Web site: 83.7 % de los venezolanos reconocen a Guaidó como el Presidente legítimo de Venezuela (Flash Meganálisis). 26 January 2019. La Patilla. es-ES. 27 January 2019.
  143. News: Tejeda . Yaritza . Hinterlaces: 86% de los venezolanos rechaza intervención militar . 24 April 2020 . Noticias 24 . 24 February 2019.
  144. Web site: Ni diálogo, ni elecciones... esto es lo que quieren los venezolanos después del #23Ene, según revela encuestadora Meganálisis. 21 January 2019. La Patilla. es-ES. 22 January 2019.
  145. Web site: El 79.9% de los venezolanos quiere que Maduro negocie ya su salida (encuesta flash Hercon). 20 January 2019. La Patilla. es-ES. 20 January 2019.
  146. Web site: Guaido's Domain Trembles After Failed Incursion in Venezuela. Vasquez. Alex. Bloomberg. 2020-05-20.
  147. Web site: El 88% de los venezolanos cree que Guaidó no está capacitado para gobernar, según encuesta. 2020-05-21. El Espectador. ES. 2020-05-22.

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