Research and Analysis Wing explained

Agency Name:Research and Analysis Wing
Motto: (ISO)
[1]
Headquarters:CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, Delhi, India[2]
Budget:Classified
Employees:Classified[3]
Chief1 Name:Ravi Sinha
Chief1 Position:Secretary (R)
Child1 Agency:Electronics and Technical Services (ETS)
Child2 Agency:Aviation Research Centre
Child3 Agency:Special Group
Child5 Agency:Radio Research Centre
Minister1 Name:Narendra Modi
Minister1 Pfo:Prime Minister of India
Type:Wing

The Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) is the foreign intelligence agency of India. The agency's primary function is gathering foreign intelligence, counter-terrorism, counter-proliferation, advising Indian policymakers, and advancing India's foreign strategic interests.[4] [5] It is also involved in the security of India's nuclear programme.[6] [5]

During the nine-year tenure of its first Secretary, Rameshwar Nath Kao, R&AW quickly came to prominence in the global intelligence community, playing a role in major events such as accession of the state of Sikkim to India in 1975.[7] Headquartered in New Delhi, R&AW's current chief is Ravi Sinha.[8] [9] The head of R&AW is designated as the Secretary (Research) in the Cabinet Secretariat, and is under the authority of the Prime Minister of India without parliamentary oversight. Secretary reports to the National Security Adviser on a daily basis.[10] The purview of the Cabinet Secretary is limited to administrative and financial matters. On an administrative basis, the chief reports to the Cabinet Secretary, who reports to the Prime Minister.

History

Background (1923–69)

Prior to the inception of the Research and Analysis Wing, overseas intelligence collection was primarily the responsibility of the Intelligence Bureau (IB), which was created by the Government of India during British Raj. In 1933, sensing the political turmoil in the world which eventually led to the Second World War, the Intelligence Bureau's responsibilities were increased to include the collection of intelligence along India's borders.

In 1947, after independence, Sanjeevi Pillai took over as the first Indian Director of the IB. Having been depleted of trained manpower by the exit of the British after Indian independence, Pillai tried to run the bureau on MI5 lines. In 1949, Pillai organised a small foreign intelligence operation, but the Indian debacle in the Sino-Indian War of 1962 showed it to be ineffective. Foreign intelligence failure during the 1962 Sino-Indian War led then-Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to order a dedicated foreign intelligence agency to be established.[4] After the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, the Chief of Army Staff, General Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri, also called for more intelligence-gathering.[4] [5] Around the end of 1966 the concept of a separate foreign intelligence agency began to take concrete shape.

Formation of R&AW in 1968 to present

The Indira Gandhi administration decided that a full-fledged second security service was needed. R. N. Kao, then a deputy director of the Intelligence Bureau, submitted a blueprint for the new agency.[11] Kao was appointed as the chief of India's first foreign intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing.[12] The R&AW was given the responsibility for strategic external intelligence, human as well as technical, plus concurrent responsibility with the Directorate-General of Military Intelligence for tactical trans-border military intelligence up to a certain depth across the Line of control (LOC) and the international border.[4]

From its inception R&AW has been criticised for being an agency not answerable to the people of India (R&AW reports to Prime Minister only). Fears arose that it could turn into the KGB of India. Such fears were kept at bay by the R&AW's able leadership (although detractors of R&AW and especially the Janata Party have accused the agency of letting itself be used for terrorising and intimidating opposition during the 1975–1977 Emergency). The main controversy which has plagued R&AW in recent years is over bureaucratisation of the system with allegations about favouritism in promotions, corruption, ego clashes, no financial accountability, inter-departmental rivalry, etc.[13] [14] [15] [16] Noted security analyst and former Additional Secretary B. Raman has criticised the agency for its asymmetric growth; "while being strong in its capability for covert action it is weak in its capability for intelligence collection, analysis and assessment. Strong in low and medium-grade intelligence, weak in high-grade intelligence. Strong in technical intelligence, weak in human intelligence. Strong in collation, weak in analysis. Strong in investigation, weak in prevention. Strong in crisis management, weak in crisis prevention."[17]

R&AW started as a wing of the main Intelligence Bureau with 250 employees and an annual budget of 2 crore. In the early seventies, its annual budget had risen to 30 crore while its personnel numbered several thousand. In 2007, the budget of R&AW is speculated to be as high as 150 million[18] [5] to as low as 100 million.[19]

Additional child agencies

Slowly other child agencies such as the Radio Research Center and the Electronics and Technical Services (ETS) were added to R&AW in the 1970s and 1990s. In 1971, Kao had persuaded the Government to set up the Aviation Research Centre (ARC). The ARC's job was aerial reconnaissance.[20] [21] It replaced the Indian Air Force's old reconnaissance aircraft, and by the mid-1970s, R&AW, through the ARC, had high quality aerial pictures of the installations along the Chinese and Pakistani borders.

In the 1970s, the Special Frontier Force (SFF) moved under R&AW from Intelligence Bureau (IB), and was tasked to train Bengali rebels.[12] In 1977, R&AW's operations and staff were dramatically cut under the premiership of Morarji Desai, which hurt the organisation's capabilities[22] with the shutting of entire sections of R&AW, like its Information Division.[23] These cuts were reduced following Gandhi's return. In 2004, National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) was setup by Government of India as a super-feeder agency for technical intelligence.

While the exact nature of the operations conducted by NTO is classified, it is believed that it deals with research on imagery and communications using various platforms.[4] [5]

Objectives

The present R&AW<ref name="inside_raw">Book: Raina . Asoka . Inside RAW: the story of India's secret service . 1981 . Vikas . New Delhi . 978-0-7069-1299-9 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160502173655/https://books.google.com/books?id=0zYmAAAAMAAJ . 2 May 2016 . dmy-all . objectives include:

In the past, following the Sino-Indian war of 1962 and due to India's volatile relations with Pakistan, R&AW's objectives had also consisted the following:

Structure and organisation

R&AW has been organised on the lines of the CIA.[24] The head of R&AW is designated Secretary (R) in the Cabinet Secretariat. Most of the previous chiefs have been experts on either Pakistan or China.[25] They also have the benefit of training in either the USA or the UK, and more recently in Israel.[26] R&AW works directly under the command of the Prime Minister. Its structure and operations are classified. On a daily basis, the Secretary (R) reports to the National Security Adviser. The purview of the Cabinet Secretary over the R&AW is limited to administrative and financial matters. The Secretary (R) reports on an administrative basis to the Cabinet Secretary, who reports to the Prime Minister. Reporting to the Secretary (R) are:[5]

The internal structure of the R&AW is a matter of speculation, but brief overviews of the same are present in the public domain. Attached to the Headquarters of R&AW at Lodhi Road, New Delhi are different regional headquarters, which have direct links to overseas stations and are headed by a controlling officer who keeps records of different projects assigned to field officers who are posted abroad. Intelligence is usually collected from a variety of sources by field officers and deputy field officers; it is either preprocessed by a senior field officer or by a desk officer. The desk officer then passes the information to the Joint Secretary and then on to the Additional Secretary and from there it is disseminated to the concerned end user. R&AW personnel are called "Research Officers" instead of the traditional "agents". There is a sizeable number of female officers in R&AW even at the operational level. In recent years, R&AW has shifted its primary focus from Pakistan to China and have started operating a separate desk for this purpose.[5]

The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), under the Cabinet Secretariat, is responsible for coordinating and analysing intelligence activities between R&AW, the Intelligence Bureau and the Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA). In practice, however, the effectiveness of the JIC has been varied.[28] Director of R&AW is a member of the JIC Steering Committee and is authorized to brief the Prime Minister.[5] With the establishment of the National Security Council in 1999, the role of the JIC has been merged with the NSC. R&AW's legal status is unusual, in that it is not an "Agency", but a "Wing" of the Cabinet Secretariat. Hence, R&AW is not answerable to the Parliament of India on any issue, which keeps it out of reach of the Right to Information Act.[29] This exemption was granted through Section 24 read with Schedule II of the act.[30] However, information regarding the allegations of corruption and human rights violations has to be disclosed.[30] [31]

Field formations

R&AW has 10 field formations all over India, known as Special Bureaus. These Bureaus have an area of responsibility targeted towards the countries that share land border with India. They are largely located in major cities near or along the borders:[32]

Zone HeadquartersRank of Zonal HeadEquivalent rank in R&AW
Northern ZoneJammuAdditional SecretarySame
Eastern ZoneKolkataCommissionerJoint Secretary
South-Western ZoneMumbaiCommissionerJoint Secretary
North-Eastern ZoneShillongCommissionerJoint Secretary
Southern ZoneChennaiAdditional CommissionerDirector
Central ZoneLucknowAdditional CommissionerDirector
Western ZoneJodhpurDeputy CommissionerDeputy Secretary

Recruitment

See also: Recruitment of spies. Initially, R&AW relied primarily on trained intelligence officers who were recruited directly. These belonged to the external wing of the Intelligence Bureau. Candidates are mostly recruited from the IPS and few other civil services along with candidates from armed forces of India, the latter being in lesser number though. Later, it began directly recruiting graduates from universities. However owing to allegations of nepotism in appointments,[33] in 1983 R&AW created its own service cadre, the Research and Analysis Service (RAS) to absorb talent from other Group A Civil Services, under the Central Staffing Scheme.[34]

Direct recruitment at Class I executive level is from Civil services officers undergoing Foundation course at Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration. At the end of the course, it conducts a campus interview. Based on a selection of psychological tests and the interview, candidates are inducted for a lien period of one year. During this period, they have an option of rejoining their parent service (if they wish to) after which they can be permanently absorbed into the Research and Analysis Service. Delhi-based security think tank Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses noted in one of its reports that R&AW suffered from the 'tail-end syndrome' where the 'bottom of the entrance lists' of those qualifying the UPSC examinations were offered jobs.[35] Additionally, recruitment is also by lateral deputation from the Officer corps of Armed Forces or Group A Civil Service Officers.[36] The Civil and Defence Service Officers permanently resign their cadre and join the RAS.[37] However, according to recent reports, officers can return to their parent cadre after serving a specific period in the agency if they wish to.[38]

Most of the secretaries have been officers from the IPS and other posts are held by IRS and IFS officers. R&AW also employs a number of linguists and other experts in various fields.[39] The service conditions of R&AW officers are governed by the Research and Analysis Wing (Recruitment, Cadre and Service) Rules, 1975.[40]

Training

Basic trainingBasic training commences with 'pep talks' to boost the morale of the new recruit. This is a ten-day phase in which the inductee is familiarised with the real world of intelligence and espionage, as opposed to the spies of fiction. Common usages, tradecraft techniques and classification of information are taught. Financial and economic analysis, space technology, information security, energy security and scientific knowledge is imbibed to the trainees. The recruit is made to specialise in a foreign language and introduced to Geostrategic analysis. Case studies of other agencies like CIA, KGB, ISI, Mossad and MI6 are presented for study. The inductee is also taught that intelligence organisations do not identify who is friend and who is foe, the country's foreign policy does. Basic classroom training in tactics and language are imparted to R&AW officers at the residential Training and Language Institute in Gurgaon.[41] [42] [43] A multi-disciplinary school of economic intelligence is also being set up in Mumbai to train intelligence officers in investigating economic crimes like money laundering for terror purposes etc.[44]
Advanced trainingAfter completing 'Basic Training' the recruit is now attached to a Field Intelligence Bureau (FIB). Their training here lasts for 1–2 years. They are given firsthand experience of what it was to be out in the figurative cold, conducting clandestine operations. During night exercises under realistic conditions, they are taught infiltration and exfiltration. They are also instructed to avoid capture and if caught, how to face interrogation. They will learn the art of reconnoitre, making contacts, and, the numerous skills of operating an intelligence mission. At the end of the field training, the new recruit is brought back to the school for final polishing. Before their deployment in the field, they will be given exhaustive training in the art of self-defence mainly Krav Maga, and the use of technical espionage devices. They are also drilled in various administrative disciplines so that they could take their place in the foreign missions without arousing suspicion. They are now ready to operate under the cover of an Embassy to gather information, set up their own network of informers, moles or operatives as the task may require. Field and arms training is provided in the Indian Military Academy Headquarters at Dehradun.[45] The training model has been criticised as being 'archaic and too police-centric' and not incorporating 'modern technological advances in methods of communication' etc.

Shortage of staff

R&AW has a severe shortage of employees. The number of personnel in 2013 was estimated to be 5,000 personnel. This represents a staff deficit of 40% below sanctioned strength. In 2013, The Hindu reported the organisation was short on management level staff by 130 and in specialized areas like technology there was also a huge shortage. In number of cryptanalysts, it was short by approximately 33%.[46]

Functions and methods

The primary mission of R&AW includes intelligence collection via HUMINT, psychological warfare, subversion, sabotage.[47] R&AW maintains active liaison with other agencies and services in various countries. Those agencies include SVR of Russia, Afghanistan's NDS, Israel's Mossad, Germany's BND, the CIA and MI6 have been well-known, a common interest being Pakistan's nuclear programme.[48]

Stations abroad

R&AW has been active in obtaining information and operating through third countries.[4] R&AW offices abroad have limited strength and are largely geared to the collection of military, economic, scientific, and political intelligence. R&AW monitors the activities of certain organisations abroad only insofar as they relate to their involvement with narco terrorist elements and smuggling arms, ammunition, explosives, etc. into India.[49] It does not monitor the activities of criminal elements abroad, which are mainly confined to normal smuggling without any links to terrorist elements.[4] [5]

R&AW officers are posted to Indian diplomatic missions under official cover as diplomats, frequently in the consular wing. The relationship between R&AW and the Ministry of External Affairs has been unstable because they "inhabit different worlds" according to the Times of India.

A task force report prepared by a New Delhi-based security think tank highlighted that R&AW operatives have inadequate non-official cover for overseas operations which 'limits access to spot real targets' and causes issues on handling 'high-value assets'.[35]

Operations and activities

The known activities and operations of R&AW, by country:

Africa

South Africa and Namibia

R&AW trained the intelligence officers of many independent African countries and assisted the anti-apartheid struggles in South Africa and Namibia. Retired R&AW officers were deputed to work in training institutes of intelligence agencies of some African states.[50]

Senegal

R&AW was one of the primary agencies that provided the information about Ravi Pujari, being located in Senegal. This information was then provided to Senegalese authorities, who arrested Pujari and deported him to India. He was formally arrested at Kempegowda International Airport by Karnataka Police.[51]

Asia

Afghanistan

During the Soviet War in Afghanistan, R&AW had recruited three powerful warlords, including Ahmad Shah Massoud.[52]

In 1996, R&AW had built a 25-bed military hospital at the Farkhor Air Base.[53] This airbase was used by the Aviation Research Centre, the reconnaissance arm of R&AW, to repair and operate the Northern Alliance's aerial support. This relationship was further cemented in the 2001 Afghan war.[53] [54]

After the September 11, 2001 attacks, R&AW provided the intelligence to western countries that there were over 120 training camps operating in Afghanistan and Pakistan, run by a variety of militant groups.[55]

After the Overthrow of Taliban in Afghanistan in 2001, R&AW was the first intelligence agency to determine the extent of the Kunduz airlift.[56] [57]

In 2017, R&AW undertook counter-terrorism operation, described as “unprecedented in its scale and scope”, foiled a major terrorist attack by an Islamic State - Khorasan suicide bomber in New Delhi. The CIA was also involved in this Operation. The militant was later transferred to a US base in Afghanistan for further questioning. The operation spanned 3 countries and involved 80 Research officers.[58]

In November–December 2019, a special exfiltration operation was undertaken by R&AW. At least four Indian nationals working in various parts of Afghanistan, that had been abducted by the Haqqani network, were successfully rescued.[59]

In 2020, 10 MSS Operatives from Xinjiang State Security Department (XSSD) were arrested in Kabul by the Afghan NDS. During Questioning, one of operative told the interrogators that they were gathering information about al-Qaeda, Taliban and Turkistan Islamic Party in Kunar and Badakhshan provinces, and wanted to assassinate high-level members of TIP. This counter-intelligence operation was undertaken based on a tip from R&AW.[60]

Bangladesh

In the early 1970s, the army of Pakistan launched military crackdown in response to the Bangladesh independence movement. Nearly 1 crore (10 million) refugees fled to India. R&AW was instrumental in the formation of the Bangladeshi guerrilla organisation Mukti Bahini and responsible for supplying information, providing training and heavy ammunition to this organisation. It is also alleged that R&AW planned and executed the 1971 Indian Airlines hijacking as a false flag operation to ban overflight by Pakistani aircraft and disrupt Pakistani troop movement in East Pakistan. Special Frontier Force, then under R&AW actively participated in military operations especially in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.[61] After the war ended in the successful creation of Bangladesh. However, four years later Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated on 15 August 1975 at his residence.[62] R&AW operatives claimed that they had advance information about Mujibur Rahman's assassination but Sheikh Mujib tragically ignored inputs. He was killed along with much of his family. Later, R&AW successfully thwarted plans of assassinating Sheikh Hasina Wazed, daughter of Mujibur Rahman, by Islamist extremists.[63]

In 1990, R&AW had helped engineer and support a democratic uprising against Mohammed Ershad, thus leading to his resignation. His Pro-Pakistan and Anti-Hindu policy decisions had been considered a threat by Indian government.[64]

In 1991, after Khaleda Zia had won election, India was alarmed over increased harassment of pro-India politicians, large-scale radicalisation and meticulously planned infiltration of trained extremists into Indian territory by Jamaat-e-Islami. JeI had set-up several terror training camps located along the border. So in order to stop all this activity, R&AW spontaneously bombed several of its camps and a major ISI safe house, thus dismantling JeI's terror network.[65]

In 1977–97, India took active part in Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict. R&AW trained and financed the rebels of Shanti Bahini.[66] [67]

China

See also: Nanda Devi Plutonium Mission. After China tested its first nuclear weapons on 16 October 1964, at Lop Nur, Xinjiang, India and the USA shared a common fear about the nuclear capabilities of China.[68] [69] Owing to the extreme remoteness of Chinese testing grounds, strict secrecy surrounding the Chinese nuclear programme, and the extreme difficulty that an Indian or American would have passing themselves off as Chinese, it was almost impossible to carry out any HUMINT operation. So, the CIA in the late 1960s decided to launch an ELINT operation along with R&AW and ARC to track China's nuclear tests and monitor its missile launches. The operation, in the garb of a mountaineering expedition to Nanda Devi involved Indian climber M S Kohli who along with operatives of Special Frontier Force and the CIA – most notably Jim Rhyne, a veteran STOL pilot – was to place a permanent ELINT device, a transceiver powered by a plutonium battery, that could detect and report data on future nuclear tests carried out by China.[70] The monitoring device was near successfully implanted on Nanda Devi, when an avalanche forced a hasty withdrawal.[71] Later, a subsequent mountain operation to retrieve or replant the device was aborted when it was found that the device was lost. Recent reports indicate that radiation traces from this device have been discovered in sediment below the mountains.[72]

In February 2020, Indian Customs officials detained a Chinese ship from Shanghai Port, at Kandla Port. The ship was bound for Port Qasim in Karachi. It was seized for wrongly declaring an autoclave, which can be used in the launch process of ballistic missiles, as an industrial dryer. This seizure was done on an intelligence tip-off by R&AW.[73] [74]

In late 2020, during India-China Standoff, R&AW was able obtain the decoded PLA WTC cryptography. A Chinese Technician recruited by R&AW had passed the decryption data.

Following a terror attack on Chinese engineers in Pakistan, Chinese contractors have paused construction on two significant CPEC dam projects in PoK.[75] The Pakistani military believe the jihadists and insurgents are handled by "hostile intelligence agencies", a term usually applied to allude to neighbouring India.[76]

Fiji

In Fiji, where Fijians with Indian ancestry were being persecuted by Sitiveni Rabuka, R&AW launched an operation involving informants in Australia, New Zealand and UK to successfully oust him from power.[77]

Iran

In August 1991, R&AW undertook a physical surveillance and tracking operation of Indian nationals from Jammu and Kashmir that were taking weapons training in Qom.[78]

Malaysia

Since 2014, R&AW has undertaken numerous identification, physical surveillance and tracking operations, in Malaysia, targeted towards Khalistani organisations. It is only of because such operations that many high-ranking Khalistani militants like Harminder Singh Mintoo, Tara Singh, Kulbir Kaur, Ramandeep Singh etc. have been arrested and deported to India.[79] [80] [81] [82]

Maldives

See also: Operation Cactus. In November 1988, the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), composed of about 200 Tamil secessionist rebels under Abdullah Luthufi, invaded Maldives. At the request of the president of Maldives, Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, the Indian Armed Forces, with assistance from R&AW, launched a military campaign to throw the mercenaries out of Maldives. On the night of 3 November 1988, the Indian Air Force airlifted the 6th parachute battalion of the Parachute Regiment from Agra and flew them over 2,000 km to Maldives. The Indian paratroopers landed at the airstrip of Hulhule island and restored the Government rule at Malé within a day. The operation, labelled Operation Cactus, also involved the Indian Navy. Swift operation by the military and precise intelligence by R&AW quelled the insurgency.[5] [83]

In 2018–19, R&AW undertook many operations that crippled ISI and MSS intelligence network in Maldives.[84]

Mauritius

See also: Operation Lal Dora. In February 1983, Mauritian Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth requested assistance from Mrs Indira Gandhi in the event of a coup by rival politician Paul Bérenger. In March 1983, Gandhi ordered the Indian Army and Navy to prepare for a military intervention against a possible coup against the Jugnauth government. But the military intervention was put off by Mrs. Gandhi, after a squabble between the Indian Navy and Army, on who would lead the operation. Instead, she chose to task the Research and Analysis Wing's then chief, Nowsher F. Suntook, with supervising a largely intelligence-led operation to reunite the Indian community of Mauritius whose fracturing along ideological and communal lines had allowed Mr. Berenger to mount a political challenge.[85]

Myanmar

During the 1990s, R&AW cultivated Burmese rebel groups and pro-democracy coalitions, especially the Kachin Independence Army (KIA). India allowed the KIA to carry a limited trade in jade and precious stones using Indian territory and even supplied them weapons. It is further alleged that KIA chief Maran Brang Seng met the Secretary(R) in Delhi twice. However, when the KIA became the main source of training and weapons for militant groups in Northeast India, R&AW initiated an operation, code named Operation Leech, to assassinate the leaders of the Burmese rebels as an example to other groups. in 1998, six top rebel leaders, including military wing chief of National Unity Party of Arakans (NUPA), Khaing Raza, were shot dead and 34 Arakanese guerrillas were arrested and charged with gunrunning.[5] [86]

In 1995, in Mizoram along the India–Myanmar border, the 57th Mountain Division of the Indian Army carried out the Operation Golden Bird.[87] The operation was launched because R&AW had provided information that a huge consignment of arms for northern eastern had reached to Cox's Bazar (Bangladesh) and was to be sent to insurgents in Manipur. The arms, as per intelligence were meant for groups in Nagaland and Isak-Muivah group in Manipur. Forces were deployed for counterinsurgency in the states of Manipur and Nagaland. Radio sets and other technological instruments were used to intercepts insurgents messages. On 5 April 1995, the Indian troops captured an insurgent named Hathi Bsrvah, trained by Pakistani ISI near Karachi. By 21 May 1995, the operation was finally called off.[88]

In 2015, R&AW and Military Intelligence of Indian Army provided the intelligence support to 21 Para (SF), for their counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar.[89]

Nepal

In 1998, Mirza Dilshad Beg, a Nepalese parliamentarian and an ISI informant was assassinated by R&AW.[90]

Raju Pargai & Amit Arya was shot dead in 2011, who was running Mirza Dilshad Beg entire network in Uttarakhand.[91] Despite the accusation and arrest of Lucky Bisht, there was not enough evidence to convict him in the murder case, leading to his eventual acquittal.[92] [93] [94]

During 1997–2013, R&AW along with IB carried out multiple operations, in which many militant leaders like Yasin Bhatkal of Indian Mujahideen; Bhupinder Singh Bhuda of Khalistan Commando Force; Tariq Mehmood, Asif Ali, Syed Abdul Karim Tunda, Abu Qasim  of Lashkar-e-Taiba; Fayaz Ahmed Mir of Jaish-e-Mohammed were secretly brought to India.[90] [95] [96]

In 2014, R&AW along with DGFI tracked down Indian Mujahideen's top commander, Zia Ur Rehman in Nepal. The operation was executed by DGFI after formal request from India's R&AW and Nepal's law enforcement agencies.[97]

In 2017, it was reported that R&AW had kidnapped a mid-level ISI officer Lt. Col. Mohammed H Zahir from Lumbini. There were reports that Zahir was among the ISI team that had taken part in kidnapping and smuggling of former Indian Navy officer Kulbhushan Jadhav from Chabahar, Iran to Meshkal Pakistan.[98] [99]

In September 2022, Mohammad Lal, who was a huge supplier of counterfeit Indian currency was shot dead by two unidentified armed men in Kathmandu. The assailants immediately fled the scene after shooting Lal. R&AW had been looking for Lal for a long time for his alleged connections with ISI and D-Company.[100]

Pakistan

During the late 1960s, R&AW had infiltrated the highest levels of Pakistani military and political leadership. It even had a Mole inside General Yahya Khan's Office. This mole had also alerted the Indian armed forces, a week before about impending Pakistani Air attack. This alert was correct as Pakistan attacked India on December 3, thus starting the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[101]

R&AW's most successful spy Ravindra Kaushik spied in Pakistan in the 1970s. He was from Rajasthan's Sri Ganganagar, Kaushik was a student and an aspiring actor, he used to do acting on stage. He was acting in a patriotic play in a theatre in Lucknow when R&AW recruiter spotted this young boy. He joined R&AW in 1975 at the age of 23. They trained him, made a disguise identity and sent to Pakistan. He did an LLB in Karachi university and joined the Pakistani army, eventually he was promoted to the rank of major. Amid 1979-83 he passed valuable information to R&AW. Due to his feats the then Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi gave him title of "The Black Tiger".[102] [103]

Kahuta is the site of the Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), Pakistan's main nuclear weapons laboratory as well as an emerging centre for long-range missile development. The primary Pakistani missile-material production facility is located at Kahuta, employing gas centrifuge enrichment technology to produce Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU). R&AW first confirmed Pakistan's nuclear programs by analysing the hair samples snatched from the floor of barber shops near KRL; which showed that Pakistan had developed the ability to enrich uranium to weapons-grade quality. R&AW operatives knew about Kahuta Research Laboratories from at least early 1978,[104] when the then Indian Prime Minister, Morarji Desai, accidentally exposed R&AW's operations on Pakistan's covert nuclear weapons program. In an indiscreet moment in a telephone conversation one day, Morarji Desai informed the then Pakistan President, Zia-ul-Haq, that India was aware of Pakistan's nuclear weapons program. According to later reports, acting on this "tip-off", Pakistan's ISI and army eliminated most of R&AW's assets in and around Kahuta.[5] [105] [106]

R&AW received information from one of its informants in a London-based company, which had supplied Arctic-weather gear to Indian troops in Ladakh that some Pakistan paramilitary forces had bought similar Arctic-weather gear.[107] This information was shared with Indian Army which soon launched Operation Meghdoot to take control of Siachen Glacier with around 300[107] acclimatised troops were airlifted to Siachen before Pakistan could launch any operation resulting in Indian head start and eventual Indian domination of all major peaks in Siachen.[107]

In the mid-1980s, R&AW set up two special units, Counterintelligence Team-X(CIT-X) and Counterintelligence Team-J(CIT-J), the first directed at Pakistan[108] and the second at Khalistani groups.[109] Rabinder Singh, the R&AW officer who later defected to the United States in 2004, helped run CIT-J in its early years. Both these covert units used the services of cross-border traffickers to ferry weapons and funds across the border, much as their ISI counterparts were doing. According to former R&AW official and noted security analyst B. Raman, the Indian counter-campaign yielded results. "The role of our cover action capability in putting an end to the ISI's interference and support of khalistani militants in Punjab, thus completely stopping years of violence and insurgency", he wrote in 2002, "by making such interference prohibitively costly is little known and understood." These covert groups were disbanded during the tenure of IK Gujral and were never restarted.[110] As per B Raman a former R&AW Additional Secretary, these covert groups were successful in keeping a check on ISI and were "responsible for ending the Khalistani insurgency".[111] [112]

During the mid-1990s, R&AW undertook an operation to infiltrate various ISI-backed militant groups in Jammu and Kashmir. R&AW operatives infiltrated the area, collected military intelligence, and provided evidence about ISI's involvement in training and funding separatist groups. R&AW was successful not only in unearthing the links, but also in infiltrating and neutralising the terrorism in the Kashmir valley.[113] [114] It is also credited for creating a split in the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen.[115] Operation Chanakya also marked the creation of pro-Indian groups in Kashmir like the Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen, Muslim Mujahideen etc. These counter-insurgencies consist of ex-militants and relatives of those slain in the conflict. Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen leader Kokka Parrey was himself assassinated by separatists.[4]

During the Kargil War, R&AW was also successful in intercepting a telephonic conversation between Pervez Musharraf, the then Pakistan Army Chief who was in Beijing and his chief of staff Lt. Gen. Mohammed Aziz in Islamabad.[116] This tape was later published by India to prove Pakistani involvement in the Kargil incursion.[116] [117]

In 2004, it had come to light that a timely tip-off by R&AW helped foil a third assassination plot against Pakistan's former president, General Pervez Musharraf.[118]

About 2–6 months before 26/11 Mumbai attacks, R&AW had intercepted several telephone calls through SIGINT which pointed at impending attacks on Mumbai Hotels by Pakistan-based terrorists,[119] however there was a coordination failure and no follow up action was taken.[120] Few hours before the attacks, a R&AW technician monitoring satellite transmissions picked up conversations between attackers and handlers, as the attackers were sailing toward Mumbai. The technician flagged the conversations as being suspicious and passed them on to his superiors. R&AW believed that they were worrying and immediately alerted the office of the National Security Advisor. However the intelligence was ignored.[121] Later, just after the terrorists had attacked Mumbai, the technicians started monitoring the six phones used by the terrorists and recorded conversations between the terrorists and their handlers.[122]

In March 2016, Kulbhushan Jadhav, an Indian naval officer who working as a R&AW agent, was arrested in Balochistan and charged with espionage and sabotage. He was accused of operating a covert terror network within Balochistan. In 2017, he was sentenced to death by a Field General Court Martial in Pakistan.[123] [124] [125] While held by Pakistani authorities, Jadhav had confessed in a video recording that he was tasked by R&AW, “to plan and organise espionage and sabotage activities” in Balochistan and Karachi.[126] [125]

During the 2016 Line of Control strike, R&AW played an important role by providing real time and accurate intelligence to operational advisors and planners. It had deployed its human assets closest to the 8 demarcated launch-pads in Pakistan administered Kashmir. It also started Physical Surveillance of Chief of Pakistan army, 10 Corps commander and force commander of Northern Areas.[127]

During 2019 Balakot airstrike, R&AW played an important role by identifying and providing intelligence on Markaz Syed Ahmad Shaheed training camp, to operational planners. It had HUMINT that a large number of terrorists had congregated in the camp.[128] [129]

On 1 March 2022, one of the hijackers of Flight IC 814 flight, Zahoor Mistry, was killed by two bike-borne assailants in Karachi. It was Mistry who had killed one of the passengers, 25-year-old Rupin Katyal, on the flight. It is widely believed he was assassinated by R&AW.[130] [131]

On 20 February 2023, Hizbul Commander Bashir Ahmad Peer alias Imtiyaz Alam who was India's most wanted designated terrorist under Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act was shot dead outside a store by unknown assailants in Rawalpindi. It is widely believed that R&AW was behind this.[132]

On May 6, 2023, Paramjit Singh Panjwar, the Chief of Khalistan Commando Force was gunned down by two unidentified bike-borne gunmen in Johar Town of Lahore while he was out for a morning walk near his residence. Most likely it is believed he was assassinated by R&AW operative.[133]

On April 4, 2024, The Guardian reported that the Indian government had allegedly ordered the killings of individuals in Pakistan. Up to 20 assassinations had taken place since 2020, targeting individuals who were either linked to known terrorist organizations or were former members of these organizations.[134]

Philippines

In March 2023, with the help of Indian intelligence inputs, officers from the Philippine Bureau of Immigration, the Cybercrime Investigation and Coordinating Center and the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency arrested three suspected members of the Khalistan Tiger Force (KTF) in the central Philippine city of Iloilo.[135] [136]

The suspects were deported back to India in May 2023.[137]

Saudi Arabia

Since the 1990s, given its position as the largest source of funds and promoter of Salafist ideology and being considered major security challenge for India. R&AW has greatly expanded its activities and operation in Saudi Arabia. Abdul Karim Tunda was captured in Saudi Arabia and was secretly brought to India.[95]

Since 2012, R&AW has carried out numerous operations in Saudi Arabia. It is only because of such operations that dozens of high-ranking terrorists like Zabiuddin Ansari, Habibur Rahman, Sabeel Ahmed, Muhammed Gulnawaz etc. have been deported and arrested in India.[138] [139] [140] [141]

In April 2023 the Saudi cabinet gave approval for joint cooperation with Indian intelligence agencies. It also approved Riyadh's status as a dialogue partner for SCO as India prepares to host the SCO summit in July. India-Saudi defence and security partnership has been steadily growing. Last year, there were a number of high-level bilateral visits and meetings, beginning in February with the first-ever official visit to India by Lt Gen Fahd bin Abdullah Mohammed Al-Mutair, commander of Royal Saudi Land Forces.[142] [143]

Sri Lanka

In the late 1980s, R&AW allegedly started funding and training LTTE to keep a check on Sri Lanka,[144] which had helped Pakistan in the Indo-Pak War by allowing Pakistani ships to refuel at Sri Lankan ports. However, when LTTE created a lot of problems and complications for India, R&AW switched sides and started providing intelligence support to Sri Lanka. When Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi was forced to send the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) under Operation Pawan in 1987 to restore normalcy in the region. The disastrous mission of the IPKF was blamed by many on the lack of coordination between the IPKF and R&AW. Its most disastrous manifestation was the Heliborne assault on LTTE HQ in the Jaffna University campus in the opening stages of Operation Pawan. The dropping paratroopers became easy targets for the LTTE. A number of soldiers were killed. The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi ended India's involvement in Sri Lankan Civil war.

In 2010, R&AW carried out a snatch operation in Sri Lanka, in which a top HuJI militant Sheikh Abdul Khawaja  - handler of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attackers was captured and secretly taken away to India.[145]

In 2015, it was allegedly reported by the Sri Lankan newspaper The Sunday Times, that R&AW had played a role in uniting the opposition, to bring about the defeat of Mahinda Rajapaksa. There had been growing concern in the Indian government, on the increasing influence of economic and military rival China in Sri Lankan affairs. Rajapaksa further upped the ante by allowing 2 Chinese submarines to dock in 2014, without informing India, in spite of a stand still agreement to this effect between India and Sri Lanka. The growing Chinese tilt of Rajapaksa was viewed by India with unease. Further, it was alleged, that R&AW's Chief of Station in Colombo, helped coordination of talks within the opposition, and convincing former PM Ranil Wickremasinghe not to stand against Rajapaksa, but to choose a common opposition candidate, who had better chances of winning. The Station chief was also alleged to have been in touch with Chandrika Kumaratunga, who played a key role in convincing Maithripala Sirisena to be the common candidate.[146] However these allegations were denied by the Indian Government[147] and the Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Mangala Samaraweera.[148] [149]

Before the 2019 Easter bombings, R&AW had issued precision intelligence warnings to its Sri Lankan counterpart about an impending terrorist attack. All of these warnings were based on HUMINT gathered by it.[150] [151]

In 2019, R&AW was also able to infiltrate PLA communication through the Chinese military to Sri Lanka. It was because of this that the post was vacant for nearly 8–9 months; the attache was called back after Chinese had learned of this infiltration.

Tajikistan

In the mid-1990s, after the rise of Pakistan backed Taliban in Afghanistan, India started supporting the Northern Alliance. In order to provide support, India had acquired Farkhor Air Base. This airbase was used by R&AW, along with M.I., as a base of operations for all their activities directed to Afghanistan like covert paramilitary operations and HUMINT gathering. The airbase was also used by ARC and Directorate of Air Intelligence (DAI), to provide aerial reconnaissance to Northern Alliance.[53]

Turkey

During the 2015 G20 Antalya summit, the R&AW station in Ankara increased its strength in order to provide additional security cover for visiting PM Modi, along with SPG. Officers from MI5 and Mossad were also deployed to provide Security as part of liaison agreement.[152]

Australia

A detailed report from The Washington Post and The Sydney Morning Herald revealed R&AW's deep operations in the country. Australian authorities expelled two Indian intelligence operatives in 2020 for being members of an elaborate “nest of spies” that attempted to steal sensitive information about defence technology, major airport security and trade relationships.[153] [154]

ASIO Director-General Mike Burgess revealed in 2021 that ASIO had uncovered a “nest of spies” from R&AW, whose operations included grooming politicians and a foreign embassy as informants and R&AW had also recruited an Australia government official with security clearance.

Europe

Belgium

In 2021, R&AW is reported to have foiled an assassination plot hatched by Khalistan Commando Force militants from Belgium and United Kingdom, to target farmers' leader protesting at Delhi.[155] [156]

Germany

Since 2014, R&AW has undertaken numerous physical surveillance, identification and tracking operations in Germany, targeted towards Khalistani militants and Islamic fundamentalists. It has aggressively recruited agents inside pro-Khalistan circles all across Germany, in cities like Frankfurt and Berlin.[157]

The latest surveillance operation was undertaken in 2019, with target being Gurmeet Singh Bagga, co-leader of the Khalistan Zindabad Force and a fugitive wanted for the Punjab drone Arms drop Case.[157]

Italy

After 26/11, it was uncovered that Pakistan's ISI had not only laundered large amount of money for the attack but also arranged VOIP calls that allowed the handlers to talk to the militants through the Italian city of Brescia.

So in order to counter these activities, R&AW established a new station in Rome.Since then, it has undertaken hundreds of operations, directed towards Sleeper cells/operatives of Pakistan-based Islamic and Khalistani militant organisations.[158] [159] It has also aggressively recruited agents inside Pro-Khalistan circles all across Italy[157]

United Kingdom

During the 1980s, R&AW launched an extensive operation in London to neutralise UK-based Pakistani national Abdul Khan, who had played an instrumental role in sheltering extremists and planning attacks in India.[160]

Since the suppression and defeat of Khalistani insurgency in the late 1990s, R&AW has greatly expanded its informant network inside Khalistani circles and associations in the UK. Wanted Khalistanis like Paramjeet Singh Pamma and Kuldeep Singh Chaheru have been living in UK since they fled in 1992, thus necessitating increased R&AW presence.[161] [157] [160]

On 15 June 2023, Avtar Singh Khanda, the UK-based chief of the Khalistan Liberation Force (KLF) was suddenly admitted to the hospital with a case of blood cancer, and later died. His followers in the UK believe that Indian intelligence had him poisoned and are demanding the full medical report.[162] [163]

North America

Canada

Kanishka Bombing case: On 23 June 1985 Air India's Flight 182 was blown up near Ireland and 329 people died. On the same day, another explosion took place at Tokyo's Narita airport's transit baggage building where baggage was being transferred from Cathay Pacific Flight No CP 003 to Air India Flight 301 which was scheduled for Bangkok. Both aircraft were loaded with explosives from Canadian airports. Flight 301 got saved because of a delay in its departure. This was considered as a major setback to R&AW for failing to gather enough intelligence about the Khalistani militants.[164] [165] [166]

In April 2020, it was reported that R&AW and IB had launched an extensive operation in 2009–2015, to influence the Canadian government and politicians into supporting India's interests.[167] Canada has long being accused by India for being a safe haven for Khalistani separatists.[168]

In July 2020, Canada put two Sikh men on Passenger Protect, the Canadian no-fly list, after Canadian Security Intelligence Service had received information from R&AW that both intended to travel to Pakistan and carry out an ISI-backed terrorist attack inside India. One of the men was identified as the son of Lakhbir Singh Rode, a well-known Khalistani separatist.[169]

On 19 June 2023, Hardeep Singh Nijjar, a prominent Khalistani leader and alleged chief of the Khalistan Tiger Force was shot to death outside the parking lot of Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara in Surrey, British Columbia.[170] Nijjar was accused of training and funding members of the separatist group and had been declared a terrorist by India, who put a bounty of for information leading to his arrest.[171] This was heavily seen as an R&AW assassination operation by not only followers of Nijjar, but also from Canadian officials.[172] [173] On 18 September 2023, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau formally accused the Indian government of the killing and acknowledged the expulsion of a prominent Indian diplomat responsible for R&AW activities in the country.[174] India rejected Canada's allegations of involvement in Nijjar's murder, calling the Canadian government's allegations "absurd and motivated", and expelled numerous Canadian diplomats.[175]

United States

On 23 November 2023, the Financial Times reported that the United States had prevented a plan to assasinate Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, an alleged Sikh separatist, on American soil.[176] Following this, the US requested India to hold accountable those responsible for the plot. On 20 March 2024, Bloomberg reported that an Indian investigation had found rogue operatives who were not authorized by the government to be involved in the plot. Additionally, at least one person who was directly involved in the alleged assassination attempt is no longer employed by R&AW. However, India has not initiated any criminal action against them.[177] According to the Washington Post, It is the U.S. intelligence agencies assessment that the operation targeting Pannun was approved by Samant Goel, the R&AW chief at the time.[178] The plot in the United States coincided with the June 18 shooting death of Hardeep Singh Nijjar in Surrey, B.C., near Vancouver — an operation also linked to R&AW. The foiled assassination was part of an escalating campaign of aggression by R&AW against alleged Sikh Separatists in Asia, Europe and North America, officials have said.[179]

Corruption cases

Defections and spy scandals

List of R&AW Secretaries

No.NameTook officeLeft officeNotes
1R. N. Kao19681977Founder of R&AW, ARC
• Bangladesh Liberation War
• Operation Smiling Buddha
• Amalgamation of Sikkim
• ELINT operation with the CIA against China
2K. Sankaran Nair19771977Resigned from service in protest of downgrading the designation of Head of R&AW as Director, R&AW instead of Secretary (R).
3N. F. Suntook19771983Founder Director of RRC (Radio Research Centre), ETS
• Executed Operation Lal Dora
4Girish Chandra Saxena19831986• Collaborated with the Intelligence Agencies of United States, the erstwhile USSR, China, Iran, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, etc.
• Kanishka Bombing
• Operation Blue Star
5S. E. Joshi19861987• Continued collaboration with Intelligence Agencies
• During his tenure, the post of Director of RA&W was re-designated as Secretary (R) and this designation has continued since then.
6A. K. Verma19871990• Operation Cactus
• Indian Peace Keeping Force
7G. S. Bajpai19901991Counter Insurgency operations
8N. Narasimhan19911993
9J. S. Bedi19931993Chief during 1993 Mumbai bombings
• Specialist in China, Pakistan and counter terrorism.
10A. S. Syali19931996• Increased economic surveillance
• Emphasis on advanced training and more recruitment
11Ranjan Roy19961997Negotiation on Farkhor Air Base
12Arvind Dave19971999• Kargil War
• Operation Shakti
13A. S. Dulat19992000• Negotiated with IC 814 hijackers[216] [217]
• Tenure marred by allegations of incompetence and mishandling.
14Vikram Sood13 December 200031 March 2003Founder of National Technical Facilities Organisation
15C. D. Sahay1 April 200331 January 2005• Revamped ARC
• Inauguration of R&AW headquarters at Lodhi Road, New Delhi
16P. K. H. Tharakan1 February 200531 January 2007• Served an instrumental role in setting up of Nuclear Command Authority (India)
• Negotiated the end of Nepalese Civil War and helped warring parties to sign the Comprehensive Peace Accord.[218]
17Ashok Chaturvedi1 February 200731 January 2009• Tenure marred by many allegations of nepotism and corruption
• Investigation of Samjhauta bombings
18K. C. Verma1 February 200930 December 2010Investigation of 2008 Mumbai attacks
19Sanjeev Tripathi30 December 201029 December 2012
20Alok Joshi30 December 201230 December 2014
21Rajinder Khanna31 December 201431 December 2016• 2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar
• 2016 Indian Line of Control strike
22Anil Dhasmana1 January 201729 June 2019[219] • Operation Sunrise
• 2019 Balakot airstrike
23Samant Goel1 July 201930 June 2023• Abrogation of Article 370 and 35A
24Ravi Sinha1 July 2023Incumbent

Most of the Secretaries of Research and Analysis Wing have been Indian Police Service (IPS) officers. R. N. Kao and K. Sankaran Nair belonged to the Imperial Police (IP), of the British colonial days which was renamed as the Indian Police Service after Indian Independence in 1947. N. F. Suntook had served in the Indian Navy, then in the Indian Police Service and in the Indian Frontier Administration Service. Vikram Sood was from the Indian Postal Service (IPoS) and was later permanently absorbed in the Research and Analysis Service (RAS) cadre.[220] Now he acts as Advisor to Fair Observer.[221] A. S. Dulat was an Indian Police Service officer deputed from the Intelligence Bureau. All the chiefs have been experts on China or Pakistan except for Ashok Chaturvedi, who was an expert on Nepal.

In popular culture

Films in the 1960s and 1970s, such as Aankhen (1968), starring Dharmendra and Mala Sinha, Prem Pujari starring Dev Anand in 1970, and Hindustan Ki Kasam (1973) starring Raaj Kumar and Priya Rajvansh referenced "agents" and "espionage". However, since the late 1990s and early 2000, Bollywood and other regional films have openly mentioned R&AW and its allied units, with the intelligence agencies at the center of the plot. In The Hero (2003) film Sunny Deol played a RAW spy, who eliminates Pakistani terrorists who tried to gain bombs to use against India.[222] In Romeo Akbar Walter (2019), John Abraham played the role of a spy recruited by the Research and Analysis Wing. In the film Mission Majnu (2023), Siddharth Malhotra played a secret raw field agent, Parmeet Sethi portrayed R.N. Kao while Sharib Hashmi, Kumud Mishra also played the role of undercover raw agents.[223]

Ravindra Kaushik is RAW's most celebrated spy. RAW selected him when he was a college student in his hometown Sri Ganganagar. Epic TV broadcast his biography in Adrishya, a documentary show dedicated to India's legendary spies. In another episode India's current NSA, former RAW agent Ajit Doval story was featured.[224] The popular Malayalam film Highway, starring Suresh Gopi and Bhanupriya, is a major example for a South Indian film featuring R&AW, and is the only Malayalam film to be so.

In television channels in India, 2612 which used to air on Life OK, featured Cabir Maira as a R&AW agent Anand Swami who helps an STF officer Randeep Rathore to save the country from a terrorist attack. Time Bomb 9/11, a series aired on Zee TV, featured Rajeev Khandelwal in the role of a R&AW field officer who attempts to defuse a nuclear bomb set in India, as well as saving the life of the Indian prime minister. Zee Bangla featured a serial named Mohona where the chief protagonist is a R&AW officer. Sajda Tere Pyar Mein a series on Star Plus, features Shaleen Bhanot in the role of a R&AW officer who asks a young woman named Aliya for help in catching a spy named Mahendra Pratap. The Indian version of 24 has a host of characters affiliated with R&AW. The 2018 web series Sacred Games has a R&AW agent played by Radhika Apte.[225] Foreign films which have actors playing R&AW agents include Pakistan-based-films such as Waar (2013).[226] is a Hindi-language war drama streaming television series directed by Santosh Singh for JioCinema. The series stars Ashutosh Rana as Raqib Askani ISI chief, Ashish Vidyarthi as NSA Madhusudan dutta based on Ajit Doval, Jimmy Shergill as R&AW Field operative Kashyap Sinha, Lara Dutta as Manisha Bharadwaj, Aakanksha Singh as Richa Singh, Mir Sarwar as Terrorist Hammad Wadhera, Prasanna as Wing Commander Abhimanyu Vardhan based on Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman, Sikandar Kharbanda and others.[227] [228] [229] [230] The series was premeiered on 25 April 2024 on JioCinema. Very Realistic Portrayal of R&AW operation was done.

Some academic commentators have linked the increasing surfeit of Indian films and TV series on espionage thriller genre, where an Indian hero staves off impending global catastrophe, as a marker of an aspirational Pax Indica not based on 'older paradigms of internationalism based on universal brotherhood and non-violent pacifism associated with Gandhi and Nehru' but on the motif of an increasingly assertive potential superpower.[231]

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: Jha . Ganganatha . Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi . 1920 . Motilal Banarsidass . 8120811550 . 1999 . 25 December 2019 . Constitution of the Court of Justice . 18 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220518033359/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/manusmriti-with-the-commentary-of-medhatithi/d/doc200908.html . live .
  2. Web site: Again RAW officer under cloud, IB searches his office, seals computer . . 23 July 2018 . en-gb . June 17, 2006 . 10 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220110201959/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/again-raw-officer-under-cloud-ib-searches-his-office-seals-computer/6659/ . live .
  3. News: Five years after 26/11, Intelligence services still crippled by staff shortage . The Hindu . November 26, 2013 . 10 October 2023 . 4 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231004171707/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/five-years-after-2611-intelligence-services-still-crippled-by-staff-shortage/article5391698.ece . live .
  4. News: B-Net:Reference Publications:India, Intelligence and Security:Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security (2004). https://web.archive.org/web/20100306003114/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5211/is_2004/ai_n19126352/ . dead . 6 March 2010 . Findarticles.com . 2 June 2009 . 11 October 2009.
  5. Web site: Federation of American Scientists . Fas.org . 11 October 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091203070530/http://fas.org/irp/world/india/raw/index.html . 3 December 2009 . dmy .
  6. Web site: RAW: India's External Intelligence Agency . Council on Foreign Relations . 2 July 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120707032714/http://www.cfr.org/india/raw-indias-external-intelligence-agency/p17707 . 7 July 2012 . dmy-all .
  7. News: What's the score on India's covert operations . Calcutta, India . The Telegraph . Jyoti . Malhotra . 15 August 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120410230845/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070815/asp/opinion/story_8195501.asp . 10 April 2012 . dmy-all .
  8. Web site: 2023-06-19 . IPS officer Ravi Sinha appointed new RAW chief, to succeed Samant Goel . 2023-06-30 . Hindustan Times . en . 28 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230628135105/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ips-officer-ravi-sinha-appointed-new-research-and-analysis-wing-chief-r-aw-raw-101687161691177.html . live .
  9. News: Balakot strategist Samant Goel is new RAW chief, Kashmir expert Arvind Kumar IB director. 2019-06-26. India Today. 2019-06-26. 26 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190626082325/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/balakot-strategist-samant-goel-is-new-raw-chief-kashmir-expert-arvind-kumar-ib-director-1556415-2019-06-26. live.
  10. Web site: Ranjan . Amitav . 2015-11-26 . On govt table: 5-yr term for RAW chief . 2023-12-19 . The Indian Express . en.
  11. News: Obituary:Rameshwar Nath Kao (1918–2002) . Sainis . Sunil . March–April 2002 . Volume 4(5) . Bharat Rakshak Monitor . 28 September 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090520170101/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/sainis.html . 20 May 2009 . dmy .
  12. Unraveling India's Foreign Intelligence: The Origins and Evolution of the Research and Analysis Wing . Shaffer . Ryan . 2015 . 28 . 2 . International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence . 10.1080/08850607.2015.992754 . 252–289 . 154372472 . dmy-all .
  13. Web site: Watch . Naxal . IntelliBriefs: Special report: New Era, New Hope at India's Intelligence Agency . Intellibriefs.blogspot.com . 15 February 2009 . 4 March 2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100205090738/http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/02/special-report-new-era-new-hope-at.html . 5 February 2010 . dmy-all .
  14. C K Kutty. A RAW Hand
  15. Web site: Can its new chief turn R&AW around?: Rediff.com news . Rediff.com . 28 September 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090518102120/http://in.rediff.com/news/2009/feb/02can-new-chief-turn-raw-around.htm . 18 May 2009 . dmy-all .
  16. Web site: India's Independent Weekly News Magazine . Tehelka . 28 May 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175215/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=Ws120911unintelligence.asp . 14 August 2014 . dmy-all .
  17. 'The Kaoboys of RAW: Down Memory Lane', B. Raman, Lancer Publishers (2007),
  18. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020506-234000,00.html India vs. Pakistan
  19. Book: Henderson . Robert W. . Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook: 2003 Edition (Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook (Paperback)) . Brassey's Inc . 978-1-57488-550-7 . 78 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160108060646/https://books.google.com/books?id=NEp9FjHckLYC . 8 January 2016 . dmy-all . 2003 .
  20. News: Intelligence agencies run into babu bind. Yadav. Yatish. 28 April 2013. The Sunday Standard. 21 May 2013. New Delhi. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130704132333/http://newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Intelligence-agencies-run-into-babu-bind/2013/04/28/article1564632.ece1. 4 July 2013. dmy-all.
  21. Book: Kenneth J. Conboy. James Morrison. The CIA's Secret War in Tibet. 2002. University Press of Kansas. 978-0-7006-1159-1. 188–195.
  22. Shaffer. Ryan. Significant Distrust and Drastic Cuts: The Indian Government's Uneasy Relationship with Intelligence . 10.1080/08850607.2017.1263529 . International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence . 30 . 3 . 522–531 . 2017 . 157714194.
  23. Shaffer. Ryan. Indian intelligence revealed: an examination of operations, failures and transformations . 10.1080/02684527.2017.1327135 . Intelligence and National Security . 32 . 4. 598–610. 2017 . 157485301.
  24. Book: Krishna Dhar . Maloy . Fulcrum of evil: ISI, CIA, Qaeda nexus . 2006-01-01. Manas Publications . 978-81-7049-278-8 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160108060646/https://books.google.com/books?id=TMG3xLZ89f8C . 8 January 2016 . dmy-all .
  25. Web site: A RAW hand: Rediff.com news . Rediff.com . 28 September 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20091231144319/http://inhome.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm?zcc=rl . 31 December 2009 . dmy-all .
  26. Web site: The new Indian Govt. & national security: Part V & last. https://web.archive.org/web/20071013095752/http://www.saag.org/papers11/paper1005.html. dead. 13 October 2007.
  27. Web site: 6th Pay commission recommendation on Cabinet Secretariat . 13 September 2013 . GoI . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130418013756/http://www.taxindiaonline.com/RC2/pdfdocs/6th_pay_commission/report/report7_4.pdf . 18 April 2013 . dmy-all .
  28. Book: Dixit . J. N. (Jyotindra Nath) . My South Block years: memoirs of a foreign secretary . 1996 . UBS Publishers' Distributors . New Delhi . 978-81-7476-132-3 . 418 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160108060646/https://books.google.com/books?id=6lFuAAAAMAAJ . 8 January 2016 . dmy-all .
  29. http://www.helplinelaw.com/docs/main.php3?id=RTON1 Dept. Right to Information
  30. Web site: Section 24 in The Right To Information Act, 2005. indiankanoon.org. 2 July 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120613065350/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1767825/. 13 June 2012. dmy-all.
  31. News: Reveal Case Details of Sex Abuse, Graft: CIC to RAW . 2 July 2012 . 2 July 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130502223919/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=767441 . 2 May 2013 .
  32. https://madc.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/856e9770c9b8e63e7bb0bcd428555d31/posts-259-mara-reih-athaipa-chata-rai-ruapa.pdf Recruitment Notice for Field Assistant (GD)
  33. Book: IDSA. A case for intelligence reforms in India. 2012. IDSA. 978-93-82169-03-1. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131013204746/http://idsa.in/system/files/book_IntellegenceReform.pdf. 13 October 2013. dmy-all.
  34. Web site: Bharath asked: How about a website for R&AW and can we recruit more people from outside UPSC route? we got to change | Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses . Idsa.in . 28 May 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120418162522/http://www.idsa.in/askanexpert/HowaboutawebsiteforRAWandcanwerecruitmorepeoplefromoutsideUPSCroute . 18 April 2012 . dmy-all .
  35. Web site: Ghosts Who Walk | Saikat Datta . Outlookindia.com . 28 May 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120407172251/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270538 . 7 April 2012 . dmy-all .
  36. Web site: Advertisement for position in Cabinet Secretariat . https://web.archive.org/web/20140325190918/http://www.davp.nic.in/WriteReadData/ADS/eng_58101_6_1213b.pdf. dead. Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity. 19 August 2013. 25 March 2014.
  37. Web site: Memorandum for lateral induction into RAS . 24 February 2012 . 11 September 2013 . Cabinet Secretariat . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120609223638/http://www.dop.rajasthan.gov.in/Uploadfiles/1932012_13248_Nomination%20of%20IFS%20for%20lateral%20Induction%20to%20the%20RAS.pdf . 9 June 2012 . dmy .
  38. Web site: Soon, a beefier, meaner, deadlier RAW . Rediff.com . 28 September 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20091008101430/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/aug/27raw.htm . 8 October 2009 . dmy-all .
  39. Web site: Career Queries Hotline: I want to join RAW. How should I go about it? . The Tribune . 28 September 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20091203091159/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020618/edu.htm . 3 December 2009 . dmy-all .
  40. Web site: Vinod Kumar Jain vs Union of India on 5 March, 2009. indiankanoon.org. 25 March 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122131/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/58327933/. 4 March 2016. dmy-all.
  41. Web site: RAW officer attempts suicide at PMO . Headlinesindia.com . 28 September 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090113073046/http://www.headlinesindia.com/defence-news/army/raw-officer-attempts-suicide-outside-pmo-531.html . 13 January 2009 .
  42. Web site: Raw at War-Genesis of Secret Agencies in Ancient India . Defencejournal.com . 28 September 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090502180923/http://www.defencejournal.com/feb-mar99/raw-at-war.htm . 2 May 2009 . dmy-all .
  43. Web site: To bridge language gap, R&AW ropes in native linguists as 'gurus'. Sarin. Ritu. 4 February 2014. The Indian Express. 23 February 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140301085823/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/to-bridge-language-gap-raw-ropes-in-native-linguists-as-gurus/. 1 March 2014. dmy-all.
  44. News: Soon, training school for secret agents in Mumbai . The Times of India . 17 July 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110717231320/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Soon-training-school-for-secret-agents-in-Mumbai/articleshow/9253591.cms . 17 July 2011 . dmy-all .
  45. "Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled"- Maloy Krishna Dhar. He was the joint director of IB.
  46. News: Five years after 26/11, Intelligence services still crippled by staff shortage . The Hindu . November 26, 2013 . 10 October 2023 . 4 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231004171707/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/five-years-after-2611-intelligence-services-still-crippled-by-staff-shortage/article5391698.ece . live .
  47. News: Why does India dither on bringing Dawood to justice?. Balakrishnan. S. 2 August 2013. DNA. 19 August 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130824045926/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1868769/report-why-does-india-dither-on-bringing-dawood-to-justice. 24 August 2013. dmy-all.
  48. News: A House for Mossad. Unnithan. Sandeep. 25 March 2013. India Today. 19 August 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130817025432/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/disproportionate-case-mossad-r-k--yadav-anand-kumar-verma/1/258012.html. 17 August 2013. dmy-all.
  49. Vohra Committee Report (Ministry of Home Affairs) . Indian Journal of Public Administration . 3 October 2017 . 41 . 3 . 640–647 . 10.1177/0019556119950343. 220370239 .
  50. Web site: South Asia news – India's silent warriors . Asia Times . 18 August 2007 . 28 May 2012 . unfit . https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175215/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IH18Df03.html . 14 August 2014 . dmy-all .
  51. Web site: How a special squad caught gangster Ravi Pujari. March 2020. 1 March 2020. Hindustan Times. 23 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623040948/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/on-the-run-for-over-20-years-how-a-special-squad-tracked-down-pujari/story-KJP5PGsHZQEQpR9ZK7tsTN_amp.html. live.
  52. Web site: R&AW had recruited three warlords in Afghanistan, says book. 2 August 2020. Deccan Herald. 10 October 2023. 15 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230415010922/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/national/raw-had-recruited-three-warlords-in-afghanistan-says-book-868599.html. live.
  53. Web site: India and Central Asia . Frontlineonnet.com . 28 September 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081202171947/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1919/19190600.htm . 2 December 2008 . dmy .
  54. Web site: India joins anti-Taliban coalition – Jane's Security News . Janes.com . 15 March 2001 . 28 September 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20080226012915/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir010315_1_n.shtml. 26 February 2008.
  55. News: India identifies terrorist training camps . CNN . 2001-09-19 . Bindra, Satinder . Sources told CNN that more than 120 camps are operating in the two countries. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073323/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/09/19/inv.afghanistan.camp/ . 2008-12-10.
  56. News: Hersh. Seymour. The Getaway. 17 July 2014. The New Yorker. 28 January 2002. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140701233232/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/01/28/020128fa_FACT?currentPage=all. 1 July 2014. dmy-all.
  57. News: How India secretly armed Afghanistan's Northern Alliance. Sudarshan. V.. 2019-09-01. The Hindu. 2019-09-10. en-IN. 0971-751X. 18 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818135158/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/how-india-secretly-armed-ahmad-shah-massouds-northern-alliance/article29310513.ece. live.
  58. News: Indian intelligence infiltrated Islamic State ring to track, arrest Afghan suicide bomber sent to hit Delhi. 11 July 2018. Indian Express. 11 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180711112514/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-intelligence-infiltrated-is-ring-to-track-arrest-afghan-suicide-bomber-sent-to-hit-delhi-5254357/lite/. live.
  59. Web site: Agencies rescue Indians abducted in Afghan. 4 January 2020. 4 January 2020. Sunday Guardian. 23 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623125423/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/agencies-rescue-indians-abducted-afghan. live.
  60. Web site: Did China Build a Spy Network in Kabul?. Ezzatullah. Mehrdad. thediplomat.com. 17 August 2021. 17 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817222700/https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/did-china-build-a-spy-network-in-kabul/. live.
  61. News: India's secret war in Bangladesh . Chennai, India . The Hindu . Praveen . Swami . 26 December 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140331062228/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-secret-war-in-bangladesh/article2747538.ece . 31 March 2014 . dmy-all .
  62. News: Before his assassination, there was an attempt on Mujib's life. R. K. Radhakrishnan. The Hindu. 25 March 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161226225316/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/before-his-assassination-there-was-an-attempt-on-mujibs-life/article4611312.ece. 26 December 2016. dmy-all. 13 April 2013.
  63. http://www.lankalibrary.com/pol/hasina.html The plan to assassinate Bangladesh Prime Minister Shiekh Hasina Wajed: How LTTE deal was blocked, suicide bombers failed to explode
  64. Web site: 'R&AW: A History of India's Covert Operations' showcases India's shadow warriors. 2 August 2020. New Indian Express. 10 October 2023. 20 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920033749/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/aug/02/raw-a-history-of-indias-covert-operations-showcases-indias-shadow-warriors-2176989.amp. live.
  65. Web site: R&AW covert ops dismantled Jamaat-e-Islami terror camps in 1992, reveals spymaster Amar Bhushan in book. 30 June 2018. 30 June 2018. First post. 6 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180706161727/https://www.firstpost.com/india/raw-covert-ops-dismantled-jamaat-e-islami-terror-camps-in-1992-reveals-spymaster-amar-bhushan-in-book-4636441.html/amp. live.
  66. News: Hazarika . Sanjoy . 11 June 1989 . Bangladeshi Insurgents Say India Is Supporting Them . https://web.archive.org/web/20140807013059/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/11/world/bangladeshi-insurgents-say-india-is-supporting-them.html. August 7, 2014. The New York Times.
  67. Bangladesh: A Critical Review of the Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT) Peace Accord. A. Kabir. Working Paper No 2. The Role of Parliaments in Conflict & Post Conflict in Asia. January 2005. 8 March 2015. 17 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220517154946/https://www.academia.edu/2504753. live.
  68. Book: M. S. Kohli. Kenneth J. Conboy. Spies in the Himalayas: Secret Missions and Perilous Climbs. 2002. University Press of Kansas. 978-0-7006-1223-9. 54–56.
  69. 'An Eye at the Top of the World', by Pete Takeda, Thunder's Mouth Press; 1st edition (4 September 2006),
  70. Spies in the Himalayas, by Kenneth Conboy and M.S. Kohli, University Press of Kansas (March 2003),
  71. Harish Kapadia, "Nanda Devi", in World Mountaineering, Audrey Salkeld, editor, Bulfinch Press, 1998,, pp. 254–257.
  72. News: Spy Robert Schaller's life of secrecy, betrayal and regrets . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . 25 March 2007 . 28 September 2009 . Carol . Smith . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141103171044/http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Spy-Robert-Schaller-s-life-of-secrecy-betrayal-1232285.php . 3 November 2014 . dmy-all .
  73. News: Pak-bound Chinese ship intercepted in India, contains cargo used to launch missiles. 17 February 2020. MoneyControl. 17 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200217164700/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/pak-bound-chinese-ship-intercepted-in-india-contains-cargo-used-to-launch-missiles-4951051.html/amp. live.
  74. News: Mystery Chinese ship to Karachi, 5 indicted in US show Pakistan's nuclear racket is alive. 20 February 2020. The Print.
  75. Web site: Ali . Lehaz . Pakistan Official Says China Halts Work On Two Projects After Deadly Attack . 2024-04-30 . www.barrons.com . en-US.
  76. Web site: Hussain . Abid . March of ‘terror’: Pakistan grapples with deadly attacks on China interests . 2024-04-30 . Al Jazeera . en.
  77. News: 'RAW: A History of India's Covert Operations' showcases India's shadow warriors . 20 June 2021 . Indian Express . Indian Express Group . August 2, 2020 . 1 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210601210018/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/aug/02/raw-a-history-of-indias-covert-operations-showcases-indias-shadow-warriors-2176989.html . live .
  78. Web site: Ex-R&AW officers want PM to act against Hamid Ansari's 'anti-national' acts. 6 July 2019. 9 July 2019. Sunday Guardian. 8 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190708031124/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/ex-raw-officers-want-pm-act-hamid-ansaris-anti-national-acts. live.
  79. News: Malaysia: Sikh militant groups' new base. 31 August 2010. Rediff.com. 27 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200627014320/https://www.rediff.com/amp/news/report/malaysia-sikh-militant-groups-new-base/20100831.htm. live.
  80. News: Trial of 'RAW Agent' in German Court Casts Spotlight on India's Secret War Against Khalistan Terror. 19 May 2020. News18. 23 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200523080722/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/trial-of-raw-agent-in-german-court-casts-spotlight-on-indias-secret-war-against-khalistan-terror-in-europe-2624861.html. live.
  81. News: Malaysian woman accused of Khalistani terror funding arrested. 17 August 2019. India Today. 18 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818002643/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/malaysian-woman-accused-of-khalistani-terror-funding-arrested-1581721-2019-08-17. live.
  82. News: Deported from Malaysia, Punjab terrorist arrested in Chennai. 6 November 2014. Business Standard. 8 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230408065657/https://www.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ians/deported-from-malaysia-punjab-terrorist-arrested-in-chennai-114110601173_1.html. live.
  83. Web site: Operation Cactus . https://web.archive.org/web/20020330080238/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1990s/Cactus.html . dead . 30 March 2002 . Bharat-rakshak.com . 3 November 1988 . 28 September 2009 . dmy .
  84. Web site: RAW Stuns ISI and MSS; Foils China-Pakistan Nexus in Maldives. 30 June 2019. 30 June 2019. The Eurasian Times. 12 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191212035303/https://eurasiantimes.com/raw-stuns-isi-and-mss-spy-agencies-foils-china-pakistan-nexus-in-maldives/. live.
  85. Book: David Brewster. India's Ocean: the Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership. Retrieved 13 August 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160107070526/http://www.academia.edu/7992843/Extract_from_Indias_Ocean_-_Operation_Lal_Dora. 7 January 2016. dmy-all.
  86. http://www.india-seminar.com/2005/550/550%20subir%20bhaumik.htm Guns, drugs and rebels
  87. Web site: India seen arming Burma to counter Chinese. The Washington Times. 27 July 2020. 8 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160308063221/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/mar/23/20070323-103215-4113r/?page=all. live.
  88. Book: Troubled Periphery: The Crisis of India's North East By Subir Bhaumik. 9788132104797. Bhaumik. Subir. 10 December 2009. SAGE Publications India .
  89. Web site: Why the Modi government decided to deliberately leak information about the Myanmar strikes. 12 June 2015. 12 June 2015. Scroll. 13 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150613213913/http://scroll.in/article/733855/why-the-modi-government-decided-to-deliberately-leak-information-about-the-myanmar-strikes. live.
  90. Web site: How R&AW Attacked ISI in Nepal And Finished Terrorists. 13 November 2013. Defence Lover. 12 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170312060039/http://defencelover.in/nepal-and-india-raw/. live.
  91. Web site: The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Dehradun Edition . tribuneindia.com . 24 April 2023 . 23 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230423083538/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110910/dun.htm#3 . live .
  92. News: दोहरे हत्याकांड में लकी कमांडो समेत पांचों आरोपी बरी . livehindustan.com . 7 March 2018 . hindi . 21 July 2023 . 20 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230920041753/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/haldwani/story-five-accused-including-lucky-commando-in-double-murder-casea-acquitted-1837453.html . live .
  93. News: R.A.W Hitman: The real story of Agent Lima brings the interesting story of Lucky Bisht. The Telegraph. 21 July 2023. 19 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230719164926/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/r-a-w-hitman-the-real-story-of-agent-lima-brings-the-interesting-story-of-lucky-bisht/cid/1945689. live.
  94. Web site: एक्स रॉ एजेंट लकी बिष्ट की ज़िन्दगी से रूबरू होगी दुनिया, एस. हुसैन जैदी ने लिखी 'रॉ हिटमैन' बायोग्राफी. www.india.com. 21 July 2023. 19 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230719165113/https://www.india.com/hindi-news/news/delhi/nsg-commando-ex-raw-agent-lucky-bishts-biography-raw-hitman-published-s-hussain-zaidi-is-the-author-6112950/. live.
  95. Web site: Intelligence op that spanned 3 nations, 20 yrs led to Tunda's arrest . 18 August 2013 . Hindustan Times . 18 August 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130818142147/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Intelligence-op-that-spanned-3-nations-20-yrs-led-to-Tunda-s-arrest/Article1-1109280.aspx . 18 August 2013 . dmy .
  96. News: Terror vet falls into net. 17 August 2013. The Telegraph. 18 August 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130821125707/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130818/jsp/frontpage/story_17243306.jsp. 21 August 2013. dmy-all.
  97. Web site: 2 April 2014. Bangladesh, Nepal helped India nab IM top guns. 19 July 2020. Hindustan Times. en. 19 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200719080502/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bangladesh-nepal-helped-india-nab-im-top-guns/story-ScJxf7cONPSefqxK8VxoJL.html. live.
  98. Web site: Shah . Syed Ali . 2016-03-24 . 'RAW officer' arrested in Balochistan . 2022-04-05 . DAWN.COM . en . 26 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160326070900/http://www.dawn.com/news/1247665 . live .
  99. Web site: Vanished' Pakistan Officer Was on a 'Sensitive' ISI Mission to Nepal. 12 April 2017. 12 April 2017. CNN-News18. 15 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170415161137/http://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/vanished-pakistan-officer-was-on-a-sensitive-isi-mission-to-nepal-1372013.html. live.
  100. Web site: Shaurya . Surabhi . 22 September 2022 . Breaking: ISI Agent Laal Mohammad— Biggest Supplier of Fake notes in India Shot Dead in Nepal . 2023-12-19 . india.com . en.
  101. Web site: Mole and careless Pak army ensured early victory in 1971'. 6 August 2007. BDnews24. 23 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623015341/https://m.bdnews24.com/amp/en/detail/bangladesh/147067. live.
  102. Web site: Story of R&AW agent, Ravinder Kaushik, who worked as a Pakistan Army Major - Forgotten hero . 2023-01-25 . The Economic Times . 25 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230125093651/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/story-of-raw-agent-ravinder-kaushik-who-worked-as-a-pakistan-army-major/new-identity-in-pak/slideshow/58240717.cms . live .
  103. Web site: Paul . Aditya . 10 August 2022 . ... Remembering Ravindra Kaushik's... . 25 January 2023 . . 25 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230125095323/https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/indias-soldiers-in-shadows-remembering-ravindra-kaushiks-supreme-sacrifice-for-nation-all-you-need-to-know-about-black-tiger-article-93461316/amp . live .
  104. Book: Robert Hutchinson. Weapons of Mass Destruction. 2003. Orion. 978-1-78022-377-3. 136. In a stunning intelligence coup, India apparently first learned of Pakistan's programmed by analyzing the hair samples snatched from the floor of barber shops near the Pakistani nuclear research facility at Kahuta. India's external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing, sent the samples to New Delhi's BHABHA Atomic Research Center, which discovered clear indications from analysis of the hair, that Pakistan had developed the ability to enrich uranium to weapons-grade quality.
  105. Web site: RAW & MOSSAD: The Secret Link . Rediff.com . 8 September 2003 . 28 September 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090912075501/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08spec.htm . 12 September 2009 . dmy-all .
  106. According to 18–24 September 1988 issue of the weekly Indian Magazine Sunday
  107. News: War at the Top of the World . Time . 7 November 2005 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100414200007/http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501050711/story2.html . 14 April 2010 . dmy .
  108. Web site: The 'Jihad' Against India . Newsline.com.pk . 28 September 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20071202125431/http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsJul2007/bookmarkjuly.htm. 2 December 2007.
  109. Web site: Sarabjit Singh, and the spies India left out in the cold. Praveen Swami. 28 April 2013. First Post. 28 April 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130531231211/http://www.firstpost.com/india/sarabjit-singh-and-the-spies-we-left-out-in-the-cold-734703.html. 31 May 2013. dmy-all.
  110. Web site: Covert contestation . Hinduonnet.com . 12 March 1972 . 28 September 2009 . usurped . https://web.archive.org/web/20100110212607/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2219/stories/20050923004503000.htm . 10 January 2010 . dmy-all .
  111. Web site: Covert contestation. hinduonnet.com. 25 March 2016. usurped. https://web.archive.org/web/20100811061637/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2219/stories/20050923004503000.htm. 11 August 2010. dmy-all.
  112. Web site: Under Cover of Deniability. News report. 25 March 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130502201825/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264366. 2 May 2013. dmy-all.
  113. News: Dangerous game of state-sponsored terror that threatens nuclear conflict. 5 May 2006. Rory. McCarthy. The Guardian. London. 25 May 2002. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175215/https://www.theguardian.com/kashmir/Story/0,2763,722049,00.html. 14 August 2014. dmy-all.
  114. Web site: Directorate for ISI article on FAS, Intelligence Resource Program . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140611053322/https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ . 11 June 2014 . dmy .
  115. Web site: R A W: Kashmir & Beyond. The Kashmir Telegraph . 28 September 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20081202033300/http://www.kashmirtelegraph.com/raw.htm . 2 December 2008 . dmy-all .
  116. Web site: Subir Bhaumik . 550, Subir Bhaumik, Guns, drugs and rebels . India-seminar.com . 28 September 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090923193152/http://www.india-seminar.com/2005/550/550%20subir%20bhaumik.htm . 23 September 2009 . dmy-all .
  117. Web site: A RAW hand: Rediff.com news . Rediff.com . 28 September 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100315153842/http://us.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm . 15 March 2010 . dmy-all .
  118. Web site: R&AW intelligence saved Prez Musharraf's life in 2004. 4 July 2015. DNA. 10 October 2023. 4 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231004142601/https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-raw-intelligence-saved-prez-musharraf-s-life-in-2004-2101535. live.
  119. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/57012.html India's lack of preparedness raised Mumbai death toll
  120. https://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP249.pdf Lessons of Mumbai
  121. Web site: Virsanghvi.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20100427083702/http://www.virsanghvi.com/CounterPoint-ArticleDetail.aspx?ID=474. dead. 27 April 2010.
  122. Web site: Hindustan Times - Archive News. https://web.archive.org/web/20100426101803/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Why-politicians-won-t-get-off-the-line/H1-Article1-535365.aspx. dead. 26 April 2010. Hindustan Times.
  123. News: Timeline: How the Kulbhushan Jadhav saga unfolded . DAWN . 17 July 2019 . en.
  124. News: Who is Kulbhushan Jadhav? . The Hindu . 10 April 2017 . en-IN . Kulbhushan Jadhav was allegedly arrested in the Chaman area of Balochistan on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border on March 3, 2016. Pakistan said he was a serving Indian naval officer and accused him of working for India's Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)..
  125. News: Masood . Salman . Kumar . Hari . Pakistan Sentences Indian Spy to Death for Operating Terrorism Ring . The New York Times . 10 April 2017.
  126. News: Transcript of R&AW agent Kulbhushan's confessional statement . DAWN.COM . 30 March 2016 . en.
  127. News: [Exclusive] Inside story of India's daring surgical strikes against Pakistan]. 9 October 2016. DailyO. 14 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161014232326/http://www.dailyo.in/lite/politics/surgical-strikes-narendra-modi-indian-army-india-pak-nawaz-sharif-line-of-control-pok-kashmir-baramulla/story/1/13303.html. live.
  128. Web site: Moles inside terror camps sent info for Balakot strike. 23 October 2019. Rediff.com. 15 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024145/https://www.rediff.com/amp/news/interview/moles-at-terror-camps-sent-info-for-balakot-strike/20191023.htm. live.
  129. Web site: Balakot: How India planned IAF airstrike in Pakistan. 25 March 2019. India Today. 26 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190326002024/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/magazine/cover-story/story/20190325-balakot-airstrikes-pulwama-terror-attack-abhinandan-varthaman-narendra-modi-masood-azhar-1478511-2019-03-15. live.
  130. Web site: IC 814 hijacker Zahoor Mistry killed in Pakistan, Masood Azhar's brother attends funeral: Reports. 9 March 2022. 9 March 2022. The Indian Express. 9 March 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220309073322/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ic-814-hijacker-zahoor-mistry-killed-in-pakistan-7809422/lite/. live.
  131. News: Ellis-Petersen . Hannah . Hassan . Aakash . Baloch . Shah Meer . 2024-04-04 . Indian government ordered killings in Pakistan, intelligence officials claim . 2024-04-04 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
  132. Web site: Wanted In India, Top Hizbul Commander Killed In Pakistan . 2023-06-21 . NDTV.com . 21 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230621121512/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/wanted-in-india-top-hizbul-commander-killed-in-pakistan-3802474 . live .
  133. Web site: Khalistan Commando Force chief Paramjit Singh Panjwar, wanted by India, gunned down in Pakistan . 2023-06-21 . WION . en-us . 21 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230621123957/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/paramjit-singh-panjwar-terrorist-wanted-by-india-gunned-down-in-pakistan-report-589648 . live .
  134. News: Ellis-Petersen . Hannah . Hassan . Aakash . Baloch . Shah Meer . 2024-04-04 . Indian government ordered killings in Pakistan, intelligence officials claim . 2024-05-06 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
  135. Web site: 2023-03-27 . Philippines arrests suspected Sikh separatists in first Khalistan detection . 2023-06-30 . Arab News . en.
  136. Web site: 2023-03-29 . 3 suspected members of Khalistan Tiger Force arrested in the Philippines . 2023-06-30 . The Indian Express . en . 1 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230701033125/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/3-suspected-members-khalistan-tiger-force-arrested-philippines-8525167/ . live .
  137. Web site: PH deports suspected Indian terrorists . 20 September 2023 . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003233052/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/5/19/ph-deports-suspected-indian-terrorist.html . dead .
  138. Web site: Of 24 terror suspects turned in by Gulf countries to India since 2012, 18 are from UAE and Saudi. 24 August 2018. Hindustan Times. 10 October 2023. 4 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231004165801/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/of-24-terror-suspects-turned-in-by-gulf-countries-to-india-since-2012-18-are-from-uae-and-saudi/story-225ND6iIOaWrD9mYZYRFLL_amp.html. live.
  139. Web site: Terror case accused deported from Saudi, held from airport. 22 September 2020. Times Of India. 10 October 2023. 26 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200926124020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/terror-case-accused-deported-from-saudi-held-from-airport/articleshow/78241881.cms. live.
  140. Web site: Deported from Saudi, LeT 'terror recruiter' held by NIA. 30 August 2020. Indian Express. 10 October 2023. 4 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231004150725/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/deported-from-saudi-let-terror-recruiter-held-by-nia-6575605/lite/. live.
  141. Web site: Abu Jundal, 6 others sentenced to life imprisonment in 2006 Aurangabad arms haul case. 2 August 2016. Indian Express. 10 October 2023. 4 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231004152229/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/abu-jundal-aurangabad-arms-haul-case-life-imprisonment-2949408/lite/. live.
  142. Web site: Mishra . Abhinandan . 2023-04-01 . Saudi, Indian intelligence come together to combat terrorism . 2023-06-30 . The Sunday Guardian Live . en-US . 30 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210705/https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/saudi-indian-intelligence-come-together-to-combat-terrorism . live .
  143. News: Chaudhury . Dipanjan Roy . 2023-04-01 . Saudi cabinet okays cooperation with Indian intelligence agencies . The Economic Times . 2023-06-30 . 0013-0389 . 30 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210703/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/saudi-cabinet-okays-cooperation-with-indian-intelligence-agencies/articleshow/99155102.cms?from=mdr . live .
  144. Web site: Madras Cafe brings back memories | Niti Central . 2013-08-25 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130827022835/http://www.niticentral.com/2013/08/25/madras-cafe-brings-back-memories-123664.html . 27 August 2013 . Madras Cafe brings back memories by Tavleen Singh
  145. Web site: 26/11 attacks handler arrested. 18 January 2010. 19 January 2010. Hindustan Times.
  146. News: Chalmers. John. Miglani. Sanjeev. Indian spy's role alleged in Sri Lankan president's election defeat. 2 February 2015. Reuters. US. 17 January 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150203032640/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/18/us-sri-lanka-election-india-insight-idUSKBN0KR03020150118. 3 February 2015. dmy-all.
  147. News: India denies RAW deal in Sri Lanka's recent elections. 2 February 2015. New Delhi. Hindustan Times. 19 January 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150130024310/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/intel-agencies-deny-raw-official-s-hand-in-rajapaksa-s-defeat/article1-1308061.aspx. 30 January 2015. dmy-all.
  148. News: SL election won by the people, not by RAW-Mangala. 2 February 2015. Daily Mirror. 19 January 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150203032451/http://www.dailymirror.lk/61561/sri-lankan-election-won-by-the-people-not-by-raw-mangala. 3 February 2015. dmy-all.
  149. Web site: Spies rule the roast. 11 November 2018. The Week. 10 October 2023. 20 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920041038/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2018/11/03/spies-rule-the-roost.amp.html. live.
  150. News: India's first alert sent to Lanka 17 days before deadly bombing, then 2 more. 22 April 2019. Hindustan Times. 24 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190424031058/https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-sent-three-alerts-to-sri-lanka-before-attack/story-o4UxdS30demqRFwMRwxE2O_amp.html. live.
  151. News: Sri Lanka bomb blasts: Precision intelligence warnings on Colombo were ignored, documents show. 22 April 2019. First Post. 22 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190422195614/https://www.firstpost.com/world/sri-lanka-bomb-blasts-precision-intelligence-warnings-on-colombo-were-ignored-documents-show-6496211.html/amp. live.
  152. News: Mossad, MI5 roped in to shield Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Turkey?. 15 November 2015. Times of India. 29 June 2020. 17 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210517081759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mossad-mi5-roped-in-to-shield-prime-minister-narendra-modi-in-turkey/articleshow/49786782.cms. live.
  153. Web site: Knott . Matthew . 2024-04-30 . Indian spies booted out of Australia for trying to steal sensitive information . 2024-04-30 . The Sydney Morning Herald . en.
  154. Web site: 2024-04-29 . An assassination plot on American soil reveals a darker side of Modi’s India . 2024-04-30 . Washington Post . en.
  155. Web site: ANI. Khalistani terrorists from Belgium, UK planning to kill a farmer leader: intelligence agencies. 17 February 2021. 17 February 2021. Mint. 17 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210217082040/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/khalistani-terrorists-planning-to-kill-a-farmer-leader-intelligence-agencies/amp-11613547238202.html. live.
  156. Web site: Plan to eliminate a farmer leader by Khalistani terrorist organisation leaders from Belgium, UK tracked by Central intel agencies. 2021-12-24. ANI News. en. 24 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211224125221/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/plan-to-eliminate-a-farmer-leader-by-khalistani-terrorist-organisation-leaders-from-belgium-uk-tracked-by-central-intel-agencies20210217124843/. live.
  157. Web site: Trial of 'R&AW Agent' in German Court Casts Spotlight on India's Secret War Against Khalistan Terror in Europe. 19 May 2019. News18. 23 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200523080722/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/trial-of-raw-agent-in-german-court-casts-spotlight-on-indias-secret-war-against-khalistan-terror-in-europe-2624861.html. live.
  158. Web site: Italy: The latest ISI outpost. First Post. 1 February 2019. 27 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190427175127/https://www.firstpost.com/world/italy-the-latest-isi-outpost-6010711.html/amp. live.
  159. News: Sikh Extremists In Canada, The UK And Italy Are Working With ISI Or Independently. 1 February 2018. Outlook. 3 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180203090858/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/amp/sikh-extremists-in-canada-the-uk-and-italy-are-working-with-isi-or-independently/299753. live.
  160. Web site: R&AW: A History of India's Covert Operations' showcases India's shadow warriors. 2 August 2020. The New Indian Express. 10 October 2023. 20 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920033749/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/aug/02/raw-a-history-of-indias-covert-operations-showcases-indias-shadow-warriors-2176989.amp. live.
  161. Web site: Know all about the 2 prominent 'Khalistani extremists' who led anti-India rally in London amid farmers' protest in India. 9 December 2020. India Today. 10 October 2023. 20 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920035415/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/know-all-about-the-2-prominent-khalistani-extremists-who-led-anti-india-rally-in-london-amid-farmers-protest-in-india-1747912-2020-12-09. live.
  162. Web site: UK-based Khalistan Liberation Force chief on life support in London, poisoning suspected . 2023-06-30 . India Today . en . 30 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210703/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/khalistan-liberation-force-chief-avtar-singh-khanda-poisoned-life-support-at-hospital-in-london-2393179-2023-06-15 . live .
  163. Web site: 2023-06-15 . Amritpal Singh's close aide Avtar Singh Khanda dies in UK . 2023-06-30 . mint . en . 30 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210703/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/amritpal-singhs-close-aide-and-khalistan-sympathiser-avtar-singh-khanda-dies-in-uk-11686802631976.html . live .
  164. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/documents/tab1.pdf CBC
  165. https://web.archive.org/web/20061004011415/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060925/airindia_inquiry_060925/20060925?hub=TopStories Air India witness describes impact of wife's death
  166. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia Air India In depth
  167. Web site: Canadian politicians were targets of Indian intelligence covert influence operation: document. 17 April 2020. Global News. 10 October 2023. 15 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230415094608/https://globalnews.ca/news/6823170/canadian-politicians-targeted-indian-intelligence/amp/. live.
  168. News: Canada, UK remain safe havens for Khalistani terrorists, says expert. Business Standard India. 19 July 2019. Business Standard. 10 October 2023. 11 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230411081406/https://www.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ani/canada-uk-remain-safe-havens-for-khalistani-terrorists-says-expert-119071601004_1.html. live.
  169. Web site: Canadian report flags ISI using pro-Khalistan elements for terror acts in India. 10 July 2020. Hindustan Times. 10 October 2023. 4 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231004143152/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/canadian-report-flags-isi-using-pro-khalistan-elements-for-terror-acts-in-india/story-0i4fpUgzRHOBDFjR9XySFL_amp.html. live.
  170. Web site: Hardeep Nijjar is Third Pro-Khalistani Activist to Die Abroad in 45 Days, Canada Probing Motive . 2023-06-30 . The Wire . 30 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210703/https://thewire.in/world/hardeep-singh-nijjar-killing-khalistan-speculation . live .
  171. Web site: 2023-06-19 . Khalistani leader shot dead inside gurdwara in Canada . 2023-06-30 . The Independent . en . 30 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210707/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/khalistan-leader-shot-dead-canada-b2360146.html . live .
  172. Web site: Murder at the temple: The conflicting legacies of a B.C. Sikh leader Globalnews.ca . 2023-06-30 . Global News . en-US . 19 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230919144314/https://globalnews.ca/news/9784316/hardeep-singh-nijjar-death-surrey-b-c/ . live .
  173. News: Isai . Vjosa . 2023-06-24 . Killing of Sikh Leader Raises Fears in British Columbia . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-06-30 . 0362-4331 . 30 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630210703/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/24/world/canada/sikh-killing-british-columbia-india.html . live .
  174. News: Austen . Ian . Isai . Vjosa . 2023-09-18 . Justin Trudeau Accuses India in a Killing on Canadian Soil . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-18 . 0362-4331 . 19 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230919010329/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/18/world/canada/canada-india-sikh-killing.html . live .
  175. Web site: India rejects allegations by Canada . 2023-10-10 . www.mea.gov.in . english . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008193938/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37125/India_rejects_allegations_by_Canada . live .
  176. Web site: 2023-11-22 . US foils bid to kill Sikh terrorist Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, warns India: Report . 2024-04-04 . Livemint.
  177. News: 2024-03-20 . India's Probe Finds Rogue Officials Involved in US Murder Plot . 2024-04-04 . Bloomberg.com.
  178. News: An assassination plot on American soil reveals a darker side of Modi’s India . Washington Post . April 29, 2024.
  179. News: Ellis-Petersen . Hannah . Hassan . Aakash . Baloch . Shah Meer . Indian government ordered killings in Pakistan, intelligence officials claim . The Guardian . 4 April 2024.
  180. Outlook reports on RAW corruption: Outlookindia.com
  181. Singh VK. India's External Intelligence: Secrets of Research and Analysis Wing (RAW). New Delhi: Manas Publications. Pg 87
  182. Singh VK. India's External Intelligence: Secrets of Research and Analysis Wing (RAW). New Delhi: Manas Publications. Pg 12
  183. http://in.news.yahoo.com/070921/211/6l26e.html RAW man protests CBI raid on his home over story book
  184. Web site: 'Sexually harassed but no one listening': suicide bid at PMO by RAW director . The Indian Express . 20 August 2008 . 28 September 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081204204148/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/350996.html . 4 December 2008 .
  185. Web site: RAW officer attempts suicide near PMO . RAW officer attempts suicide near PMO . NDTV.com . 19 August 2008 . 28 September 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081202115533/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080062175 . 2 December 2008 . dmy .
  186. Web site: RAW officer attempts suicide at PMO . Newstrackindia.com . 20 August 2008 . 28 September 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100423145447/http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/12668 . 23 April 2010 . dmy-all .
  187. Web site: Ms. Nisha Priya Bhatia vs Cabinet Secretariat (R) on 31 December, 2009 . Indiankanoon.org . 28 May 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120319031347/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1061624/ . 19 March 2012 . dmy-all .
  188. Web site: No 'grave' mental disorder, institute seeks review in trial of ex-RAW official . The Indian Express . 1 March 2011 . 28 May 2012 . dmy-all . 4 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110304121325/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/no-grave-mental-disorder-institute-seeks/756075/ . live .
  189. Web site: Arrested RAW director gets bail in trespass case . The Indian Express . 10 December 2009 . 28 May 2012 . dmy-all . 14 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175215/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Foreign-baddies-muscle-into-Tamil-cinema/2013/09/01/article1757724.ece . live .
  190. News: Former RAW official tries to undress in court . The Times of India . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013752/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Former-RAW-official-tries-to-undress-in-court/articleshow/7326218.cms . 24 January 2011 . dmy .
  191. Web site: CAT snubs R&AW, reinstates officer . The Indian Express . 19 March 2010 . 28 May 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110123005713/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cat-snubs-r%26aw-reinstates-officer/592870/ . 23 January 2011 . dmy-all .
  192. Web site: No 'grave' mental disorder, institute seeks review in trial of ex-RAW official . The Indian Express . 1 March 2011 . 28 May 2012 . dmy-all . 14 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175215/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Foreign-baddies-muscle-into-Tamil-cinema/2013/09/01/article1757724.ece . live .
  193. News: Ex-RAW official to stay in medical detention . The Times of India . 28 January 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160210074902/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ex/RAW-official-to-stay-in-medical-detention/articleshow/7376165.cms . 10 February 2016 . dmy-all .
  194. News: Protesting slow pace of trial, woman strips in HC . The Times of India . 21 January 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110124204733/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Protesting-slow-pace-of-trial-woman-strips-in-HC/articleshow/7330669.cms . 24 January 2011 . dmy-all .
  195. Web site: Former RAW official strips in Delhi court -India News – IBN7 . Ibnlive.in.com . 21 January 2011 . 28 May 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120501030648/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/former-raw-official-strips-in-court/141077-3.html . 1 May 2012 . dmy-all .
  196. News: Correspondent. Legal. Sanity slur off. 16 December 2014. Calcutta Telegraph. 15 December 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141216145356/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141216/jsp/nation/story_3825.jsp. 16 December 2014. dmy-all.
  197. News: Front Page : RAW official arrested on graft charge . 4 February 2009 . 28 September 2009 . Chennai, India . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090629014937/http://hindu.com/2009/02/04/stories/2009020455681300.htm . 29 June 2009 . . dmy-all .
  198. Web site: India's spies the latest to go on strike: Rediff.com news . Rediff.com . 7 September 2009 . 28 September 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20091014065415/http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/07/indias-spies-the-latest-to-go-on-strike.htm . 14 October 2009 . dmy-all .
  199. Web site: IPS promoted, RAW officials strike with a holiday – Yahoo! India News . Yahoo! News . 28 September 2009 .
  200. Web site: Spy Versus Spy | Saikat Datta . Outlookindia.com . 28 May 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121016030914/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?237864 . 16 October 2012 . dmy-all .
  201. Web site: Madras Cafe brings back uncomfortable memories of the CIA's honey trap. Unnithan. Sandip. 29 August 2013. India Today. 11 September 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130912104153/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/madras-cafe-madras-honey-trap-john-abraham-cia-ltte-raw/1/304302.html. 12 September 2013. dmy-all.
  202. News: Such a long Lankan journey. Gupta. Shekhar. 11 September 2013. The Indian Express. 11 September 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130914042030/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/such-a-long-lankan-journey/1167330/0. 14 September 2013. dmy-all.
  203. News: Spy Catching. Bahdwar. Inderjit. 30 September 1987. India Today. 11 September 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130918113918/http://media2.intoday.in/indiatoday/9_30_1987-RAW_Spy-Catching.pdf. 18 September 2013. dmy-all.
  204. Web site: India's CIA spy scandal . Janes.com . 11 September 2001 . 28 September 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164631/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jid/jid040701_1_n.shtml. 25 February 2008.
  205. C K Kutty. Did the CIA help Rabinder Singh flee?
  206. Web site: Rabinder in US, we want him back: RAW in court . The Indian Express . 2 November 2006 . 28 September 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080307091854/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/15865.html . 7 March 2008 .
  207. News: Yadav. Yatish. Former Spy Reveals Secrets of Research and Analysis Wing. 6 April 2014. The New Indian Express. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407151105/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Former-Spy-Reveals-Secrets-of-Research-and-Analysis-Wing/2014/04/06/article2151632.ece. 7 April 2014. dmy-all.
  208. Web site: Bangladeshi worked for RAW for 6 years- Hindustan Times . Newsrack.in . 28 September 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080108064316/http://newsrack.in/DisplayNewsItem.do%3Bjsessionid%3D12C267E943FFA098F3EF22DDAB5D0D83?ni=12.6.2007%2F390.ht.india%2Fni1.redir.aspx_ID%3D0d7300bc-67d0-4611-9eee-6713d46e0630 . 8 January 2008 . dmy-all .
  209. http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=0d7300bc-67d0-4611-9eee-6713d46e0630&MatchID1=4586&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=8&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1151&MatchID2=4588&TeamID3=3&TeamID4=5&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1152&PrimaryID=4586&Headline=Bangladeshi+worked+for+R%26amp%3bAW+for+6+years Bangladeshi worked for RAW for 6 years
  210. Web site: New Delhi admits spy served in Indian Navy . The Express Tribune . 26 March 2016 . 26 March 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160326043309/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1073072/caught-in-balochistan-new-delhi-admits-spy-served-in-indian-navy/ . 26 March 2016 . dmy-all .
  211. Web site: India accepts 'spy' as former navy officer, denies having links . DAWN . 25 March 2016 . 26 March 2016 . Mateen Haider, Shakeel Qarar . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160326065950/http://www.dawn.com/news/1247850/india-accepts-spy-as-former-navy-officer-denies-having-links . 26 March 2016 . dmy-all .
  212. Web site: RAW agent reveals, more spies present to destabilize Pakistan. geo.tv. 27 March 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160329041148/http://www.geo.tv/latest/102925-From-Kul-Bashan-Yadav-to-Mubarak-Patel-The-journey-of-a-RAW-agent. 29 March 2016. dmy-all.
  213. Web site: Dunya News reveals undeniable facts about arrested RAW agent – Pakistan – Dunya News. dunyanews.tv. 14 February 2008 . 25 March 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170516003833/http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/329205-Dunya-News-reveals-undeniable-facts-about-arrested. 16 May 2017. dmy-all.
  214. Web site: Alleged 'Indian spy' arrested in Pakistan has no connection with govt: MEA to Islamabad. Zee News. 25 March 2016 . 26 March 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160327141348/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/alleged-indian-spy-arrested-in-pakistan-is-ex-naval-officer-no-connection-to-govt-mea-tells-islamabad_1869157.html. 27 March 2016. dmy-all.
  215. Web site: Iran President Dismisses Pakistan's RAW Spy Claim. The New Indian Express. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160404192454/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Iran-President-Dismisses-Pakistans-RAW-Spy-Claim/2016/03/27/article3348018.ece. 4 April 2016. dmy-all.
  216. 'Advani pressed for release of terrorist', Hindustan Times, Saturday, 18 April 2009, Page 1
  217. Web site: Kashmir After Kandahar . Hinduonnet.com . 4 March 2010 . usurped . https://web.archive.org/web/20100304192006/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1702/17020040.htm . 4 March 2010 . dmy-all .
  218. Web site: The Fierce One. The Caravan. 25 March 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160322172426/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/fierce-one. 22 March 2016. dmy-all.
  219. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1575847 Approvals of the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet
  220. Web site: A RAW hand . Rediff.com . 28 May 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120531062908/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm . 31 May 2012 . dmy-all .
  221. Web site: Fair Observer - Advisors . 2011-09-15 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927023147/http://fairobserver.com/advisors . 27 September 2011 . dmy-all . Fair Observer Advisor List
  222. Web site: Ten Bollywood female spies... . Live Mint.
  223. News: Mission Majnu teaser out! Sidharth Malhotra plays RAW agent, promises to protect India . 22 November 2023 . India Today . en.
  224. Web site: Watch Adrishya Onilne Episode 6 Ravindra Kaushik EPIC ON . 2023-10-02 . www.epicon.in . en . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003233050/https://www.epicon.in/tv-shows/adrishya/season-1/e6-ravindra-kaushik . live .
  225. News: Sacred Games: Radhika Apte on playing a RAW agent, the freedom that comes with a Netflix series. en-US. Firstpost. 2018-11-09. 9 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181109113644/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sacred-games-radhika-apte-on-playing-a-raw-agent-the-freedom-that-comes-with-a-netflix-series-4716311.html. live.
  226. Web site: Mondal. Sayantan. 1 April 2017. Naam Madam X1: Before Shabana Khan, these female secret agents saved the country from peril. 2021-08-29. Scroll.in. en-US. 29 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210829105125/https://scroll.in/reel/833296/naam-madam-x1-before-shabana-khan-these-female-secret-agents-saved-the-country-from-peril. live.
  227. News: Prakash . Priya . New War, New Plan: 'Ranneeti - Balakot & Beyond' To Release On This Date . 27 April 2024 . . 18 April 2024 . en.
  228. News: Bureau . The Hindu . JioCinema teases war room drama 'Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond' . 27 February 2024 . subscription . . 26 February 2024 . en-IN.
  229. News: Hungama . Bollywood . 5 Years of Balakot airstrike: JioCinema shares a preview of Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond starring Lara Dutta, Jimmy Shergill, Ashutosh Rana and more : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama . 27 February 2024 . . 26 February 2024 . en.
  230. Web site: Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond Web Series Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at JioCinema . . 27 February 2024 . en.
  231. Web site: Maderya. Kumuthan. The Myth of the Global Brown Messiah in Kollywood Cinema. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924080107/http://www.popmatters.com/column/183252-the-myth-of-the-global-brown-messiah-in-kollywood-cinema/P2/. 24 September 2015. 7 August 2014. PopMatters. dmy-all.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Research and Analysis Wing".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.