| Election Name: | 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries |
| Country: | United States |
| Type: | primary |
| Ongoing: | no |
| Previous Election: | 1992 Republican Party presidential primaries |
| Previous Year: | 1992 |
| Next Election: | 2000 Republican Party presidential primaries |
| Next Year: | 2000 |
| Election Date: | January 29 to June 4, 1996 |
| Colour1: | 73638c |
| Candidate1: | Bob Dole |
| Home State1: | Kansas |
| States Carried1: | 46 |
| Popular Vote1: | 9,024,742 |
| Percentage1: | 58.8% |
| Colour2: | a59400 |
| Candidate2: | Pat Buchanan |
| Home State2: | Virginia |
| States Carried2: | 4 |
| Popular Vote2: | 3,184,943 |
| Percentage2: | 20.8% |
| Candidate3: | Steve Forbes |
| Colour3: | 668c63 |
| Home State3: | New Jersey |
| States Carried3: | 2 |
| Popular Vote3: | 1,751,187 |
| Percentage3: | 11.4% |
| Map Size: | 450px |
| Republican nominee | |
| Before Election: | George H. W. Bush |
| After Election: | Bob Dole |
| Delegate Count1: | 1,437 |
| Delegate Count2: | 101 |
| Delegate Count3: | 51 |
| Needed Votes: | 1,653 delegates 827 to win nomination |
From January 29 to June 4, 1996, voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for president in the 1996 United States presidential election. Senator Bob Dole of Kansas, the former Senate majority leader, was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1996 Republican National Convention held from August 12 to 15, 1996, in San Diego, California. Dole resigned from the Senate in June 1996 once he became the presumptive nominee to concentrate on his presidential campaign. He chose Jack Kemp as his running mate.
Dole and Kemp went on to lose to President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore by a severe margin, thereby making this the only Republican presidential primary within the span from 1968 to 2004 in which the Republican nominee had never been nor ever became president.
Following the 1994 midterm elections, many prominent candidates entered what would be a crowded field. This was expected as Democratic President Bill Clinton was unpopular in his first two years in office, eventually leading to the Republican Revolution. However, as Clinton became increasingly popular in his third year in office, several withdrew from the race or decided not to run.
In February 1995, newly inaugurated Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich declined to run, despite urging from some members of the party's conservative wing.[1]
Former U.S. Army Gen. Colin L. Powell was widely courted as a potential Republican nominee. However, on November 8, 1995, Powell announced that he would not seek the nomination.
Former Secretary of Defense and future Vice President of the United States Dick Cheney was touted by many as a possible candidate for the presidency, but he declared his intentions not to run in early 1995. Then-Texas Governor George W. Bush was also urged by some party leaders to seek the Republican Party nomination, but opted against doing so.
Going into the 1996 primary contest, Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole was widely seen as the front runner. Dole had significant name recognition, as he was a two time presidential candidate – in 1980 and 1988, and Republican vice-presidential nominee in 1976. He was expected to win the nomination against underdog candidates such as the more conservative U.S. Senator Phil Gramm of Texas and more centrist U.S. Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania. The fragmented field of candidates, which also included journalist and 1992 presidential candidate Pat Buchanan and magazine publisher Steve Forbes, debated issues such as a flat tax and other tax cut proposals, and a return to supply-side economic policies popularized by Ronald Reagan. Former Governor of Tennessee Lamar Alexander had promising showings in the early Iowa and New Hampshire primaries—finishing third in both contests behind only Dole and Buchanan—but his support dropped off in later primaries and he ultimately failed to win any state's delegates. (see "1996 Republican primary and caucus results" table below). Alan Keyes, who served as Reagan's Ambassador to the United Nations Economic and Social Council and Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs, was notable for being the only African American candidate in the race, but he ultimately failed to garner much support. More attention was drawn to the race by the budget stalemate in 1995 between the Congress and the President, which caused temporary shutdowns and slowdowns in many areas of federal government service.
On January 29, Buchanan won a non-binding straw poll in Alaska. Most pundits dismissed Buchanan's showing as insignificant.[2] On February 6, Buchanan won the Louisiana caucus. Buchanan and Gramm had made several trips to the state to campaign. Gramm was expected to win, due to being from neighboring Texas and having the support of many of the Louisiana party regulars.[3]
The candidates met in Des Moines for a Presidential Candidates Forum.[4] Dole won the Iowa Caucus with 26% of the vote, a considerably smaller margin of victory than was expected.
Gramm's poor showing in Louisiana plus placing 5th in Iowa's caucuses resulted in his withdrawal from the contest on the Sunday before the New Hampshire primary.
In the New Hampshire Primary, Buchanan recorded a surprising victory over Dole, who finished in second place.
After disappointing showings in Iowa and New Hampshire, Steve Forbes bounced back in the primaries in Delaware and Arizona. Forbes, along with Alan Keyes, were the only two candidates for the Republican nomination who campaigned in Delaware (According to R.W. Apple writing for The New York Times, "People in Delaware began calling their primary the Rodney Dangerfield election – it couldn't get any respect. That angered many local residents, like a woman at a Wilmington polling place this evening, who said that the New Hampshire officials who twisted the candidates' arms [into not coming to Delaware to campaign while the New Hampshire primary was ongoing] had ‘acted like little kids.’"[5]) giving Forbes an easy victory in the small state. "This state is the tax-cutting capital of the country and Steve Forbes got his tax-cutting message across" former Delaware Governor Pete du Pont said following the announcement of Forbes's victory.[6] The bigger triumph for the Forbes campaign was in Arizona. Buchanan campaigned vigorously in Arizona in hopes of securing a crucial victory over Dole,[7] with Buchanan even donning a cowboy costume while on the campaign trail.[8] Faulty polling by the Dole campaign lured Dole into a false sense of security, making Dole think that the state would be an easy victory for him and he would not have to spend much time campaigning in Arizona.[9] After the votes were counted, Buchanan finished a devastating third place, Dole was the runner-up, and Forbes pulled off a shocking, come-from-behind victory. Exit polls showed that Forbes's support came from those who voted for third-party candidate Ross Perot back in 1992, as well as from the large number of voters who cited "taxes" as the most important issue of the race and those who viewed Buchanan as too "extreme" and Dole as too moderate and "mainstream". Forbes would quickly lose the momentum he built up in Delaware and Arizona, but these back-to-back victories convinced many that Forbes was a serious contender.
Buchanan's and Forbes's early victories put Dole's expected front runner status in doubt during the formative months of the primary season. Although he lost Arizona, Dole had wins in North Dakota and South Dakota on the same day before looking to win in Wyoming and South Carolina, the latter being the first of the Southern states with a primary that was also three days before the multi-state primary Super Tuesday. Dole prevailed over Buchanan by 15 points, where exit polls showed Dole siphoning those identifying as part of the Christian right (that Buchanan anticipated having a large majority over) to go with voters who regarded Buchanan as either too extreme or not extreme.[10] He proceeded to win the rest of the states, eventually giving him enough delegate commitments to claim status as the GOP presidential presumptive nominee.
Having collected only 21 percent of the total votes in Republican primaries and won four states, Buchanan suspended his campaign in March. He declared however that, if Dole were to choose a pro-choice running mate, he would run as the US Taxpayers Party (now Constitution Party) candidate.[11] Forbes also withdrew in March having won only two states.[12]
Dole resigned his Senate seat on June 11 to focus more intently on his presidential campaign. After becoming the nominee, Dole selected the former secretary of housing and urban development of the Bush administration, Jack Kemp, as his running mate.
| Candidate | Experience | Home state | Campaignannounced | Securednomination | data-sort-type="date" | Campaign | Popular vote | Contests won | Running mate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bob Dole | Senate Majority Leader (1985–1987, 1995–1996) United States Senator from Kansas (1969–1996) United States Representative from Kansas (1961–1969) County Attorney of Russell County (1953–1961) Kansas State Representative (1951–1953) | March 19, 1996 | data-sort-value="0" | (Campaign) | data-sort-value="14,015,993" | 9,024,742 (58.8%) | data-sort-value="44" | 46 | Jack Kemp | ||||
| Candidate | Experience | Home state | Campaign announced | Campaign suspended | data-sort-type="date" | Campaign | Popular vote | Contests won | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pat Buchanan | White House Communications Director (1985–1987) | data-sort-value="0" | (Campaign) | data-sort-value="3,184,943" | 3,184,943 (20.8%) | data-sort-value="2" | 2 | ||||
| Steve Forbes | Publisher and editor-in-chief of Forbes magazine (1990–) | March 14, 1996 | Campaign | data-sort-value="1,751,187" | 1,751,187 (11.4%) | data-sort-value="2" | 2 | ||||
| Lamar Alexander | United States Secretary of Education (1991–1993) Governor of Tennessee (1979–1987) | March 9, 1996 (endorsed Dole) | Campaign | data-sort-value="495,590" | 495,590 (3.2%) | data-sort-value="0" | 0 | ||||
| Morry Taylor | President of Titan International | March 9, 1996 | 0 | ||||||||
| Richard Lugar | United States Senator from Indiana (1977–2013) Mayor of Indianapolis (1968–1976) | April 19, 1995 | March 6, 1996 (endorsed Dole) | Campaign | data-sort-value="127,111" | 127,111 (0.8%) | data-sort-value="0" | 0 | |||
| Phil Gramm | United States Senator from Texas (1985–2002) United States Representative from Texas (1979–1985) | February 14, 1996 (endorsed Dole) | Campaign | 0 | |||||||
| Bob Dornan | United States Representative from California (1977–1983, 1985–1997) Candidate for United States Senate in 1982 | Campaign | 0 | ||||||||
| Alan Keyes | Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs (1985–1987) Candidate for United States Senate in 1988 and 1992 | Campaign | 0 | ||||||||
| Candidate | Experience | Home state | Campaign announced | Campaign suspended | data-sort-type="date" | Campaign |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arlen Specter | United States Senator from Pennsylvania (1981–2011) District Attorney of Philadelphia (1966–1974) | March 31, 1995 | November 23, 1995 (endorsed Dole) | data-sort-value="0" | Campaign | |
| Pete Wilson | Governor of California (1991–1999) United States Senator from California (1983–1991) Mayor of San Diego (1971–1983) California State Representative (1967–1971) | August 28, 1995 | September 29, 1995[13] [14] | Campaign | ||
| Arthur Fletcher | Chair of the United States Commission on Civil Rights(1990–1993) | July 9, 1995[15] |
| Date | Total pledged delegates | Contest | Delegates won and popular vote | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bob Dole | Pat Buchanan | Steve Forbes | Lamar Alexander | Others | |||||
| January 29 | 20 | Alaska caucus | 3 1,569 (17%) | 7 2,991 (32%) | 6 2,822 (31%) | 53 (1%) | 4 1,806 (19%) | 9,241 | |
| February 6 | 21 | Louisiana caucus | – | 13 (44%) | – | – | 8 (46%) | ||
| February 12 | 25 | Iowa caucus | 7 25,461 (26%) | 6 22,578 (23%) | 2 9,861 (10%) | 4 17,052 (18%) | 6 21,810 (21%) | 96,762 | |
| February 20 | 16 | New Hampshire primary | 4 54,738 (26%) | 4 56,874 (27%) | 2 25,505 (12%) | 4 47,148 (22%) | 2 24,478 (9%) | 208,743 | |
| February 24 | 13 | Delaware primary | 4 8,909 (27%) | 3 6,118 (19%) | 5 10,709 (33%) | 2 4,375 (13%) | 2,662 (12%) | 32,773 | |
| February 27 (78) | 38 | Arizona primary | 12 102,980 (30%) | 12 95,742 (27%) | 14 115,962 (33%) | 24,765 (7%) | 8,033 (2%) | 347,482 | |
| 20 | North Dakota primary | 9 26,832 (42%) | 4 11,653 (18%) | 4 12,455 (20%) | 4,008 (6%) | 3 8,786 (13%) | 63,734 | ||
| 20 | South Dakota primary | 10 30,918 (45%) | 7 19,780 (29%) | 3 8,831 (13%) | 6,037 (9%) | 3,604 (4%) | 69,170 | ||
| March 2 (58) | 38 | South Carolina primary | 18 124,904 (45%) | 11 80,824 (29%) | 5 35,039 (13%) | 4 28,647 (10%) | 7,327 (2%) | 276,741 | |
| 20 | Wyoming caucus | 10 370 (40%) | 5 181 (18%) | 5 161 (17%) | 66 (7%) | 61 (7%) | 839 | ||
| March 3 | 20 | Puerto Rico primary | 20 233,743 (98%) | 844 (0%) | 1,078 (0%) | 1,273 (0%) | 1,604 (0%) | 238,541 | |
| March 5 (Super Tuesday) (252) | 28 | Colorado primary | 14 108,123 (43%) | 7 53,376 (21%) | 7 51,592 (21%) | 24,184 (10%) | 10,655 (5%) | 247,930 | |
| 28 | Connecticut primary | 17 70,998 (54%) | 5 19,664 (15%) | 6 26,253 (20%) | 6,985 (5%) | 6,518 (3%) | 130,418 | ||
| 43 | Georgia primary | 18 226,732 (41%) | 13 162,627 (29%) | 6 71,276 (13%) | 6 75,855 (14%) | 21,916 (3%) | 558,406 | ||
| 16 | Maine primary | 9 31,147 (46%) | 5 16,478 (24%) | 3 9,991 (15%) | 4,450 (7%) | 5,214 (5%) | 67,280 | ||
| 34 | Maryland primary | 21 135,522 (53%) | 8 53,585 (21%) | 5 32,207 (13%) | 14,061 (6%) | 18,871 (6%) | 254,246 | ||
| 40 | Massachusetts primary | 22 135,946 (48%) | 12 71,688 (25%) | 6 39,605 (14%) | 21,456 (8%) | 16,138 (4%) | 284,833 | ||
| 34 | Minnesota caucus | 17 11,641 (41%) | 13 9,353 (33%) | 4 2,910 (10%) | 1,300 (5%) | 2,684 (10%) | 27,888 | ||
| 16 | Rhode Island primary | 11 9,706 (64%) | 387 (3%) | 128 (1%) | 2,866 (19%) | 2 1,971 (4%) | 15,058 | ||
| 13 | Vermont primary | 5 23,419 (40%) | 2 9,730 (17%) | 2 9,066 (16%) | 1 6,145 (11%) | 2 9,757 (15%) | 58,117 | ||
| March 7 | New York primary | (55%) | (15%) | (30%) | – | – | |||
| March 9 | Missouri caucus | (28%) | (36%) | (1%) | – | (9%) | |||
| March 12 | Florida primary | (57%) | (18%) | (20%) | (1%) | (5%) | |||
| Louisiana primary | (48%) | (33%) | (12%) | (2%) | (1%) | ||||
| Mississippi primary | (60%) | (26%) | (8%) | (2%) | (4%) | ||||
| Oklahoma primary | (59%) | (22%) | (14%) | (1%) | (2%) | ||||
| Oregon primary | (51%) | (21%) | (13%) | (7%) | (5%) | ||||
| Tennessee primary | (51%) | (25%) | (8%) | (11%) | (3%) | ||||
| Texas primary | (56%) | (21%) | (13%) | (2%) | (6%) | ||||
| March 19 | Illinois primary | (65%) | (23%) | (5%) | (1%) | (6%) | |||
| Michigan primary | (51%) | (34%) | (5%) | (1%) | (3%) | ||||
| Ohio primary | (66%) | (22%) | (6%) | (3%) | (3%) | ||||
| Wisconsin primary | (53%) | (34%) | (6%) | (2%) | (3%) | ||||
| March 26 | California primary | (66%) | (18%) | (7%) | (2%) | (7%) | |||
| Nevada primary | (52%) | (15%) | (19%) | (2%) | (1%) | ||||
| Washington primary | (63%) | (21%) | (9%) | (1%) | (5%) | ||||
| April 23 | Pennsylvania primary | (64%) | (18%) | (8%) | – | (11%) | |||
| May 7 | Washington D.C. primary | (75%) | (9%) | – | – | – | |||
| Indiana primary | (71%) | (19%) | (10%) | – | – | ||||
| North Carolina primary | (71%) | (13%) | (4%) | (2%) | (5%) | ||||
| May 14 | Nebraska primary | (76%) | (10%) | (6%) | (3%) | (3%) | |||
| West Virginia primary | (69%) | (16%) | (5%) | (3%) | (7%) | ||||
| May 21 | Arkansas primary | (76%) | (23%) | – | – | – | |||
| May 28 | Idaho primary | (66%) | (22%) | – | – | (5%) | |||
| Kentucky primary | (48%) | (33%) | (13%) | (2%) | (4%) | ||||
| June 1 | Virginia caucus | Unknown | – | – | – | – | |||
| June 4 | Alabama primary | (76%) | (16%) | – | – | (3%) | |||
| Montana primary | (61%) | (24%) | (7%) | – | – | ||||
| New Jersey primary | (82%) | (11%) | – | – | (7%) | ||||
| New Mexico primary | (76%) | (8%) | (6%) | (4%) | (4%) | ||||
| Total[17] | 9,024,742 (58.8%) | 3,184,943 (20.8%) | 1,751,187 (11.4%) | 495,590 (3.2%) | 856,881 (5.6%) | ||||
Convention tally:
Bob Dole
Pat Buchanan
Steve Forbes
Lamar Alexander
Phil Gramm
Pete Wilson
The delegates at the Republican National Convention formally nominated Dole on August 15, 1996, as the GOP presidential candidate for the general election. Dole was the oldest first-time presidential nominee at the age of 73 years, 1 month (Ronald Reagan was 73 years, 6 months in 1984, for his second presidential nomination).
Former Representative and Cabinet secretary Jack Kemp was nominated by acclamation as Dole's running mate the following day. Republican Party of Texas convention delegates informally nominated Alan Keyes as their preference for vice president.
Other politicians mentioned as possible GOP V.P. nominees before Kemp was selected included: