Mueller report explained

The Mueller report, officially titled Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, is the official report documenting the findings and conclusions of former Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian efforts to interfere in the 2016 United States presidential election, allegations of conspiracy or coordination between Donald Trump's presidential campaign and Russia, and allegations of obstruction of justice. The report was submitted to Attorney General William Barr on March 22, 2019,[1] and a redacted version of the 448-page report was publicly released by the Department of Justice (DOJ) on April 18, 2019. It is divided into two volumes. The redactions from the report and its supporting material were placed under a temporary "protective assertion" of executive privilege by then-President Trump on May 8, 2019, preventing the material from being passed to Congress, despite earlier reassurance by Barr that Trump would not exert privilege.

The report concludes that the investigation "did not establish that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities".[2] [3] Investigators had an incomplete picture of what happened due in part to some communications that were encrypted, deleted, or not saved, as well as testimony that was false, incomplete, or declined. However, the report states that Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election was illegal and occurred "in sweeping and systematic fashion"[4] [5] [6] but was welcomed by the Trump campaign as it expected to benefit from such efforts.[7] [8] [9] It also identifies myriad links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies,[10] about which several persons connected to the campaign made false statements and obstructed investigations.[11] Mueller later stated that his investigation's conclusion on Russian interference "deserves the attention of every American".

Volume II of the report addresses obstruction of justice. The investigation intentionally took an approach that could not result in a judgment that Trump committed a crime.[12] This decision was based on an Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) opinion that a sitting president is immune from criminal prosecution,[13] and Mueller's belief that it would be unfair to accuse the president of a crime even without charging him because he would have no opportunity to clear his name in court; furthermore it would undermine Trump's ability to govern and preempt impeachment.[14] [15] As such, the investigation "does not conclude that the President committed a crime"; however, "it also does not exonerate him",[16] with investigators not confident of Trump's innocence.[17] The report describes ten episodes where Trump may have obstructed justice while president and one before he was elected, noting that he privately tried to "control the investigation".[18] The report further states that Congress can decide whether Trump obstructed justice and take action accordingly,[19] referencing impeachment.

Even before seeing the Mueller report, Barr had already decided not to charge Trump with obstruction of justice. To this end, upon receiving the report, he tasked the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) with writing an internal memo that would provide a pretextual justification for his decision. The four-page Barr letter was written over the course of two days in tandem with a legal memo upon which the letter ostensibly relied and was released to Congress on March 24, purporting to detail the Mueller report's conclusions and announcing Barr's decision not to charge Trump. On March 27, Mueller privately wrote to Barr, stating that Barr's March 24 letter "did not fully capture the context, nature, and substance of this office's work and conclusions" and that this led to "public confusion". Barr declined Mueller's request to release the report's introduction and executive summaries ahead of the full report.[20] On April 18, Barr held a 90-minute press conference where he and senior Justice Department officials defended Trump and their decision not to charge him with obstruction, immediately prior to the public release of the Mueller report. Following the release of the Mueller report, Barr's letter was widely criticized as an intentionally misleading effort to shape public perceptions in favor of Trump, with commentators identifying significant factual discrepancies. On May 1, Barr testified that he "didn't exonerate" Trump on obstruction as "that's not what the Justice Department does" and that neither he nor Rosenstein had reviewed the underlying evidence in the report. In July 2019, Mueller testified to Congress that a president could be charged with crimes including obstruction of justice after the president left office.

Background

See main article: Mueller special counsel investigation.

Impetus for investigation

On May 9, 2017, President Donald Trump dismissed former Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, James Comey, who had been leading an ongoing Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigation into links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies.[21] [22] This investigation, code named Crossfire Hurricane, began in July 2016 after the Australian government advised US authorities that George Papadopoulos, a foreign policy advisor in the Trump campaign, had met with one of their diplomats in May 2016 and "suggested the Trump team had received some kind of suggestion from Russia" that Russia could release information that would be damaging to Hillary Clinton.[23] [24] Papadopolous had received this suggestion in April 2016, well before it was publicly reported that Russia had damaging information about Clinton (the Democratic National Committee had in June 2016 announced that a Russian hack occurred).[25] [26] Papadopoulos later testified that this "damaging information" was in the form of hacked emails that were stolen from the Democratic Party.[27]

Over 130 Democratic lawmakers of the United States Congress called for a special counsel to be appointed in reaction to Comey's firing.[28] CNN reported that within eight days of Comey's dismissal, an FBI investigation on Trump for obstruction of justice was opened by the acting FBI Director at the time, Andrew McCabe, who cited multiple reasons including Comey's firing.[29] After McCabe was later fired from the FBI, he confirmed that he had opened the obstruction investigation, and gave additional reasons for its launch.[30]

Eight days after Comey's dismissal, then-Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Robert Mueller, under 28 CFR § 600.1, as special counsel to take over and expand an existing FBI counterintelligence investigation into possible Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, as well as the FBI investigation into links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies that Comey was leading.[22] [31] [32] The special counsel also took over the FBI investigation into whether President Trump obstructed justice with Comey.[29] Rosenstein's authority to appoint Mueller arose due to Attorney General Jeff Sessions' March 2017 recusal of himself from investigations into the Trump campaign.[22] [32] [33]

Scope and mandate

According to its authorizing document,[34] which was signed by then-Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein on May 17, 2017, the investigation's scope included allegations that there were links or coordination between President Donald Trump's presidential campaign and the Russian government[35] [36] as well as "any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation". The authorizing document also included "any other matters within the scope of 28 CFR § 600.4(a)"; enabling the special counsel "to investigate and prosecute" any attempts to interfere with its investigation, "such as perjury, obstruction of justice, destruction of evidence, and intimidation of witnesses".[37]

Proceedings of investigation

The Special Counsel investigation ran from May 17, 2017, to March 22, 2019, and resulted in thirty-four indictments, including against several former members of the Trump campaign and many of which are still being tried. The investigation issued over 2,800 subpoenas, executed almost 500 search warrants, and interviewed approximately 500 witnesses.[38]

The Mueller report included references to 14 criminal investigations that were referred to other offices, 12 of which were completely redacted in the April 18 release. The other two related to Michael Cohen and Gregory Craig, cases that were already public.[39]

Findings

Volume I

Volume I starts on page 1 of the report and focuses on Russian interference and allegations of "conspiracy" or "coordination" between Trump's presidential campaign and Russia, "not the concept of 'collusion'".[40]

Russian interference

The Mueller report found that the Russian government "interfered in the 2016 presidential election in sweeping and systematic fashion" and "violated U.S. criminal law".[5] [6] The report relayed two methods by which Russia attempted to influence the election.

Social media campaign

The first method of Russian interference was done through the Internet Research Agency (IRA), waging "a social media campaign that favored presidential candidate Donald J. Trump and disparaged presidential candidate Hillary Clinton". The IRA also sought to "provoke and amplify political and social discord in the United States".[41] [42]

By February 2016, internal IRA documents showed an order to support the candidacies of Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders, while IRA members were to "use any opportunity to criticize" Hillary Clinton and the rest of the candidates.[43] From June 2016, the IRA organized election rallies in the U.S. "often promoting" Trump's campaign while "opposing" Clinton's campaign.[44] The IRA posed as Americans, hiding their Russian background, while asking Trump campaign members for campaign buttons, flyers, and posters for the rallies. The Mueller report detailed that the IRA spent $100,000 for over 3,500 Facebook advertisements, which included anti-Clinton and pro-Trump advertisements.

The report lists IRA-created groups on Facebook to include "purported conservative groups" (e.g. 'Tea Party News'), "purported Black social justice groups" (e.g. 'Blacktivist') "LGBTQ groups" (e.g. 'LGBT United'), "and religious groups" (e.g. 'United Muslims of America').[45] The IRA Twitter accounts included @TEN_GOP (claiming to be related to the Tennessee Republican Party), @jenn_abrams, and @Pamela_Moore13 (both claimed to be Trump supporters and both had 70,000 followers).[46] Several Trump campaign members (Donald J. Trump Jr., Eric Trump, Kellyanne Conway, Brad Parscale, and Michael Flynn) linked or reposted material from the IRA's @TEN_GOP Twitter account listed above. Other people who responded to IRA social media accounts include Michael McFaul, Sean Hannity, Roger Stone, and Michael G. Flynn (Michael Flynn's son).[47]

Hacking and release of material

The second method of Russian interference saw the Russian military intelligence agency GRU hacking into email accounts owned by volunteers and employees of the Clinton presidential campaign, including that of campaign chairman John Podesta, and also hacking into "the computer networks of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) and the Democratic National Committee (DNC)". As a result, the GRU obtained hundreds of thousands of hacked documents, and the GRU proceeded by arranging releases of damaging hacked material via the WikiLeaks organization and also GRU's false personas "DCLeaks" and "Guccifer 2.0".[48] [49] [50]

Conspiracy or coordination vs collusion

See also: Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies. The investigation found there were at least 140 contacts between Trump or 18 of his associates with Russian nationals and WikiLeaks, or their intermediaries, though the contacts were insufficient to show an illegal conspiracy.[51] To establish whether a crime was committed by members of the Trump campaign with regard to Russian interference, investigators "applied the framework of conspiracy law", and not the concept of "collusion", because collusion "is not a specific offense or theory of liability found in the United States Code, nor is it a term of art in federal criminal law".[52] [53] They also investigated if members of the Trump campaign "coordinated" with Russia, using the definition of "coordination" as having "an agreementtacit or expressbetween the Trump campaign and the Russian government on election interference." Investigators further elaborated that merely having "two parties taking actions that were informed by or responsive to the other's actions or interests" was not enough to establish coordination.[54]

The special counsel identified two methods the Russian government tried to communicate with the Trump campaign. "The investigation identified two different forms of connections between the IRA and members of the Trump Campaign. [...] First, on multiple occasions, members and surrogates of the Trump Campaign promotedtypically by linking, retweeting, or similar methods of repostingpro-Trump or anti-Clinton content published by the IRA through IRA-controlled social media accounts. Additionally, in a few instances, IRA employees represented themselves as U.S. persons to communicate with members of the Trump Campaign in an effort to seek assistance and coordination on IRA-organized political rallies inside the United States", the report states.[55]

Secondly, the report details a meeting at Trump Tower in June 2016. The intent of the meeting was to exchange "dirt" on the Clinton campaign. There was speculation that Trump Jr. told his father. However, the special counsel could not find any evidence that he did. The office declined to pursue charges for two reasons: the office "did not obtain admissible evidence" that would meet the burden of proof principle beyond a reasonable doubt that the campaign officials acted with general knowledge about the illegality of their conduct; secondly, the office expected difficulty in valuing the promised information that "exceeded the threshold for a criminal violation" of $2,000 for a criminal violation and $25,000 for a felony punishment.[56]

The Report cited several impediments to investigators' ability to acquire information, including witnesses invoking their Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, witnesses deleting electronic communications or using encrypted or self-destructing messaging apps, limitations of interviewing attorneys or individuals asserting they were members of the media, information obtained through subpoenas that was screened from investigators due to legal privilege, and false or incomplete testimony provided by witnesses.[57] [58] [59] [60] [61]

While "conspiracy" or "coordination" was not proven, Mueller's report left many unanswered questions, such as whether the myriad secret contacts between Trump associates and Russians, which they lied about, constituted, using Mueller's words, "a third avenue of attempted Russian interference with or influence on the 2016 presidential election"? Benjamin Wittes has written about this:

George Croner of the Foreign Policy Research Institute has also expressed his concerns with what he describes as a "curiously flaccid" approach taken by Mueller in dealing with what the public would normally interpret as "coordination". He sees Mueller's dependence on a formal "tacit agreement" approach as "an overly cautious" and "legalistic construct":

Ryan Goodman has examined the Mueller report's findings on collusion. He described the findings as "a series of activities that show strong evidence of collusion. Or, more precisely, it provides significant evidence that Trump Campaign associates coordinated with, cooperated with, encouraged, or gave support to the Russia/WikiLeaks election interference activities." The Mueller report documented 14 different forms of collusion between the Trump campaign and Russians which Goodman analyzes.[62]

False "no collusion" claims

Trump and many of his supporters have falsely claimed there was "no collusion", even though Mueller made no conclusion about "collusion", only about "conspiracy" or "coordination", and Mueller pushed back against such claims.[63] Senator Lindsey Graham falsely stated "Mr. Mueller and his team concluded there was no collusion." House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy stated "Nothing we saw today changes the underlying results of the 22-month-long Mueller investigation that ultimately found no collusion". In an April 18, 2019, press conference, Attorney General William Barr "noted that, as the president 'said from the beginning, there was in fact no collusion' with Moscow's attempts to interfere in the election". Representative Matt Gaetz tweeted a photo showing him holding up the front page of the conservative Washington Times splashed with a big photo of Barr and the headline: "No Russia Conspiracy, No Collusion." The American Bar Association headlined an article with the title, "Mueller finds no collusion with Russia...", which reflected a quote from Trump in the article: "'It was just announced there was no collusion with Russia,' Trump said Sunday 'It was a complete and total exoneration'."

In a January 2019 interview with CNN's Chris Cuomo, Trump's attorney, Rudy Giuliani undermined Trump's claim when he "claimed Wednesday night that he 'never said there was no collusion' between President Trump's campaign and Russia leading up to the 2016 presidential election."[64]

After his comments on CNN, Giuliani made statements that NPR described as an "apparent reversal" from his TV interview: He said "'there was no collusion by President Trump in any way, shape or form' and that he had 'no knowledge of any collusion by any of the thousands of people who worked on the campaign'."[65]

Randall Eliason has questioned whether collusion is not a crime: "Saying the president is off the hook because there is no crime called 'collusion' is akin to claiming the president could shoot someone on 5th Avenue and escape prosecution because the criminal statutes prohibit 'homicide' not 'shooting'."[66]

Volume II

Volume II starts on page 208 of the official PDF file of the report and details potential instances of obstruction of justice.[67] [68] [69] Page numbering in the file restarts with Volume II.

Trump's reaction to Mueller appointment

According to the report, upon learning that Mueller had been appointed as Special Counsel, Trump said "Oh my God. This is terrible. This is the end of my presidency. I'm fucked", to Jeff Sessions when they were having a meeting in the Oval Office.[70] [71] "You were supposed to protect me", Sessions recalled Trump telling him. "Everyone tells me if you get one of these independent counsels it ruins your presidency. It takes years and years and I won't be able to do anything. This is the worst thing that ever happened to me", Trump later said, according to Sessions and Jody Hunt, Sessions' then-chief of staff.

Obstruction of justice

Regarding obstruction of justice, the report stated that the investigation "did not establish that the President was involved in an underlying crime related to Russian election interference", but investigators wrote that obstruction of justice could still occur "regardless of whether a person committed an underlying wrong".[72] [73] Trump, Barr, Rudy Giuliani and others have persistently and incorrectly maintained that an individual cannot obstruct justice unless the individual committed an underlying crime.[74] [75] [76] [77]

On obstruction of justice, the report "does not conclude that the President committed a crime, [and] it also does not exonerate him". Since the special counsel's office had decided "not to make a traditional prosecutorial judgment", they "did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President's conduct". The report "does not conclude that the president committed a crime",[78] as investigators decided "not to apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the president committed crimes".[79] Investigators did not make a judgment about whether to charge Trump with a crime, for two main reasons: Firstly, the investigation abided by DOJ Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) opinion written in 2000 that a sitting president cannot be federally indicted, a stance taken from the start of the investigation.[80] [81] [82] Secondly, investigators did not want to charge Trump because a federal criminal charge would hinder a sitting president's "capacity to govern and potentially preempt constitutional process for addressing presidential misconduct",[83] with a footnote reference to impeachment.[84] Even if charges were recommended in a secret memo or a charging document sealed until Trump's presidency ended, the information could still be leaked.[85] In addition, the special counsel's office rejected the alternative option of accusing Trump of committing a crime without bringing a charge. Investigators felt that this alternative option would be unfair to Trump, as there would be no trial in which Trump could clear his own name.[86]

The special counsel's office did not exonerate Trump on obstruction of justice because they were not confident that Trump was clearly innocent, after examining "evidence [they] obtained about the President's actions and intent".[87] [88] [89] The "investigation found multiple acts by the President that were capable of exerting undue influence over law enforcement investigations, including the Russian-interference and obstruction investigations".[90] The report noted that once Trump was aware that he was personally being investigated for obstruction of justice, he started "public attacks on the investigation and individuals involved in it who could possess evidence adverse to the president, while in private, the president engaged in a series of targeted efforts to control the investigation." However, President Trump's "efforts to influence the investigation were mostly unsuccessful, but that is largely because the persons who surrounded the President declined to carry out orders or accede to his requests." This prevented further obstruction of justice charges "against the President's aides and associates beyond those already filed".[86] [91] [92] [93]

The report notes that Congress has the authority to decide if Trump obstructed justice, and then take further action if obstruction occurred, with investigators writing: "The conclusion that Congress may apply the obstruction laws to the president's corrupt exercise of the powers of office accords with our constitutional system of checks and balances and the principle that no person is above the law." This phrase was interpreted as a possible reference to Congress potentially initiating impeachment proceedings against President Trump.[94] [95]

Episodes of alleged obstruction

Some sources such as FactCheck.org, PBS NewsHour, and The New York Times describe the report as detailing eleven episodes where Trump may have possibly obstructed justice; one episode as a presidential candidate or president-elect, and ten episodes while Trump was president:[96] [97] [98]

Attorney General William Barr stated that there are ten episodes of potential obstruction.[99] Other sources such as The Washington Post and The Hill also report ten episodes; both omit the episode when Trump was a presidential candidate or president-elect.[100] CBS News counts ten episodes, omitting the one involving Corey Lewandowski.

Quinta Jurecic, the managing editor of Lawfare, created a chart to simplify and summarize Mueller's analysis of these episodes in the report. Jurecic does not analyze the episode that occurred when Trump was a presidential candidate or president-elect.[101]

Trump campaign's response to Russian support

Section A of Volume II of the report describes the events of this episode.

The report states that the first possible obstruction case was during the 2016 presidential campaign, when questions "arose about the Russian government's apparent support for candidate Trump". The report states that while Trump was publicly skeptical Russia had released emails from Democratic officials, Trump and his aides were also trying to obtain information about "any further planned WikiLeaks releases".[102] According to the report, shortly after a WikiLeaks release, Rick Gates, then Deputy Campaign Chairman, was going to LaGuardia Airport with Trump when Trump took a phone call. After the call, "candidate Trump told Gates that more releases of damaging information would be coming".[103] The report also notes that Trump consistently said that he had no business connections to Russia, despite his company trying to build a Trump Tower in Moscow. "After the election, the President expressed concerns to advisors that reports of Russia's election interference might lead the public to question the legitimacy of his election".[104] [105]

President's conduct in Michael Flynn investigation

Section B of Volume II of the report describes the events of this episode.

The report outlines Michael Flynn's, Trump's first National Security Advisor, contact with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak, shortly after the Obama Administration imposed sanctions against Russia on December 29, 2016.[106] [107] Later that day, K. T. McFarland, "who was slated to become the Deputy National Security Advisor ... talked by phone about what, if anything, Flynn should communicate to Kislyak about the sanctions".[108] The report details that based on those conversations, "McFarland informed Flynn that incoming Administration officials at Mar-a-Lago did not want Russia to escalate the situation". Former Chief of Staff Reince Priebus "recalled that McFarland may have mentioned at the meeting that the sanctions situation could be 'cooled down' and not escalated".[109] [110] Priebus recalls that President-Elect Trump viewed the sanctions "as an attempt by the Obama Administration to embarrass him by delegitimizing his election".[111] Later that evening, Flynn called Kislyak and requested how Russia should respond to the newly-placed U.S. sanctions: "only in a reciprocal manner, without escalating the situation".[112] [113] [114] Afterwards, Flynn briefed McFarland on the call. Flynn said that the Russian response to the sanctions "was not going to be escalatory because Russia wanted a good relationship with the Trump Administration".[115] On December 30, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that Russia "would not take retaliatory measures in response to the sanctions at that time and would instead 'plan . . . further steps to restore Russian-US relations based on the policies of the Trump Administration'".[116] Trump responded to the news by tweeting "Great move on delay (by V. Putin)I always knew he was very smart!"[117] The report details that Trump was warned by Don McGahn and Priebus to not discuss about the Russian investigation with Comey, but Trump did so anyway.[118]

The Mueller report described a November 2017 voicemail Flynn's attorneys received from Trump's "personal counsel", reportedly John Dowd,[119] who stated, "[I]f...there's information that implicates the President, then we've got a national security issue,...so, you know, ...we need some kind of heads up",[120] reiterating the president's "feelings toward Flynn and, that still remains".[121] Flynn's attorneys called Trump's attorney to reiterate that they could no longer share information with him because their joint defense agreement was canceled upon Flynn's guilty plea, at which point the attorney became "indignant and vocal in his disagreement", indicating that Trump would be advised that this represented "hostility" toward him.[122] [123] [124] The New York Times reported on June 9, 2019, that Mueller's office opted to not question Dowd about the voicemail as potential obstruction of justice, possibly leading to Trump, because the ambiguity of the voicemail raised concerns of violating attorney-client privilege and protracted litigation.[125]

President's reaction to the FBI's Russia investigation being publicized

Section C of Volume II of the report describes the events of this episode.

After Trump learned that then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions planned to recuse himself from the Special Counsel investigation, Trump sought to prevent Session's move. "After Sessions announced his recusal on March 2, the President expressed anger at Sessions for the decision and then privately asked Sessions to "unrecuse".[126] [127] [128] On March 20, Comey publicly disclosed the FBI's Russia investigation.[129] "In the days that followed, the President contacted Comey and other intelligence agency leaders and asked them to push back publicly on the suggestion that the President had any connection to the Russian election-interference effort in order to 'lift the cloud' of the ongoing investigation", the report says.[130] [131]

Dismissal of James Comey

Section D of Volume II of the report describes the events of this episode.

"In the week leading up to Comey's May 3, 2017, Senate Judiciary Committee testimony, the President told Don McGahn that it would be the last straw if Comey did not set the record straight and publicly announce that the President was not under investigation, despite repeated requests that Comey make such an announcement," the report states.[132] [133] Trump told his aides that he was going to fire Comey on May 5, and did so on May 9. The report notes that Trump fired Comey before he received a recommendation by the Justice Department. "Substantial evidence indicates that the catalyst for the President's decision to fire Comey was Comey's unwillingness to publicly state that the President was not personally under investigation, despite the President's repeated requests that Comey make such an announcement", the report reads.[134] Trump boasted about the firing of Comey to the Russian foreign minister and U.S. Ambassador of Russia in an Oval Office meeting in May 2017, saying: "I just fired the head of the F.B.I. He was crazy, a real nut job. I faced great pressure because of Russia. That's taken off."[135]

President's efforts to remove the Special Counsel

Section E of Volume II of the report describes the events of this episode.

When Jeff Sessions recused himself from the Special Counsel investigation, the report notes that Trump said something along the lines of: "that it was the end of his presidency and that Attorney General Sessions had failed to protect him and should resign. Sessions submitted his resignation, which the President ultimately did not accept".[136] [137] The report notes that on June 14, 2017, "the press reported that the President was being personally investigated for obstruction of justice and the President responded with a series of tweets criticizing the Special Counsel's investigation".[138] The following weekend, Trump called McGahn and "directed him to have the Special Counsel removed because of asserted conflicts of interest".[139] McGahn did not act on the request "for fear of being seen as triggering another Saturday Night Massacre and instead prepared to resign".[140] McGahn formally departed the Trump administration on October 17, 2018.[141]

President's efforts to curtail the Special Counsel investigation

Section F of Volume II of the report describes the events of this episode.

On June 19, 2017, two days after Trump tried to have Don McGahn fire the special counsel, Trump went to Sessions. Trump had a one-on-one meeting in the Oval Office with Corey Lewandowski, former Trump campaign manager who was not working for the government. Trump wanted Lewandowski to deliver a message to Sessions that would "have had the effect of limiting the Russia investigation to future election interference only".[142] [143] The report relays that Trump told Lewandowski "that Sessions was weak and that if the President had known about the likelihood of recusal in advance, he would not have appointed Sessions".[144] [145] Trump dictated the following message meant for Sessions, and Lewandowski noted it down: "I know that I recused myself from certain things having to do with specific areas. But our POTUS . .. is being treated very unfairly. He shouldn't have a Special Prosecutor/Counsel he hasn't done anything wrong. I was on the campaign him for nine months, there were no Russians involved with him. I know it for a fact b/c I was there. He didn't do anything wrong except he ran the greatest campaign in American history".[146] [147] The message goes on in which Sessions would meet with the Special Counsel and limit its jurisdiction to future election interference. "Now a group of people want to subvert the Constitution of the United States. I am going to meet with the Special Prosecutor to explain this is very unfair and let the Special Prosecutor move forward with investigating election meddling for future elections so that nothing can happen in future elections".[148] Trump reportedly said that "if Sessions delivered that statement he would be the 'most popular guy in the country.[149] Lewandowski arranged a meeting with Sessions, but it was cancelled "due to a last minute conflict".[150]

On July 19, 2017, Trump again met Lewandowski in the Oval Office, and inquired if Lewandowski passed the message to Sessions. Lewandowski replied that it would be done soon. The report continues: "Lewandowski recalled that the President told him that if Sessions did not meet with him, Lewandowski should tell Sessions he was fired".[151] [152] Immediately after this second meeting, Lewandowski passed the message to White House official Rick Dearborn to relay to Sessions. Dearborn was uncomfortable with the task and chose not to not pass the message, although the report quotes Dearborn as telling Lewandowski that he had "handled the situation".[153] [96] [89] [154]

President's efforts to prevent disclosures about Trump Tower meeting

Section G of Volume II of the report describes the events of this episode.

The report cites three different occasions between June 29 and July 9, 2017, when Trump directed Hope Hicks, former White House Communications Director, and others to not disclose information about the Trump Tower meeting on June 9, 2016. These requests were directed to the press and could have constituted obstruction only if Trump "sought to withhold information from or mislead congressional investigations or the Special Counsel".[155] The Special Counsel could not find any evidence to establish that Trump intended on preventing the Special Counsel or Congress from obtaining the emails or information referring to the meeting.[156] [157] Rick Gates, then Deputy Campaign Chairman, recalled that Donald Trump Jr., Eric Trump, Jared Kushner, Ivanka Trump, Paul Manafort, and Russian lawyer Natalia Veselnitskaya, were meeting.[158] The ostensible purpose of the meeting was to receive "dirt" on the Clinton presidential campaign. Gates testified that Trump Jr. announced at a regular planned meeting that he "had a lead on negative information about the Clinton Foundation".[159] [160] [161] Gates recalled Manafort saying at the meeting that the Trump Tower meeting "likely would not yield vital information and they should be careful".[162] The Special Counsel found Manafort to be correct, as the "dirt" was information regarding the Ziff brothers doing tax evasion and money laundering in Russia and "donated the illegal profits to the DNC or the Clinton Campaign".[163] There was speculation that Trump Jr. told his father. However, the Special Counsel could not find any evidence that he did.[55] [161]

The office declined to pursue charges for two reasons: the office "did not obtain admissible evidence" that would meet the burden of proof principle beyond a reasonable doubt that the campaign officials acted with general knowledge about the illegality of their conduct; secondly, the office expected difficulty in valuing the promised information that "exceeded the threshold for a criminal violation" of $2,000 for a criminal violation and $25,000 for a felony punishment.[164] [56]

President's efforts to have Attorney General control investigation

Section H of Volume II of the report describes the events of this episode.

The report notes that between 2017–2018, Trump tried to convince Jeff Sessions to reverse his recusal over the Special Counsel investigation. Trump also tried to convince Sessions to launch an investigation into Hillary Clinton and prosecute her. "On multiple occasions in 2017, the President spoke with Sessions about reversing his recusal so that he could take over the Russia investigation and begin an investigation of Hillary Clinton ... There is evidence that at least one purpose of the President's conduct toward Sessions was to have Sessions assume control over the Russia investigation and supervise it in a way that could restrict its scope. [...] A reasonable inference from those statements and the President's action is that an unrecused Attorney General would play a protective role and could shield the President from the ongoing Russia investigation".[165]

President orders McGahn to deny reports

Section I of Volume II of the report describes the events of this episode.

After the news broke out in late January 2018, that Trump ordered Don McGahn to fire Robert Mueller in June 2017, Trump pressured McGahn to deny the reports. "After the story broke, the President, through his personal counsel and two aides, sought to have McGahn deny that he had been directed to remove the Special Counsel," the report reads.[166] Trump told then-White House Staff Secretary Rob Porter to tell McGahn to create a record that makes clear Trump never directed McGahn to fire the Special Counsel. "Porter thought the matter should be handled by the White House communications office, but the President said he wanted McGahn to write a letter to the file 'for our records' and wanted something beyond a press statement to demonstrate that the reporting was inaccurate. The President referred to McGahn as a 'lying bastard' and said that he wanted a record from him".[167] Porter recalled Trump "saying something to the effect of 'If he doesn't write a letter, then maybe I'll have to get rid of him'".[168] Trump did not fire McGahn, who departed on October 17, 2018.[141]

President's conduct towards Flynn, Manafort, and "redacted name"

Section J of Volume II of the report describes the events of this episode.

The report details that Trump took actions "directed at possible witnesses in the Special Counsel's investigation".[169] The report notes that actions taken by Trump and his counsel "could have had the potential to affect Flynn's decision to cooperate, as well as the extent of that cooperation. Because of privilege issues, however, we could not determine whether the President was personally involved in or knew about the specific message his counsel delivered to Flynn's counsel".[170] [171] For Manafort, the report details by saying: "With respect to Manafort, there is evidence that the President's actions had the potential to influence Manafort's decision whether to cooperate with the government".[172]

In January 2019, Manafort's lawyers submitted a filing to the court in response to an allegation from the Special Counsel that Manafort had lied to investigators.[173] Through an error in redacting, the document accidentally revealed that while he was campaign chairman, Manafort met with Konstantin Kilimnik, who is believed to be a Russian intelligence officer. The filing says Manafort gave him polling data related to the 2016 campaign and discussed a Ukrainian peace plan with him. Most of the polling data was reportedly public, although some was private Trump campaign polling data. Manafort asked Kilimnik to pass the data to Ukrainians Serhiy Lyovochkin and Rinat Akhmetov. The Republican-controlled Senate Intelligence Committee concluded in August 2020 that Manafort's contacts with Kilimnik and other affiliates of Russian intelligence "represented a grave counterintelligence threat" because his "presence on the Campaign and proximity to Trump created opportunities for Russian intelligence services to exert influence over, and acquire confidential information on, the Trump campaign."[174] [175] [176]

President's conduct involving Michael Cohen

Section K of Volume II of the report describes the events of this episode.

The final instance of potential obstruction concerns Michael Cohen, a former personal lawyer of Trump's. "There is evidence that could support the inference that the President intended to discourage Cohen from cooperating with the government because Cohen's information would shed adverse light on the President's campaign-period conduct and statements", the report states.[177] [178] The report continues by detailing that Trump encouraged Cohen to "stay strong": "After the FBI searched Cohen's home and office in April 2018, the President publicly asserted that Cohen would not "flip" and privately passes messages of support to him".[179] [180] However, the report notes that when Cohen began cooperating with the government in the summer of 2018, Trump publicly criticized him: "Cohen also discussed pardons with the President's personal counsel and believed that if he stayed on message, he would get a pardon or the President would do 'something else' to make the investigation end. But after Cohen began cooperating with the government in the summer of 2018, the President publicly criticized him, called him a 'rat', and suggested that his family members had committed crimes".[181]

Appendices

Four appendices were included in the report:

Events before public release

Barr assumed oversight of the investigation on February 14, 2019, after being approved by the Senate and sworn in as Attorney General.[186] [187] Barr had been previously critical of the investigation before Trump announced his intent to nominate Barr for Attorney General on December 7, 2018.[188] [189] [190] Barr's predecessor, Jeff Sessions, resigned on November 7, 2018, writing that it was at Trump's request.[191] [192] [193]

The report was submitted by the special counsel to Attorney General William Barr on March 22, 2019. Barr tasked the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) in the Department of Justice with authoring a memo that would justify the decision Barr had already made to clear Trump of obstruction.[194] [195] [196] [197] The group authored both the memo and Barr letter over in tandem the course of two days;[198] the final memo was signed by Steven Engel and Ed O'Callaghan.[195] [196] [199] Following litigation under the Freedom of Information Act, the Justice Department released the full text of the internal OLC memorandum in August 2022.[194]

Barr letter

See main article: Barr letter.

On March 24, 2019, Attorney General Barr sent Congress a four-page letter that purportedly described the special counsel's conclusions regarding Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election and obstruction of justice. Barr relayed two ways in which Russia interfered in the election: firstly, "disinformation and social media operations in the United States designed to sow social discord"; and secondly, hacking computers for emails from the 2016 Clinton presidential campaign and Democratic Party organizations.[200] Barr also quoted the report that the "investigation did not establish that members of the Trump Campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities".[201]

On obstruction of justice, Barr wrote that the special counsel "did not draw a conclusion" on obstruction[202] [203] and that "The Special Counsel's decision to describe the facts of his obstruction investigation without reaching any legal conclusions leaves it to the Attorney General to determine whether the conduct described in the report constitutes a crime". Barr continued: "Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein and I have concluded that the evidence developed during the Special Counsel's investigation is not sufficient to establish that the President committed an obstruction-of-justice offense".[204] [205]

On Barr's decision to clear him on obstruction, Trump said in late April 2019 that Barr read the Mueller report "and he made a decision right on the spot. No obstruction".[206] [207]

After the release of the Barr Letter, media commentators pointed out that in June 2018, prior to joining the Trump administration, Barr sent an unsolicited 19-page memo to the Department of Justice and White House attorneys asserting that Mueller's investigation of President Trump for obstruction is "legally insupportable",[208] [209] [210] [211] and "fatally misconceived".[212] [213] [214] Barr also discussed the memo with some of Trump's attorneys.[208]

Mueller's reaction

On March 27, 2019, Mueller reportedly wrote to Barr in a letter, as stated in the New York Times "expressing his and his team's concerns that the attorney general had inadequately portrayed their conclusions".[215] This was first reported on April 30, 2019. Mueller thought that the Barr letter "did not fully capture the context, nature, and substance" of the findings of the special counsel investigation that he led.[216] "There is now public confusion about critical aspects of the results of our investigation". Mueller also requested Barr release the Mueller report's introductions and executive summaries.[217] The March 27 Mueller letter made no mention of media coverage.[218]

On March 28, 2019, according to anonymous Justice Department officials, Mueller, in a call to Barr, reportedly expressed concerns about public misunderstandings of the obstruction investigation due to media coverage. On April 30, 2019, a spokeswoman from the Justice Department described the March 28 call between Mueller and Barr: "the Special Counsel emphasized that nothing in the Attorney General's March 24 letter was inaccurate or misleading. But, he expressed frustration over the lack of context and the resulting media coverage regarding the Special Counsel's obstruction analysis". Although they discussed whether more context could be provided via Barr releasing more of the report, Barr "ultimately determined that it would not be productive to release the report in piecemeal fashion".[219]

On March 29, 2019, Barr sent a subsequent letter to Congress in which he said that his March 24 letter was not a summary of the Mueller report,[220] but merely presented the report's principal conclusions. Barr also wrote that he would be volunteering to testify before Congress in early May, which Barr did.

Barr testimony of April 9 and 10

On April 9, Attorney General Barr appeared in a congressional hearing before the House. There, Representative Charlie Crist described media reports that "members of the special counsel's team are frustrated at some level with the limited information included in your March 24 letter, that it does not adequately or accurately portray the [Mueller] report's findings". Crist asked Barr: "Do you know what they are referencing with that?", Barr replied: "No, I don't. I think I think I suspect that they probably wanted more put out, but in my view, I was not interested in putting out summaries".[221] [222]

On April 10, Attorney General Barr appeared before the Senate Appropriations Committee. Senator Chris Van Hollen asked Barr regarding obstruction: "Did Bob Mueller support your conclusion?" Barr replied: "I don't know whether Bob Mueller supported my conclusion."

Barr press conference

On April 18, Attorney General Barr held a press conference discussing the report 90 minutes before it was released to Congress and the public.[223] [224] The press conference discussed redacted portions, and "ten episodes involving the President and discusses potential legal theories for connecting these actions to elements of an obstruction offense."[225] [226]

Barr gave the following elaboration on his decision that the evidence was insufficient to warrant an obstruction of justice charge for Trump: "Although the deputy attorney general [Rod Rosenstein] and I disagreed with some of the special counsel's legal theories and felt that some of the episodes examined did not amount to obstruction as a matter of law, we did not rely solely on that in making our decision. Instead, we accepted the special counsel's legal framework for purposes of our analysis and evaluated the evidence as presented by the special counsel in reaching our conclusion".

Barr also mentioned that Trump's legal team received the redacted version of the report earlier in the week, adding that the president's lawyers "were not permitted to make, and did not request, any redactions".[227] Barr said that the "president confirmed that, in the interests of transparency and full disclosure to the American people, he would not assert privilege over the special counsel's report".

In the press conference, Barr asked that people look into the context, stating that President Trump "faced an unprecedented situation [...] federal agents and prosecutors were scrutinizing his conduct before and after taking office and the conduct of some of his associates. [...] There was relentless speculation in the news media about the President's personal culpability", even though there was, according to Barr, "no collusion". Barr continued that there was "substantial evidence to show that the president was frustrated and angered by a sincere belief that the investigation was undermining his presidency, propelled by his political opponents and fueled by illegal leaks".[228] [229] [230] Also in the press conference, Barr said that he asked Mueller "whether or not [Mueller] was taking the position that he would have found a crime but for the existence of the OLC opinion" that a sitting president cannot be indicted. Barr continued that Mueller "made it very clear, several times, that he was not taking a positionhe was not saying but for the OLC opinion he would have found a crime".[231]

Some political commentators, including Chris Wallace of Fox News, observed that Barr appeared to behave more like Trump's defense attorney than as an attorney general during the press conference.[232] [233] [234] [235]

Following the Barr press conference, The New York Times noticed similarities from Barr's 19-page memo to the Justice Department while not working for the government, in which he criticized this investigation for "proposing an unprecedented expansion of obstruction laws" that would result in "grave consequences" for the institution of the presidency. The New York Times continued that Barr had an "untrammeled view of executive power", and that the 2018 Barr memo "turned out to be an accurate road map to Mr. Barr's handling of the Mueller report".[236]

Public release of redacted report

On April 18, 2019, a redacted version of the special counsel's report was released to Congress and the public. About one-eighth of the lines are redacted.[237] [238] The report is 448 pages long across two volumes and four appendices. It contains about 200,000 words and over 1,100 footnotes. About 11% of the text is redacted. 40% of the pages had at least one redaction, and there were over 900 redacted text blocks in all.

Barr described the four kinds of redactions in the released report: "harm to ongoing matter" (HOM) in, "personal privacy" (PP) in, "investigative technique" (IT) in, and "grand jury" material in .[239] Of those, only the grand jury redactions are required by law due to 6(e) of United States criminal procedure.[240] [241] [242] Barr characterized the report as being "lightly redacted".

Redacted report findings compared to Barr letter

After the release of the redacted report, the Barr letter was criticized as a deliberate mischaracterization of the Mueller report and its conclusions.[243] [244] [245] Numerous legal analysts accused Barr of glossing over the report, identifying significant discrepancies between Barr's characterizations of its contents and the report's actual findings, while others called for Barr's resignation.[246] [247] [248] [249] The New York Times reported instances in which the Barr letter omitted information and quoted sentence fragments out of context in ways that significantly altered the findings in the report, including:[250]

CNN wrote that while Barr in his letter took it upon himself to deliver a ruling on whether Trump had committed obstruction, the redacted report indicates that Mueller intended that decision to be made by Congress, not Barr.

Numerous other political and legal analysts, including Bob Woodward[254] and Brian Williams,[255] observed significant differences in what Barr said about Mueller's findings in his March 24 summary letter, and in his April 18 press conference, compared to what the Mueller report actually found. This commentary included a comparison of Barr to Baghdad Bob, calling him "Baghdad Bill".[255] [246] [256] [257]

Barr wrote that his letter provided "the principal conclusions" of the Mueller report. Ryan Goodman, a professor at the New York University School of Law and co-editor of Just Security, observed that in 1989 Barr also wrote a letter which he stated contained "the principal conclusions" of a controversial legal opinion he worked on as head of the OLC. Barr declined to provide the full opinion to Congress, but it was later subpoenaed and released to the public, showing that the summary letter did not fully disclose the principal conclusions.[258] [259]

Redacted report findings compared to Barr press conference

In the Barr press conference on April 18, prior to the release of the redacted report, Barr said that "the White House fully cooperated with the Special Counsel's investigation". However, Factcheck.org describes that this was "contradicted in the report", which stated that Trump had attacked the investigation in public, tried to control the investigation in private, and encouraged witnesses not to cooperate both in public and private. Factcheck.org also describes the report as saying that President Trump did not fully cooperate for interview requests by investigators, then in written responses answered that he did not remember to over 30 questions, while other answers were "incomplete or imprecise". Investigators protested that the written responses denied them the opportunity to ask follow-up questions, but Trump denied another request for an interview.[96]

Also the Barr press conference on April 18, Barr said that "Special Counsel Mueller did not indicate that his purpose was to leave the decision [on obstruction by Trump] to Congress". The Washington Post described that "the report does not say Mueller intended to leave obstruction-related decisions to Barr", and instead "uses suggestive language about Congress's role", that Congress can subject President Trump to obstruction laws, and made a reference to not wanting to preempt impeachment.[244]

Analysis of redactions

Attributes of the report's text, and its redactions in particular, received significant news coverage and was a noted talking point.[260] Redactions were concentrated on areas about Russian government interference in the elections.[261] The four types of redactions had the following statistics:

Press coverage of the investigation

The Associated Press and Slate observed that the Mueller report mostly corroborated press coverage of the investigation. Kyle Pope, editor of the Columbia Journalism Review, remarked that "The media looks a lot stronger today than it did before the release of this report", asserting that Mueller's report absolved the media of its coverage of the investigation, the fairness, accuracy, and objectivity of which was repeatedly derided by President Trump and his allies as "fake news" and a part of a concerted "Witch-Hunt".[264] [265] The Washington Post stated that the report "offered a rich portrait of Trump's efforts as president to undermine the investigation and mislead the public".[266]

The Washington Post reported that while some press reports on the investigation proved wrong, or at least were not confirmed by the Mueller report, "the Mueller report was by and large an affirmation of the mainstream media's investigative reporting. Almost all the big stories were confirmed in the report". Notable reports that were not confirmed to be true by the report included:[267]

False and misleading public statements by the Trump administration

Politifact published a list of eight notable public assertions Trump and his administration made that the Mueller report showed to be false or misleading:[268]

Vox reported that the Mueller report showed Sanders and her predecessor, Sean Spicer, made false statements about the circumstances surrounding the firings of Comey and Michael Flynn.[277]

The Mueller report showed that despite assertions by Hope Hicks and Jason Miller in September 2016 that Carter Page never had any involvement with the campaign, Page actually produced work for the campaign, traveled with Trump to a campaign speech and "Chief policy adviser Sam Clovis expressed appreciation for Page's work and praised his work to other Campaign officials".[278] [279] [280]

Other findings

The Mueller report devoted over a dozen pages to refute an argument made by Trump's attorneys, and by Barr before he joined the Trump administration, that it was impossible for Trump to obstruct the investigation, regardless of his intentions, due to his presidential authority to oversee federal law enforcementan interpretation that some legal scholars characterized as dubious because it suggests a president is above the law.[281] [282]

The report confirmed significant aspects of reporting, primarily by The Wall Street Journal, of efforts by Republican activist Peter Smith to locate deleted Clinton emails, including his communications about it with Michael Flynn and campaign co-chair Sam Clovis, as well as Flynn's actions to spearhead the effort at Trump's repeated requests. In at least one email to an undisclosed list of recipients, Smith claimed to know WikiLeak's schedule about releasing the Clinton emails, writing there was a "tug-of-war going on within WikiLeaks over its planned releases in the next few days", and that WikiLeaks "has maintained that it will save its best revelations for last, under the theory this allows little time for response prior to the U.S. election November 8."[283] [284]

The report confirmed significant parts of reporting regarding a January 2017 meeting in Seychelles between Erik Prince, George Nader, and Putin confidant Kirill Dmitriev, among others. Despite Prince's prior congressional testimony that he had no role in the Trump campaign or transition, the report found that Nader had represented Prince to Dmitriev as "designated by Steve [Bannon] to meet you! I know him and he is very very well connected and trusted by the New Team".[285] [286] The Mueller Report stated, "According to Nader, Prince had led him to believe that Bannon was aware of Prince's upcoming meeting with Dmitriev, and Prince acknowledged that it was fair for Nader to think that Prince would pass information on to the Transition Team. Bannon, however, told the Office that Prince did not tell him in advance about his meeting with Dmitriev".[287] Prince testified to the House Intelligence Committee that "I didn't fly there to meet any Russian guy",[288] although the Mueller Report found that he and Nader made significant preparations to meet Dmitriev.[289] [290] Although Prince had previously characterized a second meeting between him and Dmitriev in a bar as a chance encounter of no consequence, the Mueller report found the meeting was actually pre-arranged after Prince had learned from communications back home that Russia had positioned an aircraft carrier off Libya and he wanted to convey that the United States would not accept any Russian involvement in Libya. House Intelligence Committee chairman Adam Schiff announced on April 30, 2019, that he was sending a criminal referral to the Justice Department alleging Prince had provided false testimony to the committee.[291] [292]

The special counsel sought to interview Trump for more than a year, advising his attorneys that "it is in the interest of the Presidency and the public for an interview to take place" and offering "numerous accommodations to aid the President's preparation and avoid surprise".[293] [294] Trump's attorneys resisted these requests, which the special counsel accepted written responses to questions.[295] The Mueller report stated that Trump asserted more than thirty times that he could not remember information that had been asked, and that other answers were "incomplete or imprecise".[296] [297] Trump did not provide written responses to questions relating to obstruction of justice or events during the transition.[298] [299] The special counsel considered subpoenaing Trump's testimony but decided against it because it would likely result in protracted constitutional litigation that would delay conclusion of the investigation, and because investigators had by then acquired information they sought by other means.[300] [301]

The Mueller report elaborated on earlier reporting regarding communications between Felix Sater and Michael Cohen during 2015–2016 to pursue construction of Trump Tower Moscow, at a time Trump denied any business involvement in Russia. The report found that Sater, a former Trump business associate, asserted to Cohen that he had Russian contacts who could gain Vladimir Putin's support for the project, adding "I think I can get Putin to [praise Trump's business acumen] at the Trump Moscow press conference", and "We can own this election. Michael my next steps are very sensitive with Putin's very very close people, we can pull this off".[302] [303] The report also found that Cohen had discussed particulars of the project with Ivanka Trump and Donald Trump Jr.[304] [305] The report states, "According to Cohen, he did not consider the political import of the Trump Moscow project to the 2016 U.S. presidential election at the time. Cohen also did not recall candidate Trump or anyone affiliated with the Trump Campaign discussing the political implications of the Trump Tower Moscow project with him. However, Cohen recalled conversations with Trump in which the candidate suggested that his campaign would be a significant 'infomercial' for Trump-branded properties".[306] [3]

The Mueller report did not investigate or conclude Cohen had been in Prague, as had been alleged in the Steele dossier and reported by the McClatchy Company. It only cited Cohen's denial to investigators.[307]

Book editions

The report was issued as a printed book by three publishers, and collated an aggregate 357,000 sales, making it a New York Times bestseller.[308]

Reactions

See also: Reactions to the Mueller special counsel investigation.

President Donald Trump

See also: False or misleading statements by Donald Trump. Trump has vacillated in his view of the report, initially saying, "The Mueller report was great. It could not have been better," then one month later characterizing it as a "total 'hit job, then one month later as "a beautiful report".[309]

The Mueller report reported that Donald Trump's campaign staff, administration officials, and family members, his Republican backers, and his associates lied or made false assertions, whether intentional or unintentional, to the public, Congress, and authorities.[310]

Upon the release of the redacted report on April 18, Trump commented:

President Trump sent several tweets about the news, including one that mimicked promotional material for the television series Game of Thrones, featuring Trump turning his back, surrounded in mist, superimposed with the words "No collusion. No obstruction. For the haters and the radical left Democrats."[311] HBO, owners of the rights to the series, commented that they "prefer our intellectual property not be used for political purposes". Trump had posted similar pictures on Twitter and Instagram on previous occasions, which HBO had chided.[312] [313] [314]

On April 19, Trump labeled the report "crazy", saying that some of the report's assertions about him were "total bullshit" and "fabricated and totally untrue". Calling for a new counter-investigation, he tweeted: "It is now finally time to turn the tables and bring justice to some very sick and dangerous people who have committed very serious crimes, perhaps even Spying or Treason."[315] [316] [317] He posted similar tweets in the following days.[318] [319]

On April 23, Trump said of the investigation, "I don't believe our country should allow this ever to happen again. This will never happen again. We cannot let it ever happen again." He went on to insinuate that "treasonous acts" were performed against him from "very high up" in the Obama administration.[320]

On April 24, Trump attacked the report's writers as "Angry Democrats and Trump Haters", tweeting: "If the partisan Dems ever tried to Impeach, I would first head to the U.S. Supreme Court." Legal experts responded that Trump had misunderstood the Constitution, as impeachment is constitutionally within Congress' abilities and responsibilities and not the within that of the courts.[321]

On April 25, Trump denied the report's claim that he ordered former White House Counsel Don McGahn to fire Mueller. He tweeted:

On April 26, speaking to the National Rifle Association of America (NRA), Trump said, "They tried for a coup; didn't work out so well. And I didn't need a gun for that one, did I? All was taking place at the highest levels in Washington, D.C. […] Corruption at the highest level. A disgrace. Spying, surveillance, trying for an overthrowand we caught 'em, we caught 'em. Who would have thought in our country? But it's called […] 'draining the swamp'."[322] [323]

On May 29, Trump said regarding the report "The Mueller report came out: no obstruction, no collusion, no nothing. It's a beautiful report."[324] The next day Trump made a similar remark about Mueller's report saying "There's no obstruction, there's no collusion, there's no nothing. It's nothing but a witch hunt. A witch hunt by the media and the Democrats, they're partners."[325]

With Mueller set to testify to Congress about his report in July 2019, Trump falsely claimed in June 2019 that Mueller had illegally deleted communication records between Peter Strzok and Lisa Page (there were lost records which were later retrieved, but there is no indication Mueller was involved in processes on this matter).[326] [327] Trump declared in early July 2019 that Mueller "must" restrict his testimony to "the report".[328] In late July 2019, Trump said that Mueller's testifying would be "bad" for Mueller.[329] With Mueller's aide Aaron Zebley also about to testify to Congress, Trump criticized Zebley, characterizing him as a "Never Trumper lawyer" (Zebley has never donated to any political party). Trump also criticized Zebley for his role in private law practice representing Bill Cooper, who had connections to Bill and Hillary Clinton regarding her emails.[330]

White House interaction with Don McGahn

The Wall Street Journal reported on May 10, 2019, that within a day of the release of the Mueller report, Trump sought to have McGahn declare that he didn't think the president's directive to have Mueller fired constituted obstruction of justice, but McGahn refused.[331]

On May 10, 2019, The New York Times reported that the White House, in April and/or May, asked McGahn twice to declare that Trump never obstructed justice.[332] "His reluctance angered the president, who believed that Mr. McGahn showed disloyalty by telling investigators for the special counsel, Robert S. Mueller III, about Mr. Trump's attempts to maintain control over the Russia investigation," the New York Times notes. One request was sent to McGahn's lawyer, William A. Burck, before the report was made public but after Trump's lawyers received a copy. Trump's lawyers noticed that Mueller left out McGahn's belief that Trump never obstructed justice. Responding to the first request; "We did not perceive it as any kind of threat or something sinister," Burck replied in a statement. "It was a request, professionally and cordially made." After the Mueller report was released, McGahn passed on the opportunity on putting out the statement. The White House tried once more and asked McGahn to publish the statement. McGahn declined.

September 2019

See main article: articles, Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump and Trump–Ukraine scandal. On September 30, 2019, The New York Times reported that two American officials stated that President Trump told Australian Prime Minister, Scott Morrison, to help Attorney General William Barr in a Justice Department inquiry, that, according to The New York Times, Trump hopes will discredit the Mueller investigation and validate his 2016 victory.[333] The White House curbed access to the transcript of the phone call, allegedly done by the request of Barr, however only allowing a small group of aides access. The White House responded by dismissing the reports, claiming that it was part of a routine request to grant Australian authorities access to Department of Justice resources to facilitate an investigation that had been open for several months.[334]

Trump's personal lawyers

Trump's lawyers said in a statement: "After a 17-month investigation, testimony from some 500 witnesses, the issuance of 2,800 subpoenas, the execution of nearly 500 search warrants, early morning raids, the examination of more than 1.4 million pages of documents, and the unprecedented cooperation of the President, it is clear there was no criminal wrongdoing...This vindication of the President is an important step forward for the country and a strong reminder that this type of abuse must never be permitted to occur again."[335] [336]

It has been reported since July 2018, that Trump's personal lawyers are creating a "counter report" to contest the special counsel's findings on obstruction of justice.[337], according to Rudy Giuliani, they are finalizing the report and putting finishing touches.[338] Giuliani has said that the counter report is about 45 pages long and consists of two sections.[339] Giuliani told The Daily Beast in an interview that the contents were: the legitimacy of the Special Counsel investigation due to alleged conflict of interests surrounding Mueller, and alleged coordination between the Trump Campaign and Russia including obstruction of justice.[340] Originally, according to Trump, the counter report was 87 pages long: "It has been incorrectly reported that Rudy Giuliani and others will not be doing a counter to the Mueller report. That is Fake News. Already 87 pages done, but obviously cannot complete until we see the final Witch Hunt Report".[341] [342]

Since the public release of the Mueller report, Giuliani has suggested that they might not release the report for now: "There's probably a point at which we will use it. Right now we think the public debate is playing out about as well as it can. Why confuse it it raises a lot of issues that maybe we didn't have to respond to", Giuliani said.

On April 21, Giuliani said the special counsel's team "came close to torturing people", and described a lawyer on the special counsel's team as a "hitman". Giuliani also stated: "There's nothing wrong with taking information from Russians. It depends on where it came from".[343] Also on April 21, Giuliani falsely stated that "nothing was denied" by the Trump administration to investigators (FactCheck.org notes that the report stated Trump refused interviews). Giuliani additionally falsely stated that "you read that" Don McGahn "gave three different versions" of his conversation with Trump regarding firing Mueller (FactCheck.org also notes that the report stated McGahn only gave one version, and that Trump gave another version).[344]

Trump attorney Emmet Flood mocked the Mueller report as "part 'truth commission' report and part law school exam paper".[345]

Former Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein

On April 11, 2019, in his first interview since the conclusion of the Special Counsel he appointed, with The Wall Street Journal, Rosenstein defended Attorney General Barr's handling of the conclusions of the Special Counsel investigation.[346] "He's being as forthcoming as he can, and so this notion that he's trying to mislead people, I think is just completely bizarre", Rosenstein said.[347] Rosenstein also supported Barr's four-page letter by saying: "It would be one thing if you put out a letter and said, 'I'm not going to give you the report.'" What he said is, 'Look, it's going to take a while to process the report. In the meantime, people really want to know what's in it. I'm going to give you the top-line conclusions.' That's all he was trying to do".[348]

On April 25, 2019, Rosenstein spoke at the Armenian Bar Association's Public Servants Dinner in New York City.[349] Rosenstein said that as a result of the investigation, there was now "overwhelming evidence that Russian operatives hacked American computers and defrauded American citizens, and that is only the tip of the iceberg of a comprehensive Russian strategy to influence elections, promote social discord, and undermine America, just like they do in many other countries [...] our nation is safer, elections are more secure, and citizens are better informed about covert foreign influence schemes."[350]

Rosenstein discussed the result of the special counsel investigation, saying that he did agree to oversee it correctly and to its completion, but: "I did not promise to report all results to the public, because grand jury investigations are ex parte proceedings. It is not our job to render conclusive factual findings. We just decide whether it is appropriate to file criminal charges".[351] However, according to Rosenstein, "not everybody was happy with [his] decision", as he went on to cite politicians who "need to evaluate everything in terms of the immediate political impact", and the media.[352] [353] Rosenstein reserved particular criticism for the media as "mercenary critics" who "launch ad hominem attacks unrestricted by truth or morality. They make threats, spread fake stories, and even attack your relatives. [...] A republic that endures is not governed by the news cycle. Some of the nonsense that passes for breaking news today would not be worth the paper was printed on, if anybody bothered to print it."[349] Rosenstein further said: "In politics as in journalism the rules of evidence do not apply."[354]

Rosenstein criticized the Obama administration for failing to "publicize the full story" about the methods and the "broader strategy" of Russian interference in the American elections.[349] [355] Rosenstein also criticized members of the FBI for disclosing classified material, and criticized James Comey's conduct for announcing the counterintelligence investigation while Comey was still FBI Director and alleging that "the president pressured [Comey] to close the investigation" after Comey was fired.[349] [356] [354]

On April 4, 2021, Rod Rosenstein was interviewed on Kim Wehle's podcast #SimplePolitics. Rosenstein pushed back on the idea that the investigation was a "witch hunt": "From my perspective, it was not a witch hunt. It was never a witch hunt. Bob Mueller doesn't do witch hunts," he said. "That was the criticism that came from the Right during the investigation, but I don't believe that's fair in the way the investigation was conducted."[357]

Former Special Counsel Robert Mueller

After the Special Counsel concluded its investigation on March 22, Barr sent Congress a four-page letter about the Special Counsel's conclusions on March 24. On April 30, it was reported Mueller sent a letter to Barr on March 27, that expressed concerns about his four-page letter to Congress.[358] [359] Barr called Mueller to discuss about the letter and its contents.[360]

"The summary letter the Department sent to Congress and released to the public late in the afternoon of March 24 did not fully capture the context, nature, and substance of this office's work and conclusions", Mueller said in his letter to Barr. "There is now public confusion about critical aspects of the results of our investigation. This threatens to undermine a central purpose for which the Department appointed the Special Counsel: to assure full public confidence in the outcome of the investigations".[361]

Barr's response to Mueller remarks

On May 30, 2019, CBS This Morning tweeted a clip[362] from an interview with Attorney General William Barr discussing his thoughts on Mueller's remarks on May 29. "The opinion says you cannot indict a president while he's in office. But he [Mueller] could've reached a decision as to whether it was criminal activity."[363] [364] [365] Barr explained why the Mueller report did not determine whether Trump committed obstruction of justice: "the Deputy attorney General, Rod Rosenstein, and I felt it was necessary for us, as the heads of the department, to reach that decision." When asked about whether Mueller was insinuating that Congress could be the other venue for reaching a conclusion on obstruction of justice, Barr replied by saying "Well, I'm not sure what he was suggesting, but, you know, the Department of Justice doesn't use our powers of investigating crimes as an adjunct to Congress."

Mueller's statement on May 29

Upon announcing the formal closure of the Office of the Special Counsel and his resignation from the Justice Department on May 29, 2019, Mueller said "the report is my testimony" and indicated he would have nothing to say that wasn't already in the report. He commented, "If we had had confidence that the president clearly did not commit a crime, we would have said so. We did not, however, make a determination as to whether the president did commit a crime".[366] [367] "The introduction to the volume two of our report explains that decision. It explains that under longstanding department policy, a present president cannot be charged with a federal crime while he is in office".[368] Also, "it would be unfair to potentially accuse somebody of a crime when there can be no court resolution of the actual charge". He said that, according to the Constitution, any potential wrongdoing by a president must be addressed by a "process other than the criminal justice system".[369] This hinted that Congress could now pick up the investigation or start impeachment proceedings.[370] [371] Additionally, Mueller stressed that the central conclusion of his investigation was "that there were multiple, systematic efforts to interfere in our election. That allegation deserves the attention of every American".[372]

Mueller's testimony on July 24

Mueller testified before Congress on July 24, 2019, answering questions asked by Representatives. Democrat Ted Lieu asked Mueller whether the reason he did not indict Trump was that Department of Justice policy prohibits the indictment of sitting presidents. Mueller originally confirmed that this was the reason. However, later that day, Mueller corrected his comments, stating that his team did not determine whether Trump committed a crime.[373] [374] Additionally, Mueller answered Republican Ken Buck that a president could be charged with obstruction of justice (or other crimes) after the president left office.[375]

Mueller testified that Trump's written responses to questions from investigators were "generally" untruthful and incomplete.[376]

Stephan Roh, who says he represents Joseph Mifsud, told The Washington Post that Mifsud was actually a "Western intelligence element".[377] Papadopoulos and some critics of the Russia investigation have asserted Mifsud was instructed to entrap Papadopoulos in order to justify the investigation.[378] [377] During Mueller's testimony, Republicans Jim Jordan and Devin Nunes sought to portray Mifsud as a central figure in what they asserted was an investigation initiated on false and politically motivated premises, while Democrats characterized their assertion as a diversion and conspiracy theory.[378] Mueller declined to address the matter as the origin of the investigation was then the subject of a DOJ inquiry.[379]

Other Justice Department officials

On April 25, The Washington Post published a report quoting an anonymous "senior Justice Department official". The official said that the "special counsel never decided whether [obstruction of justice] is a prosecutable case [against Trump], so there's no conflict between the attorney general's decision that it's not [prosecutable] and the special counsel's report". Regarding obstruction of justice, the official said: "All the attorney general was deciding was whether this was a prosecutable offense, and we don't bring criminal charges at the department unless we believe we can prove them beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury". Regarding the President's efforts to curtail the Special Counsel investigation in the episode involving Corey Lewandowski, the official said it would be hard to justify a prosecution because the obstruction relies on multiple people in a chain all doing something" and that it was "a very attenuated chain", exacerbated "given that the note isn't even an order". The official alluded to the belief that prosecutors would not be able to prove that Trump had wanted to shut down the investigation with corrupt intent, because according to the official, there was no underlying crime to cover up.[380]

James Comey

On May 1, 2019, James Comey wrote an opinion piece for The New York Times, in which he wrote about his thoughts on President Trump, Attorney General William Barr, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, among others:[381] On May 8, 2019, in an interview with CBS This Morning, James Comey called Attorney General William Barr's four-page-letter to Congress summarizing the report "misleading" and "inadequate".[382] "It certainly gave the impression that Bob Mueller had decided that he was not going to rule on this question of obstruction of justice when that's not what Mueller did. Mueller laid it out and signaled to a future prosecutor after this individual is out of office you ought to take a serious look at charging him," Comey said. Comey also talked about the ten episodes of alleged obstruction of justice detailed within the report "deeply concerning" to him.

On May 10, 2019, Comey participated in a CNN town hall event with Anderson Cooper. Cooper asked about Comey's thoughts on Barr's handling of the report and related matters. "I think he acted in a way that's less than honorable in the way he described it in writing and described it during a press conference, and continues to talk as if he's the president's lawyer. That is not the attorney general's job," Comey said.[383] "It doesn't make me happy to say this, but I think he has lost most of his reputation with the way he's conducted himself," Comey continued.[384] Comey also commented about Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein. Comey called Rosenstein "a man of accomplishment but not of strong character," reports CNN. Comey also slammed Rosenstein's comments about Trump's respect for the rule of law.[385] Comey also said that if Trump were not president, he would be charged.[386]

Rosenstein's response to Comey comments

On May 13, 2019, Rod Rosenstein fired back at Comey's remarks in front of the Greater Baltimore Committee (GBC).[387] [388] "Now, the former director is a partisan pundit, selling books and earning speaking fees while speculating about the strength of my character and the fate of my immortal soul," Rosenstein said. "That is disappointing. Speculating about souls is not a job for police and prosecutors. Generally, we base our opinions on eyewitness testimony." Rosenstein also commented on why Comey deserved to be fired and Comey's handling of the Hillary Clinton email investigation in 2016. Gregg Re of Fox News reported Rosenstein's remarks: The clearest mistake was the director's decision to hold a press conference about an open case, reveal his recommendation and discuss details about the investigation, without the consent of the prosecutors and the attorney general,' Rosenstein said. 'Then, he chose to send a letter to the Congress on the eve of the election stating that one of the candidates was under criminal investigation, expecting it to be released immediately to the public.' Rosenstein added 'Those actions were not within the range of reasonable decisions. They were inconsistent with our goal of communicating to all FBI employees that they should respect the attorney general's role, refrain from disclosing information about criminal investigations, avoid disparaging uncharged persons, and above all, not take unnecessary steps that could influence an election.

Democrats

Congressional Democratic leaders called on Mueller to publicly testify before Congress, renewing demands for the entire report to be released and raising concern over the President's conduct detailed in the report. House Judiciary Committee chairman Jerry Nadler announced he would issue a subpoena for the full report after the Justice Department released a redacted version. Democrats also criticized what they say were "orchestrated attempts" by the Trump administration to control the narrative surrounding the report's April 18 release.[389] Nadler issued the subpoena on April 19.[390] A DOJ spokesperson called Nadler's subpoena "premature and unnecessary", citing that the publicly released version of the report had "minimal redactions" and that Barr had already made arrangements for Nadler and other lawmakers to review a version with fewer redactions.[391] [392]

On the May 1 deadline of the subpoena, the DOJ rejected it as "not legitimate oversight" and that "the requests in the subpoena are overbroad and extraordinarily burdensome", adding that grand jury material cannot be released without a court order.[393] The House Intelligence Committee subpoenaed the full report on May 8.[394] Some Democrats suggested the possibility that refusing to comply with subpoenas could result in the Democratic-controlled House declaring inherent contempt to garnish the incomes of or even jail individuals who did not comply.[395] [396] On May 22, 2019, the Justice Department agreed to share some counterintelligence and foreign intelligence with the Intelligence Committee, causing chairman Schiff to cancel a scheduled meeting for Democrats to vote on "enforcement action" against the Justice department.[397]

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer released a joint statement saying "Special Counsel Mueller's report paints a disturbing picture of a president who has been weaving a web of deceit, lies, and improper behavior and acting as if the law doesn't apply to him". Senate Minority Whip Dick Durbin stated "The Special Counsel's findings paint a very different picture than what the President and his Attorney General would have the American people believe", and called the details of the Russian contacts with the Trump campaign and Trump's efforts to impede the investigation "troubling".[398]

Massachusetts Senator and former 2020 United States presidential election candidate Elizabeth Warren, citing the "severity" of the "misconduct" detailed in the report, called for the House to initiate impeachment proceedings against Trump, the first 2020 election candidate to do so post-report.[399] New Jersey Senator Cory Booker, also a former 2020 presidential candidate, called for the full release of the report, stating in an earlier tweet: "The American people deserve the truth. Not spin from a Trump appointee. Release Mueller's full report now".[400]

Republicans

Most Republican lawmakers had no immediate comments on the report due to the report coming out during Congress' spring recess.[401] House Republican leaders viewed the report as vindication of President Trump and signaled that lawmakers should move on. On April 18, House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy stated "Nothing we saw today changes the underlying results of the 22-month-long Mueller investigation that ultimately found no collusion".[402] House Minority Whip Steve Scalise tweeted "Democrats owe the American people an apology", along with a statement declaring the probe to be dead. Ohio Representative Jim Jordan, the Ranking Member on the House Oversight Committee, stated "They do want people who launched this investigation, on a false premise, they do want them held accountable", referring to retaliatory sentiment among Trump supporters about the origin of the Russia investigation and the Steele dossier. "You can't have the FBI using one party's opposition research document to launch an investigation and spy on the other party's campaign. We know that took place and we do need to get to the bottom of that because it's never supposed to happen in this country", Jordan added.[403] However, the House Intelligence Committee, then controlled by Republicans, released in 2017 a report that stated that the Russia investigation had not started from information in the Steele dossier, but from information that the FBI received on George Papadopoulos.[404]

On April 19, Utah Senator Mitt Romney wrote in a statement on Twitter that he was "sickened" and "appalled" by the findings in the report, and said reading the report was a "sobering revelation of how far we have strayed from the aspirations and the principles of the founders".[405] Romney later expounded on his comments in a press release by saying "It is good news that there was insufficient evidence to charge the President of the United States with having conspired with a foreign adversary or with having obstructed justice. The alternative would have taken us through a wrenching process with the potential for constitutional crisis. The business of government can move on."[406] [407] [408]

On April 28, Senator Lindsey Graham, head of the Senate Judiciary Committee, said on Face the Nation; "I don't care what they talked about. He didn't do anything. The point is the president did not impede Mueller from doing his investigation...I don't care what happened between him and Don McGahn", Graham continued: "Here's what I care about: Was Mueller allowed to do his job? And the answer is yes".[409] On May 1, Graham falsely stated that on "obstruction of justice, Mr. Mueller left it to Mr. Barr to decide after two years, and all this time. He said, 'Mr. Barr, you decide. Mueller did not ask Barr to make the decision, and Barr later said that he had not talked directly to Mueller about making that decision. Graham also falsely stated that the special counsel investigation "concluded there was no collusion", when collusion was not addressed in the report but criminal conspiracy was.[410]

Republican congressman Justin Amash stated in May 2019 that he concluded from the Mueller report that Trump engaged in impeachable conduct and "it is clear that Barr intended to mislead the public about Special Counsel Robert Mueller's analysis and findings," adding, "Barr's misrepresentations are significant but often subtle, frequently taking the form of sleight-of-hand qualifications or logical fallacies, which he hopes people will not notice."[411] [412]

Former federal prosecutors

In early May 2019, more than 1,000 former federal prosecutors who had served under both Republican and Democratic administrations published a statement entitled "Statement by Former Federal Prosecutors" on Medium. They declared:The former prosecutors found three types of acts described in the Mueller report which "satisfy all of the elements for an obstruction charge":

The effort was organized by the nonpartisan, nonprofit organization Protect Democracy,[414] a sister organization[415] of United to Protect Democracy.[416]

On May 30, 2019, a video hosted by Robert De Niro featured 11 former federal prosecutors who endorsed the statement. "We all strongly believe that there is more than enough evidence to indict President Trump for multiple felony counts of obstruction of justice", former assistant U.S. Attorney Jennifer Rodgers said.[417] [418]

In April 2019, Former Deputy Attorney General and former Acting Attorney General Sally Yates remarked, "I've personally prosecuted obstruction cases on far, far less evidence than this, and yes, I believe if [Trump] were not the president of the United States, he would likely be indicted on obstruction".[419]

Commentators

After the release of the report, media commentators again pointed out that in 2018, Barr, before rejoining government work, had authored an unsolicited memo to the Justice Department describing investigation into potential obstruction of justice by Trump was "fatally misconceived" and "overly aggressive",[420] [421] [422] and also noted that the Barr memo argued that a president could not be charged for acts of presidential power, such as firing officials.[423] NPR's Ron Elving, in referring to the memo, described that "we got the word on" the result on obstruction "early" because "Barr had already authored a 19-page explanation for why a president could not be charged with obstruction of justice – suggesting pointedly that Mueller should not even be thinking about it".[424]

Although generally a liberal,[425] Harvard Law School professor Alan Dershowitz, who has been among Trump's most prominent defenders in the Russia investigation,[426] gave the report an "incomplete" on the conclusion of obstruction of justice, "C+" on legal analysis, and a "B+" on factual analysis, in an interview with Fox News.[427] Dershowitz also gave the media coverage of the report an "F"; "Even with grade inflation, I just think the media comes off awful, terrible, for the most part. I think we are seeing an elimination of the distinction between the editorial page and the news pages in some of the leading media in the country, and that's a shame. Walter Cronkite could not get a job in the media today", Dershowitz said.[428]

Fordham University law professor Jed Shugerman opined in the New York Times that: "The report's very high standard for legal conclusions for criminal charges was explicitly proof 'beyond a reasonable doubt'. So the report did not establish crimes beyond a reasonable doubt. But it did show a preponderance of conspiracy and coordination". In Shugerman's view, the preponderance of evidence standard is "relevant for counterintelligence and general parlance about facts, and closer to the proper standard for impeachment". He continues: "By the preponderance of evidence standard, the report contains ample evidence to establish conspiracy and coordination with the Russian government, sometimes through intermediaries, other times through a Russian spy". The Starr Report on President Clinton, which was organized as an "impeachment referral, not a prosecution decision", applied a lower standard of "substantial and credible information" more like the preponderance of the evidence standard. The Mueller report explained that the ability to conclude using the criminal proof beyond a reasonable doubt standard was "materially impaired" by lies by individuals associated with the Trump campaign and deletion of emails, among other factors.[429]

Polling

A public opinion poll by Reuters and Ipsos conducted between the afternoon of April 18, 2019, and the morning of April 19 found that 37 percent of adults in the United States approved of Trump's performance in office, down from 40 percent in a similar poll conducted on April 15 and matching the lowest level of the year. The approval rating was also down from 43 percent in a poll conducted shortly after the Attorney General's summary was released on March 22.[430] Among the respondents that said they were familiar with the Mueller report, 70 percent said the report had not changed their view of Trump or Russia's involvement in the U.S. presidential race and 15 percent said they had learned something that changed their view of Trump or the Russia investigation.[431]

A poll by The Washington Post and ABC News conducted between April 22–25, after the Mueller report was released, found that 51% of respondents believed the investigation was fair; 53% said that it did not clear Trump of all wrongdoing; 58% said that Trump lied about matters that were investigated; 56% said that impeachment should not proceed; and support for impeachment is at a new low of 37%.[432] A plurality of 47% said Trump tried to obstruct justice.[433]

A YouGov and Huffington Post poll of 1000 American adults conducted on May 29 and 30, 2019, found that 72% of 2016 Trump voters who were aware that Mueller had stated that he would not clear Trump of a crime, still believed that the Mueller report exonerated Trump. The figure among corresponding Hillary Clinton voters and non-voters was 07% and 24% respectively.[434]

A Fox News poll of registered voters released on June 16, 2019, found that 50% believed the Trump campaign had coordinated with the Russian government, the highest level of the eight times the poll had asked that question since June 2017.[435] [436]

Subsequent actions with Congress

On April 18, Barr said: "the president confirmed that, in the interests of transparency and full disclosure to the American people, he would not assert privilege over the special counsel's report".[437]

Congressional committees had wanted more answers about the process and findings of the Special Counsel investigation. The Associated Press described Trump's response to post-Mueller congressional investigations as 'Just say no' and 'Resist on every legal front', noting that Trump on April 24 had declared: "We're fighting all the subpoenas. [...] I thought after two years we'd be finished with it. No, now the House goes and starts subpoenaing."[438]

On May 8, despite the previous statement by Barr, Trump asserted that all materials requested by Congress, including the un-redacted Mueller report, were sheltered by executive privilege.[439] This was a "protective assertion" of executive privilege to prevent Congress from receiving the un-redacted Mueller report and its underlying material for the time being, pending his decision to make a "final assertion" of executive privilege.[440]

House Judiciary Committee

Robert Mueller testimony

On April 18, House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerry Nadler sent Mueller a letter requesting his testimony before the House Judiciary Committee "as soon as possible but, in any event, no later than May 23, 2019".[441] [442] The Committee proposed that Mueller testify on May 15, but no agreement was ever reached.[443] On May 10, Nadler said that Mueller would not testify the week of May 12. Nadler did not give a reason why but said "just hasn't developed".[444]

On May 24, Nadler said that "He doesn't want to be public in what some people will regard as a political spectacle, I think," speaking about Mueller. "He's willing to make an opening statement, but he wants to testify in private," Nadler continued. "We think it's important for the American people to hear from him and to hear his answers to questions about the report."[445]

On June 25, Chairman Nadler and chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, Adam Schiff, both publicly announced that Mueller agreed to publicly testify before House Judiciary and Intelligence Committees on July 17. Both committees had subpoenaed Mueller's testimony.[446] However, the hearing was postponed to July 24 with a third hour added for questions, bringing the total to three.[447]

On July 24, Mueller testified before the House Judiciary Committee after being subpoenaed.[448] After the hearings, it was revealed that the House Judiciary Committee is "actively considering articles of impeachment and is seeking access to redacted materials from the Mueller report in order to decide whether to move forward with the process."[449]

Don McGahn testimony

On April 22, the House Judiciary Committee subpoenaed Don McGahn to testify and to supply any documents related to the committee's investigation into obstruction of justice.[450] The subpoena calls for the documents by May 7, and for McGahn to testify by May 21.[451]

The Trump administration had been expected to claim executive privilege on parts of McGahn's testimony. Kellyanne Conway, counselor to President Trump, said on April 28: "Executive privilege is always an option, it's always on the table. But Don McGahn has already talked under oath for 30 hours. And this is just presidential harassment", Conway told Jake Tapper, adding that it is Trump's right to use executive privilege.[452] Trump stated on May 2 that he would not allow McGahn to testify,[453] and on May 7, the White House invoked executive privilege to withhold the documents that were subpoenaed.[454] McGahn is expected to testify about President Trump's efforts to obstruct the Special Counsel, which McGahn said he was told to do but refused and threatened to resign if so ordered.[455] McGahn's attorney said on May 7, that McGahn would "stand fast and do nothingcomply with neither the White House instructions nor the committee subpoenauntil the legal questions surrounding the dispute have been resolved".[456] The attorney added that "Where co-equal branches of government are making contradictory demands on Mr. McGahn concerning the same set of documents, the appropriate response for Mr. McGahn is to maintain the status quo unless and until the Committee and Executive Branch can reach an accommodation."[457]

On May 20, 2019, President Trump directed McGahn to not comply with a subpoena that would make McGahn testify before the committee on May 21.[458]

William Barr testimony

On April 26, the House Judiciary Committee announced that Barr would testify on May 2, regarding the Special Counsel investigation, its findings, allegations of obstruction of justice, and allegations of spying on the Trump Campaign.[459] However, on April 28, Barr said he might not testify to the Committee because he was displeased about the format of the testimony he is expected to give.[460] Nadler said "The witness [Barr] is not going to tell the committee how to conduct its hearing, period". On the prospect of Barr not showing up, Nadler stated: "Then we will have to subpoena him, and we will have to use whatever means we can to enforce the subpoena".[461]

Barr did testify before the Republican-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee on the same topics on May 1.[462]

On May 2, when Barr was to testify before the committee, Barr did not show up.[463] Democrats on the House Judiciary Committee, specifically Democratic Representative of Tennessee Steve Cohen, mocked Barr for not showing up, calling him "Chicken Barr". Cohen brought a bucket of Kentucky Fried Chicken and a chicken prop to mock Barr.[464]

On May 3, Nadler informed Barr that a subpoena had been issued giving him until May 6, 2019, to release the un-redacted Mueller report.[465] Barr did not comply with the subpoena. The House Judiciary Committee is expected to vote on whether to bring forth Contempt of Congress on May 8.[466] [467] [468] [469] [470] A law issued in 1857 gives Congress the power to issue criminal charges for this matter.[471]

On May 8, Assistant Attorney General Stephen Boyd wrote Nadler that Barr would ask Trump to invoke executive privilege to withhold the full report if the Judiciary Committee proceeded to vote on a contempt charge.[472] [473] Boyd wrote in the letter to Nadler saying "We are disappointed that you have rejected the Department of Justice's request to delay the vote of the Committee on the Judiciary on a contempt finding against the Attorney General this morning ... Accordingly, this is to advise you that the President has asserted executive privilege over the entirety of the subpoenaed materials."[474] Also on May 8, Barr wrote a letter to Trump to "request that you make protective assertion of executive privilege with respect to Department of Justice documents recently subpoenaed by the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives." On May 8, Trump invoked executive privilege for those documents at Barr's request.[475] [476] Trump's announcement of executive privilege came just hours before the House Judiciary Committee planned to vote on whether to hold Barr in contempt. The Committee voted unanimously to reject this assertion of executive privilege and approved a motion put forward by Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-Fl) which states that a vote to hold Barr in contempt would not "be construed as a directive for the Attorney General to violate Federal law or rules".[477] [478] In a 24–16 vote, the House Judiciary Committee approved a motion of Contempt of Congress against Barr.[479]

Hope Hicks testimony

A day before Hope Hicks was expected to testify behind closed doors before the House Intelligence Committee on June 18, 2019, White House Counsel Pat Cipollone sent a letter to Committee chairman Jerry Nadler that President Trump instructed Hicks to not answer questions pertaining to her work at the White House.[480] [481] "Ms. Hicks is absolutely immune from being compelled to testify before Congress with respect to matters occurring during her service as a senior adviser to the President," Cipollone says. "Because of this constitutional immunity, and in order to protect the prerogatives of the Office of the President, the President has directed Ms. Hicks not to answer questions before the Committee relating to the time of her service as a senior adviser to the President."

In the letter, Cipollone cited various Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) opinions arguing that Hicks is immune from compelled testimony, including one issued by the Justice Department in May that Trump cited when instructing former White House counsel Don McGahn not to testify before the committee pursuant to a subpoena. Cipollone also indicated that the White House may try to block Hicks from answering questions about her time on the presidential transition team because of potential executive privilege concerns. "Much of Ms. Hicks's work during this period involved discussions with the President-elect and his staff relating to the decisions the President-elect would be making once he assumed office," Cipollone wrote. "Accordingly, her responses to specific questions about this period would likely implicate executive branch confidentiality interests concerning that decisionmaking process," he wrote. "In order to preserve the President's ability to assert executive privilege over such information, a member of my office will attend Ms. Hicks's testimony on June 19."

During Hicks' testimony, lawyers for the Trump administration forbade Hicks from answering questions 155 times, claiming that due to "absolute immunity", Hicks "may not speak about anything that occurred during the time of her employment in the White House as a close adviser to the President".[482] [483]

Senate Judiciary Committee

On May 1, Attorney General Barr testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee. Barr said he "didn't exonerate" Trump on obstruction as that was not the role of the Justice Department. Barr explained his decision that there was not enough evidence for Trump to be charged with obstruction by citing that the president did not commit an underlying crime related to Russia.[484]

Then California Democratic Senator and now Vice President Kamala Harris questioned why neither Barr nor Rosenstein reviewed the underlying evidence in the report. "We accepted the statements in the report as the factual record. We did not go underneath it to see whether or not they were accurate, we accepted it as accurate," Barr said. He asserted this approach was common DOJ practice.[485] [486] Harris also asked Barr if Rosenstein had been cleared by ethics officials to be involved in the decision to not charge Trump of obstruction, given that Rosenstein was a witness to the investigation regarding James Comey's firing. Barr with the help of his aides concluded by saying "He was the acting attorney general on the Mueller investigation...I'm informed that before I arrived, he had been cleared by the ethics officials."[487] [488]

On the question of whether Trump could have ended the investigation, Barr said "the situation of the President, who has constitutional authority to supervise proceedings, if in fact a proceeding was not well founded, if it was a groundless proceeding, if it was based on false allegations, the President does not have to sit there, constitutionally, and allow it to run its course." He added, "The President could terminate that proceeding, and it would not be a corrupt intent, because he was being falsely accused.[489] He later said that Trump "knew [the accusations against him] were false. And he felt this investigation was unfair, propelled by his political opponents and was hampering his ability to govern. That is not a corrupt motive for replacing an independent counsel".[490] Politico described these comments as "Barr's expansive view of presidential authority to meddle in investigations".[491] New York argued against Barr's "perverse conclusion" because first, "Trump could not possibly know that an investigation was unfounded"; second, "Mueller did not say Trump was innocent"; and third, "Trump's obstruction was quite possibly one of the reasons Mueller failed to establish underlying crimes".[492]

Senator Richard Blumenthal asked Barr if he or his staff took notes on his March 28 call with Mueller. Barr confirmed there "were notes taken of the call", then told the committee that he would not share the notes with them: "Why should you have them?"[493]

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi commented on Barr's testimony and accused Barr of lying before Congress. "What is deadly serious about it is the attorney general of the United States of America is not telling the truth to the Congress of the United States. That's a crime," Pelosi told reporters. "He lied to Congress. If anybody else did that, it would be considered a crime. Nobody is above the law," Pelosi said. Department of Justice spokeswoman Kerri Kupec responded to Pelosi's remarks and said that a "baseless attack on the Attorney General is reckless, irresponsible and false."[494] According to CNBC, Pelosi's remarks were talking about Barr's comments in his April 9 testimony. Representative Charlie Crist: "Reports have emerged recently, general, that members of the special counsel's team are frustrated at some level with the limited information included in your March 24 letter. ... Do you know what they are referencing with that?" Barr: "No, I don't. I think I think, I suspect that they probably wanted more put out, but in my view I was not interested in putting out summaries."[495]

On May 8, 2019, the Senate Judiciary Committee subpoenaed Donald Trump Jr. to answer questions surrounding abandoned developments of a Trump Tower in Moscow.[496] Trump Jr. has testified before the Committee[497] on the same topic and related matters in September 2017.[498] Trump Jr. is expected to testify sometime in June for a second closed-door interview. According to the Washington Post: "Trump Jr. will testify for up to four hours and address a limited number of questions, these people said on the condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive negotiations."[499]

House Intelligence Committee

The House Intelligence Committee announced on May 14, 2019, that it would investigate whether attorneys for Trump and his family membersJay Sekulow, Alan Futerfas, Abbe Lowell and Alan Garten"reviewed, shaped and edited" Michael Cohen's false testimony to Congress.[500]

On June 25, 2019, House Intelligence Committee Chairman, Adam Schiff, and chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, Jerry Nadler, both publicly announced that Mueller agreed to publicly testify before House Judiciary and Intelligence Committees on July 17.

On July 24, 2019, Mueller testified before the House Intelligence Committee after being subpoenaed. When asked as to why the Special Counsel did not subpoena President Trump, Mueller stated that they did not subpoena the president "because of the necessity of expediting" the investigation. "If we did subpoena the president, he would fight the subpoena and we would be in the midst of the investigation for a substantial period of time."[501]

Possible future releases

A less-redacted version of the report "with all redactions removed except those relating to grand-jury information", which is required to be redacted by federal law, is expected to be available two weeks after the initial public release, to "a bipartisan group of leaders from several Congressional committees".[502] [503]

On April 19, 2019, House Judiciary Committee chairman Jerry Nadler issued a subpoena for the fully unredacted report.[504] A DOJ spokesperson called Nadler's subpoena "premature and unnecessary", citing that the publicly released version of the report had "minimal redactions" and that Barr had already made arrangements for Nadler and other lawmakers to review a version with fewer redactions. Barr offered to let twelve designated members of Congress view the less-redacted report in a secure room at the Justice Department, and forbade them from sharing the contents with other legislators. Several Republicans took advantage of the offer; the six Democrats refused, saying the conditions were too stringent.[505]

On May 8, 2019, President Trump used a "protective assertion" of executive privilege to block the subpoena by the House of Representatives. Thus,, the House would not receive the unredacted Mueller Report and its underlying material, pending Trump's decision to make a "final assertion" of executive privilege after reviewing the subpoenaed material. Attorney General Barr had recommended earlier that day that Trump take this action.[506]

Review of redactions

In March 2020, federal judge Reggie Walton, appointed to his position by President George W. Bush, declared that he would personally review the redactions made in the Mueller report to ensure that the redactions were legitimate. This came during a lawsuit filed by the pro-transparency Electronic Privacy Information Center and media outlet BuzzFeed News to release the full, unredacted report under the Freedom of Information Act.[507] [508] Walton cited that he had concerns on whether the redactions were legitimate, due to Attorney General William Barr having displayed a "lack of candor" regarding the report.

According to Walton, Barr's March 24 letter not only had a "hurried release", but also "distorted" the findings of the report; while Barr went on to make "misleading public statements" about the report. As such, Walton had concerns that Barr may have made a "calculated attempt to influence public discourse" in favor of President Trump by establishing "a one-sided narrative" about the report which was contrary to the report's findings. Walton questioned if the report's redactions were then in fact "self-serving" to avoid conflict with Barr's statements, and if the Justice Department used "post-hoc rationalizations" to defend Barr.[509] [510] On June 19, 2020, in response to the lawsuit, the Department of Justice released a less-redacted public version of the Mueller report, revealing new information about Roger Stone and WikiLeaks. The unredacted portions contradicted public statements made by Trump and the campaign officials that they did not know anything about the WikiLeaks release beforehand, and this information was corroborated by the Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election that was released on August 2020.[511] [512]

On October 6, 2020 President Trump, referencing the Mueller report, tweeted "I have fully authorized the total Declassification of any & all documents pertaining to the single greatest political CRIME in American History, the Russia Hoax." Trump also said in an interview "I've fully declassified everything. Everything's been declassified." In response to the President's statement, BuzzFeed requested an unredacted version of the report; however, BuzzFeed's request for an unredacted report was denied by the Department of Justice (DOJ). Someone told Walton, "... the President's statements on Twitter were not self-executing declassification orders..." To clear up the position of the President, Walton ordered a continuance until October 21, 2020, so "I can get something from White House counsel saying that they conferred with the president, and the president, in fact, did not intend to declassify the information ..."[513] On October 20, 2020, and contrary to Trump's Twitter statements, White House chief of staff Mark Meadows stated in a federal court filing that Trump's tweets were not official orders to declassify FBI Russia probe documents.[514]

The day before the November 3, 2020, election, the Special Counsel's office released previously redacted portions of the Mueller report per the federal judge's order in the lawsuit mentioned above filed by BuzzFeed News and the Electronic Privacy Information Center, while allowing other portions to remain redacted.[515] [516]

In summary, per Buzzfeed: "Although Wikileaks published emails stolen from the DNC in July and October 2016 and Stonea close associate to Donald Trumpappeared to know in advance the materials were coming, investigators 'did not have sufficient evidence' to prove active participation in the hacks or knowledge that the electronic thefts were continuing. In addition, federal prosecutors could not establish that the hacked emails amounted to campaign contributions benefitting Trump's election chances …"

The newly released material also stated: "While the investigation developed evidence that the GRU's hacking efforts in fact were continuing at least at the time of the July 2016 WikiLeaks dissemination, ... the Office did not develop sufficient admissible evidence that WikiLeaks knew ofor even was willfully blind tothat fact." As reported by Buzzfeed, "Likewise, prosecutors faced what they called factual hurdles in pursuing Stone for the hack."

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Mueller Probe Ends: Special counsel submits Russia report to Attorney General William Barr. Breuninger. Kevin. March 22, 2019. April 18, 2019. CNBC.
  2. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 173: "Ultimately, the investigation did not establish that the Campaign coordinated or conspired with the Russian government in its election-interference activities."
  3. News: Matthew . Mosk . Here's what we know about: Collusion. April 18, 2019. ABC News. en. April 21, 2019.
  4. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 1: "The Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election in sweeping and systematic fashion"
  5. Web site: Inskeep . Steve . Steve Inskeep . Detrow . Scott . Johnson . Carrie . Davis . Susan . Greene . David . Redacted Mueller Report Released; Congress, Trump React . April 18, 2019 . . April 22, 2019.
  6. Web site: The Mueller Report . April 18, 2019 . May 8, 2019 . . MacMillan Center.
  7. Web site: What The Mueller Report Actually Said. Frum. David. May 29, 2019. The Atlantic. May 31, 2019.
  8. Web site: Mueller report: Russians charged with disrupting 2016 election sought help, retweets from team Trump. Timm. Jane. April 18, 2019. NBC News. May 30, 2019.
  9. Web site: Trump campaign won't commit to staying away from hacked material. Alba. Monica. April 24, 2019. NBC News. May 31, 2019.
  10. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 66: "The Office identified multiple contacts 'links', in the words of the Appointment Order between Trump Campaign officials and individuals with ties to the Russian government."
  11. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 180: "the Office's investigation uncovered evidence of numerous links (i.e., contacts) between Trump Campaign officials and individuals having or claiming to have ties to the Russian government. The Office evaluated the contacts under several sets of federal laws, including conspiracy laws and statutes governing foreign agents who operate in the United States. After considering the available evidence, the Office did not pursue charges under these statutes against any of the individuals discussed in Section IV above with the exception of FARA charges against Paul Manafort and Richard Gates based on their activities on behalf of Ukraine.... several U.S. persons connected to the Campaign made false statements about those contacts and took other steps to obstruct the Office's investigation and those of Congress. This Office has therefore charged some of those individuals with making false statements and obstructing justice."
  12. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 2: "Third, we considered whether to evaluate the conduct we investigated under the Justice Manual standards governing prosecution and declination decisions, but we determined not to apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes."
  13. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 1: "The Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) has issued an opinion finding that 'the indictment or criminal prosecution of a sitting President would impermissibly undermine the capacity of the executive branch to perform its constitutionally assigned functions' in violation of the constitutional separation of powers. [...] this Office accepted OLC's legal conclusion for the purpose of exercising prosecutorial jurisdiction."
  14. Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 1–2: "[...] apart from OLC's constitutional view, we recognized that a federal criminal accusation against a sitting President would place burdens on the President's capacity to govern and potentially preempt constitutional processes for addressing presidential misconduct. Footnote: See U.S. CONST. Art. I § 2, cl. 5; § 3, cl. 6; cf. OLC Op. at 257–258 (discussing relationship between impeachment and criminal prosecution of a sitting President). [...] Even if an indictment were sealed during the President's term, OLC reasoned, 'it would be very difficult to preserve [an indictment's] secrecy', and if an indictment became public, '[t]he stigma and opprobrium' could imperil the President's ability to govern."
  15. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 2: "[...] a prosecutor's judgment that crimes were committed, but that no charges will be brought, affords no such adversarial opportunity for public name-clearing before an impartial adjudicator. The concerns about the fairness of such a determination would be heightened in the case of a sitting President, where a federal prosecutor's accusation of a crime, even in an internal report, could carry consequences that extend beyond the realm of criminal justice. OLC noted similar concerns about sealed indictments."
  16. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 7: "while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him."
  17. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 2: "Fourth, if we had confidence after a thorough investigation of the facts that the President clearly did not commit obstruction of justice, we would so state. Based on the facts and the applicable legal standards, however, we are unable to reach that judgment. The evidence we obtained about the President's actions and intent presents difficult issues that prevent us from conclusively determining that no criminal conduct occurred. Accordingly, while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him."
  18. https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf Mueller Report
  19. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 8: "With respect to whether the President can be found to have obstructed justice by exercising his powers under Article II of the Constitution, we concluded that Congress has authority to prohibit a President's corrupt use of his authority in order to protect the integrity of the administration of justice. [...] The conclusion that Congress may apply the obstruction laws to the President's corrupt exercise of the powers of office accords with our constitutional system of checks and balances and the principle that no person is above the law."
  20. Web site: Thoughts on Barr and the Mueller Report . . Jack . Goldsmith . Jack Goldsmith . May 4, 2019 . May 6, 2019.
  21. News: Krieg . Gregory . Is this a constitutional crisis? 'Still no' but... . May 12, 2017 . May 12, 2017 . .
  22. News: May 15, 2017 . Parks . Miles . Farrington . Dana . Taylor . Jessica . The James Comey Saga, In Timeline Form . . March 24, 2019 .
  23. Web site: Kiely . Eugene . Robertson . Lori . Farley . Robert . How Old Claims Compare to IG Report . . December 30, 2019 . December 10, 2019.
  24. Web site: LaFraniere . Sharon . Mazzetti . Mark . Apuzzo . Matt . How the Russia Inquiry Began: A Campaign Aide, Drinks and Talk of Political Dirt . . December 30, 2017 . April 25, 2020.
  25. Web site: Risen . James . The Absent Professor, A Key Trump-Russia Intermediary Has Been Missing for Months, as the Case for Collusion Grows Stronger . . April 12, 2018 . May 24, 2020 . The documents reveal that during a meeting in April 2016, the professor had told Papadopoulos that the Russians had "dirt" on Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton in the form of "thousands of emails". That was well before the hacking and theft of Clinton-related emails was publicly known..
  26. News: Carlisle . Madeleine . Paschal . Olivia . Read Robert Mueller's Written Summaries of His Russia Report . May 25, 2020 . . April 18, 2019.
  27. Web site: Herb . Jeremy . Polantz . Katelyn . Papadopoulos rejected FBI request to wear wire for professor claiming Russian 'dirt' . . March 26, 2019 . May 24, 2020 . Former Trump campaign adviser George Papadopoulos testified to Congress that the FBI had asked him to wear a wire in 2017 to record his conversations with a professor who had ties to Russia and claimed that Russia had dirt on Hillary Clinton in the form of stolen emails..
  28. News: May 10, 2017 . How Every Lawmaker Has Reacted to Comey's Firing So Far . . March 25, 2019 .
  29. News: Brown . Pamela . Herb . Jeremy . December 6, 2018 . The frantic scramble before Mueller got the job . . March 25, 2019 .
  30. News: Pelley . Scott . McCabe says he ordered the obstruction of justice probe of President Trump . . March 25, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190219060812/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/andrew-mccabe-60-minutes-interview-full-transcript-watch-acting-fbi-director-trump-investigation-james-comey-russia-investigation-2019-02-17/ . February 19, 2019 . February 17, 2019 . live .
  31. News: Pete . Williams . Ken . Dilanian . May 18, 2017 . Special counsel will take over FBI Russia campaign interference investigation . . April 18, 2019 .
  32. News: Taylor . Jessica . Johnson . Carrie . Former FBI Director Mueller Appointed As Special Counsel To Oversee Russia Probe . May 17, 2017 . . March 24, 2019 .
  33. News: Jeff Sessions recuses himself from Trump campaign investigations . . April 19, 2019 . March 2, 2017 .
  34. Web site: Order No. 3915-2017: Appointment of Special Counsel . Rosenstein . Rod . Rod Rosenstein . May 17, 2017 . . April 25, 2019 . August 7, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180807044814/https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/967231/download . dead .
  35. News: Mazzetti . Mark . Benner . Katie . Mueller Finds No Trump-Russia Conspiracy but Stops Short of Exonerating President on Obstruction of Justice . . March 24, 2019 . March 24, 2019 .
  36. News: Trump Jr.: 'Collusion truthers' need to be 'held accountable' after Mueller report . Budryk . Zack . March 24, 2019 . . March 25, 2019 .
  37. Web site: 28 CFR § 600.4 – Jurisdiction . . . April 25, 2019 .
  38. News: Nearly 500 witnesses, 675 days: The Mueller investigation by the numbers . . Sean . Rossman . March 24, 2019 . April 24, 2019 .
  39. News: Mueller mystery: What are the other 12 criminal referrals? . . April 18, 2019 . Dareh . Gregorian . April 23, 2019 .
  40. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 2: "In evaluating whether evidence about collective action of multiple individuals constituted a crime, we applied the framework of conspiracy law, not the concept of 'collusion'."
  41. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 4: "The Internet Research Agency (IRA) carried out the earliest Russian interference operations identified by the investigation–a social media campaign designed to provoke and amplify political and social discord in the United States [...] The campaign evolved from a generalized program designed in 2014 and 2015 to undermine the U.S. electoral system, to a targeted operation that by early 2016 favored candidate Trump and disparaged candidate Clinton"
  42. News: April 18, 2019 . Harris . Shane . Nakashima . Ellen . Timberg . Craig . Through email leaks and propaganda, Russians sought to elect Trump, Mueller finds . . April 23, 2019 .
  43. News: Thomsen . Jacqueline . Mueller: Russia sought to help Trump win but did not collude with campaign . April 18, 2019 . . April 27, 2019 .
  44. News: Lindstrom . Natasha . Why Pittsburgh is mentioned in the Mueller report . April 18, 2019 . . April 27, 2019 .
  45. News: Broderick . Ryan . Here's Everything The Mueller Report Says About How Russian Trolls Used Social Media . April 18, 2019 . . April 27, 2019 .
  46. News: Prohov . Jennifer . Fake Tennessee GOP Twitter account cited as example in Mueller report . April 18, 2019 . . April 27, 2019 .
  47. News: Kiely . Eugene . Robertson . Lori . Kushner Distorts Scope of Russia Interference . April 24, 2019 . . April 27, 2019 .
  48. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 4: "At the same time that the IRA operation began to focus on supporting candidate Trump in early 2016, the Russian government employed a second form of interference: cyber intrusions (hacking) and releases of hacked materials damaging to the Clinton Campaign. The Russian intelligence service known as the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Army (GRU) carried out these operations. In March 2016, the GRU began hacking the email accounts of Clinton Campaign volunteers and employees, including campaign chairman John Podesta. In April 2016, the GRU hacked into the computer networks of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) and the Democratic National Committee (DNC). The GRU stole hundreds of thousands of documents from the compromised email accounts and networks. Around the time that the DNC announced in mid-June 2016 the Russian government's role in hacking its network, the GRU began disseminating stolen materials through the fictitious online personas 'DCLeaks' and 'Guccifer 2.0'. The GRU later released additional materials through the organization WikiLeaks."
  49. Web site: Mackey . Robert . Risen . James . Aaronson . Trevor . Annotating special counsel Robert Mueller's redacted report . April 18, 2019 . . April 23, 2019.
  50. Web site: Dunleavy . Jerry . April 18, 2019 . Mueller says Russia's GRU stole Clinton, DNC emails and gave them to WikiLeaks . . April 23, 2019.
  51. Web site: Mueller Report Shows Depth of Connections Between Trump Campaign and Russians . Karen. Yourish. Larry. Buchanan. January 26, 2019. The New York Times.
  52. Web site: Morais . Betsy . Collusion by any other name . April 18, 2019 . . April 23, 2019.
  53. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 2: "In evaluating whether evidence about collective action of multiple individuals constituted a crime, we applied the framework of conspiracy law, not the concept of 'collusion'. In so doing, the Office recognized that the word 'collud[e]' was used in communications with the Acting Attorney General confirming certain aspects of the investigation's scope and that the term has frequently been invoked in public reporting about the investigation. But collusion is not a specific offense or theory of liability found in the United States Code, nor is it a term of art in federal criminal law. For those reasons, the Office's focus in analyzing questions of joint criminal liability was on conspiracy as defined in federal law."
  54. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 2: "In connection with that analysis, we addressed the factual question whether members of the Trump Campaign 'coordinat[ed]' a term that appears in the appointment order with Russian election interference activities. Like collusion, 'coordination' does not have a settled definition in federal criminal law. We understood coordination to require an agreement tacit or express between the Trump Campaign and the Russian government on election interference. That requires more than the two parties taking actions that were informed by or responsive to the other's actions or interests. We applied the term coordination in that sense when stating in the report that the investigation did not establish that the Trump Campaign coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities."
  55. News: April 18, 2019 . Mueller report found Trump directed White House lawyer to 'do crazy s--- . . April 19, 2019 . Dareh . Gregorian . Julia . Ainsley .
  56. Web site: Mueller Considered Prosecuting Trump Tower Meeting Participants: Report . Hamilton . Colby . April 18, 2019 . . April 18, 2019 .
  57. https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf Mueller Report
  58. News: The Surprises in the Mueller Report. May 14, 2020 . . April 19, 2019 .
  59. News: Mueller says messaging apps likely destroyed Trump-Russia evidence . Gopal . Ratnam . April 19, 2019 . November 20, 2019 . Roll Call.
  60. Web site: Lemon . Jason . Trump campaign figures deleted communications before Mueller could see them, potentially altering report . . May 8, 2019. April 18, 2019 .
  61. Web site: Yen . Hope . AP Fact Check: Trump, Barr distort Mueller report findings . . May 2, 2019. May 2019 .
  62. Web site: Goodman . Ryan . Guide to the Mueller Report's Findings on 'Collusion' . . April 29, 2019 . July 6, 2023.
  63. Web site: Desiderio . Andrew . Cheney . Kyle . Mueller refutes Trump's 'no collusion, no obstruction' line . . July 24, 2019 . October 25, 2021.
  64. News: Chiu . Allyson . Bever . Lindsey . Rudy Giuliani: 'I never said there was no collusion' between Trump campaign and Russia . . January 17, 2019 . October 24, 2021.
  65. Web site: 'I never said there was no collusion,' Trump lawyer Giuliani says . PBS NewsHour . January 17, 2019 . October 25, 2021.
  66. News: Eliason . Randall D. . Collusion is not a crime? Not so fast. . . July 31, 2018 . October 25, 2021.
  67. News: Mueller report will be lightly redacted, revealing detailed look at obstruction of justice investigation . Matt . Zapotosky . Carol D. . Leonnig . Rosalind S. . Helderman . Devlin . Barrett . April 17, 2019 . . April 17, 2019 .
  68. News: DOJ plans to release 'lightly redacted' version of Mueller report Thursday: WaPo . Axelrod . Tal . April 17, 2019 . . April 18, 2019 . April 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190428010601/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/439444-doj-plans-to-release-lightly-redacted-version-of-mueller-report . live .
  69. News: The Mueller Report Will Be Released on Thursday. Here's a Guide. . LaFraniere . Sharon . April 17, 2019 . . April 18, 2019 . 0362-4331 .
  70. News: Trump curses Mueller appointment: 'This is the end of my presidency'. Gibson. Ginger. April 18, 2019. April 18, 2019. Reuters. Chiacu. Doina.
  71. News: Ginger . Gibson . Mueller report provides intimate scenes from the Trump White House . April 18, 2019 . . April 18, 2019 .
  72. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 157: "Obstruction of justice can be motivated by a desire to protect non-criminal personal interests, to protect against investigations where underlying criminal liability falls into a gray area, or to avoid personal embarrassment. The injury to the integrity of the justice system is the same regardless of whether a person committed an underlying wrong."
  73. News: April 18, 2019 . Mueller Spells Out Trump's 'Multiple Acts' to Undermine Russia Probe. Chris. Strohm. McLaughlin. David. Bloomberg News. April 20, 2019.
  74. Web site: FactChecking Trump's Response to Mueller . . Eugene . Kiely . Robert . Farley . D'Angelo . Gore . May 30, 2019 . November 20, 2019 .
  75. Web site: Bill Barr's Dangerous Claims. April. Doss. June 7, 2019. The Atlantic . November 20, 2019 .
  76. News: Tim . Hains . Napolitano: Under Barr's Theory Nixon Wouldn't Be Charged With Obstructing Justice Unless He Was Actually One Of The Watergate Burglars . . May 3, 2019 .
  77. News: Tim . Hains . Giuliani: "Impossible To Obstruct Justice If There's No Underlying Crime" . . March 24, 2019 . November 20, 2019 .
  78. News: Main points of Mueller report . . April 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190420143436/https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/main-points-mueller-report-doc-1fr5vv1 . April 20, 2019.
  79. News: Barrett . Devlin . Zapotosky . Matt . Mueller report lays out obstruction evidence against the president . . April 17, 2019 . April 20, 2019 .
  80. News: Day . Chad . Gresko . Jessica . How Mueller made his no-call on Trump and obstruction . April 19, 2019 . . April 19, 2019 .
  81. Gajanan . Mahita . Despite Evidence, Robert Mueller Would Not Say Whether Trump Obstructed Justice. Here's Why . April 18, 2019 . . April 20, 2019 .
  82. News: Kilgore . Ed . On Obstruction of Justice, Mueller Punted to Congress and the Court of Public Opinion . April 18, 2019 . April 21, 2019 . New York.
  83. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 1: "Given the role of the Special Counsel as an attorney in the Department of Justice and the framework of the Special Counsel regulations, see 28 U.S.C. § 515; 28 C.F.R. § 600.7(a), this Office accepted OLC's legal conclusion for the purpose of exercising prosecutorial jurisdiction. And apart from OLC's constitutional view, we recognized that a federal criminal accusation against a sitting President would place burdens on the President's capacity to govern and potentially preempt constitutional processes for addressing presidential misconduct."
  84. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 1: "Second, while the OLC opinion concludes that a sitting President may not be prosecuted, it recognizes that a criminal investigation during the President's term is permissible. The OLC opinion also recognizes that a President does not have immunity after he leaves office. OLC Op. at 255 ('Recognizing an immunity from prosecution for a sitting President would not preclude such prosecution once the President's term is over or he is otherwise removed from office by resignation or impeachment')."
  85. News: Strohm . Chris . April 19, 2019 . Mueller's Signal on Obstruction: Congress Should Take On Trump . . April 20, 2019 .
  86. News: Mueller Left Open the Door to Charging Trump After He Leaves Office . April 18, 2019 . . Michael. Schmidt. Charlie. Savage. April 24, 2019.
  87. News: April 18, 2019 . Chalfant . Morgan . Mueller on obstruction: Evidence prevents 'conclusively determining no criminal conduct occurred' . . April 21, 2019 .
  88. News: Woodward . Calvin . Yen . Hope . AP Fact Check: Trump team's distortions on Mueller report . April 20, 2019 . . April 21, 2019 .
  89. News: April 18, 2019 . Mueller report: Eight things we only just learned . . April 18, 2019 .
  90. News: Edelman . Adam . Trump failed at obstruction because his aides refused to carry out orders, Mueller finds . April 18, 2019 . . May 21, 2019.
  91. News: Mueller report shows how Trump aides sought to protect him and themselves . Jordan . Fabian . . April 18, 2019 . April 18, 2019 .
  92. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 158: "The President's efforts to influence the investigation were mostly unsuccessful, but that is largely because the persons who surrounded the President declined to carry out orders or accede to his requests. Comey did not end the investigation of Flynn, which ultimately resulted in Flynn's prosecution and conviction for lying to the FBI. McGahn did not tell the Acting Attorney General that the Special Counsel must be removed, but was instead prepared to resign over the President's order. Lewandowski and Dearborn did not deliver the President's message to Sessions that he should confine the Russia investigation to future election meddling only. And McGahn refused to recede from his recollections about events surrounding the President's direction to have the Special Counsel removed, despite the President's multiple demands that he do so. Consistent with that pattern, the evidence we obtained would not support potential obstruction charges against the President's aides and associates beyond those already filed."
  93. News: Trump barely disrupted Russia investigation, Mueller report says . Jacob . Pramuk . April 18, 2019 . . April 23, 2019 .
  94. News: Mascaro . Lisa . Mueller drops obstruction dilemma on Congress . April 19, 2019 . . April 20, 2019.
  95. News: Dennis . Steven . Strohm . Chris . McLaughlin . David . Top Takeaways From the Mueller Report . April 18, 2019 . . April 20, 2019 .
  96. Web site: What the Mueller Report Says About Obstruction . Farley . Robert . Robertson . Lori . April 19, 2019 . . en-US . April 22, 2019 . Gore . D'Angelo . Spencer . Saranac Hale . Fichera . Angelo . McDonald . Jessica .
  97. News: April 18, 2019 . Lisa . Desjardins . Alcindor . Yamiche . 11 moments Mueller investigated for obstruction of justice . . April 23, 2019 .
  98. News: The Episodes of Potential Obstruction of Justice by Trump in the Mueller Report . Schmidt . Michael S. . Michael S. Schmidt (journalist) . April 18, 2019 . . April 22, 2019 . Haberman . Maggie . Maggie Haberman . en-US . 0362-4331 .
  99. News: Mueller report recounts 10 episodes involving Trump and questions of obstruction . Pramuk . Jacob . April 18, 2019 . . April 21, 2019 .
  100. News: Here are the 10 'episodes' Mueller probed for potential obstruction by Trump . Homan . Timothy R. . April 18, 2019 . . en . April 21, 2019 .
  101. Web site: Obstruction of Justice in the Mueller Report: A Heat Map . Quinta . Jurecic . April 21, 2019 . . April 23, 2019 .
  102. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 15: "Trump also expressed skepticism that Russia had hacked the emails at the same time as he and other Campaign advisors privately sought information about any further planned WikiLeaks releases."
  103. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 54: "According to Gates, by the late summer of 2016, the Trump Campaign was planning a press strategy, a communications campaign, and messaging based on the possible release of Clinton emails by WikiLeaks. while Trump and Gates were driving to LaGuardia Airport., shortly after the call candidate Trump told Gates that more releases of damaging information would be coming."
  104. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 15: "After the election, when questions persisted about possible links between Russia and the Trump Campaign, the President-Elect continued to deny any connections to Russia and privately expressed concerns that reports of Russian election interference might lead the public to question the legitimacy of his election."
  105. News: Read Robert Mueller's Written Summaries of His Russia Report . Paschal . Madeleine . Carlisle . Olivia . April 18, 2019 . . en-US . April 19, 2019 .
  106. News: Obama Strikes Back at Russia for Election Hacking. Sanger. David E.. December 29, 2016. The New York Times. April 21, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
  107. Web site: US unveils retribution for Russia over election hacking allegations. Pramuk. Jacob. December 29, 2016. CNBC. April 21, 2019.
  108. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 25: "Flynn, who was in the Dominican Republic at the time, and K.T. McFarland, who was slated to become the Deputy National Security Advisor and was at the Mar-a-Lago resort in Florida with the President-Elect and other senior staff, talked by phone about what, if anything, Flynn should communicate to Kislyak about the sanctions."
  109. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 25: "Incoming Chief of Staff Reince Priebus recalled that McFarland may have mentioned at the meeting that the sanctions situation could be 'cooled down' and not escalated."
  110. Web site: What the Mueller Report Says About Russian Contacts. Kiely. Eugene. April 19, 2019. FactCheck.org. en-US. April 19, 2019.
  111. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 25: "Priebus recalled that the President-Elect viewed the sanctions as an attempt by the Obama Administration to embarrass him by delegitimizing his election."
  112. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 25: "Immediately after discussing the sanctions with McFarland on December 29, 2016, Flynn called Kislyak and requested that Russia respond to the sanctions only in a reciprocal manner, without escalating the situation."
  113. News: Sarah N. . Lynch . Flynn pleads guilty to lying on Russia, cooperates with U.S. probe. https://web.archive.org/web/20171204002746/https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKBN1DV50U. dead. December 4, 2017. December 2, 2017. Reuters. April 19, 2019. en.
  114. News: Philip . Rucker . April 18, 2019 . Mueller report findings: Mueller rejects argument that Trump is shielded from obstruction laws. The Washington Post. en. April 19, 2019.
  115. Mueller Report, vol II, p. 25: After the call, Flynn briefed McFarland on its substance. Flynn told McFarland that the Russian response to the sanctions was not going to be escalatory because Russia wanted a good relationship with the Trump Administration.
  116. Mueller Report, vol II, pp. 25–26: "On December 30, 2016, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that Russia would not take retaliatory measures in response to the sanctions at that time and would instead 'plan ... further steps to restore Russian-US relations based on the policies of the Trump Administration.' Following that announcement, the President-Elect tweeted, 'Great move on delay (by V. Putin)I always knew he was very smart!
  117. News: Trump praises 'very smart' Putin on sanctions response . Smilowitz . Elliot . December 30, 2016 . . en . April 19, 2019 . April 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419065715/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/312245-trump-praises-very-smart-putin . live .
  118. News: April 18, 2019 . These are the 10 'episodes' Mueller looked at in his obstruction investigation . . Christina . Prignano . April 19, 2019 .
  119. News: Carol D. . Leonnig . Rosalind S. . Helderman . May 16, 2019 . May 22, 2019 . Judge orders public release of what Michael Flynn said in call to Russian ambassador. .
  120. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 121: In late November 2017, Flynn began to cooperate with this Office. On November 22, 2017, Flynn withdrew from a joint defense agreement he had with the President. Flynn's counsel told the President's personal counsel and counsel for the White House that Flynn could no longer have confidential communications with the White House or the President. Later that night, the President's personal counsel left a voicemail for Flynn's counsel that said:

    I understand your situation, but let me see if I can't state it in starker terms. . . . [I]t wouldn't surprise me if you've gone on to make a deal with . . . the government. . . . [I]f . . . there's information that implicates the President, then we've got a national security issue, . . . so, you know, . . . we need some kind of heads up. Um, just for the sake of protecting all our interests if we can . . . . [R]emember what we've always said about the ' President and his feelings toward Flynn and, that still remains . . . .

  121. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 6: After Flynn withdrew from a joint defense agreement with the President and began cooperating with the government, the President's personal counsel left a message for Flynn's attorneys reminding them of the President's warm feelings towards Flynn, which he said "still remains", and asking for a "heads up" if Flynn knew "information that implicates the President".
  122. Web site: Prosecutors: Person 'connected to' Congress tried to influence Flynn's cooperation with Mueller . Kyle . Cheney . May 16, 2019 . May 22, 2019 . .
  123. News: Flynn provided details in Mueller's obstruction inquiry, new memo shows. Morgan. Chalfant. May 16, 2019. . May 22, 2019.
  124. Web site: Flynn told Mueller people tied to Trump and Congress tried to obstruct probe. NBC News. May 17, 2019 . Tom . Winter . Adiel . Kaplan . Rich . Schapiro . May 22, 2019.
  125. News: Trump Lawyer's Message Was a Clue for Mueller, Who Set It Aside . Michael S. . Schmidt . Charlie . Savage . Charlie Savage (author). June 9, 2019. The New York Times . November 20, 2019 .
  126. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 48: "In early March 2017, the President learned that Sessions was considering recusing from the Russia investigation and tried to prevent the recusal. After Sessions announced his recusal on March 2, the President expressed anger at Sessions for the decision and then privately asked Sessions to 'unrecuse'."
  127. News: Blake . Aaron . The 10 Trump actions Mueller spotlighted for potential obstruction . April 18, 2019 . . April 19, 2019 . April 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190418205553/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/18/trump-actions-mueller-spotlighted-potential-obstruction/ . live .
  128. News: Read Robert Mueller's Written Summaries of His Russia Report . Paschal. Madeleine . Carlisle . Olivia. April 18, 2019. . en-US. April 21, 2019.
  129. News: Trump-Russia collusion is being investigated by FBI, Comey confirms. Borger. Julian . Spencer . Ackerman . March 20, 2017. . April 19, 2019. en-GB. 0261-3077.
  130. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 48: "In the days that followed, the President contacted Comey and other intelligence agency leaders and asked them to push back publicly on the suggestion that the President had any connection to the Russian election-interference effort in order to 'lift the cloud' of the ongoing investigation."
  131. News: The 10 areas where Mueller investigated Trump for obstruction . Schaul . Uhrmacher . Blake . Kevin . Kevin . Aaron . April 18, 2019 . . April 20, 2019 .
  132. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 75: "Substantial evidence indicates that the catalyst for the President's decision to fire Comey was Comey's unwillingness to publicly state that the President was not personally under investigation, despite the President's repeated requests that Comey make such an announcement. In the week leading up to Comey's May 3, 2017, Senate Judiciary Committee testimony, the President told McGahn that it would be the last straw if Comey did not set the record straight and publicly announce that the President was not under investigation."
  133. News: Melissa . Quinn . 10 times Trump might have obstructed justice . April 18, 2019 . . en . April 20, 2019 .
  134. News: April 18, 2019 . Mueller report: These are the 10 episodes of Trump's potential obstruction of justice . Reklaitis . Victor. MarketWatch. en-US. April 20, 2019.
  135. News: Jessica . Taylor . May 19, 2017 . Report: Trump Told Russians He Fired 'Nut Job' Comey Because Of Investigation. NPR. en. April 20, 2019.
  136. News: Camilo . Montoya-Galvez . April 19, 2019 . "I'm f**ked": Trump lambasted Sessions, kept resignation letter after Mueller appointment. CBS News. en-US. April 20, 2019.
  137. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 77: "The Acting Attorney General appointed a Special Counsel on May 17, 2017, prompting the President to state that it was the end of his presidency and that Attorney General Sessions had failed to protect him and should resign. Sessions submitted his resignation, which the President ultimately did not accept."
  138. Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 77–78: "On June 14, 2017, the press reported that the President was being personally investigated for obstruction of justice and the President responded with a series of tweets criticizing the Special Counsel's investigation."
  139. News: Stefan . Becket . Kathryn . Watson . Will . Rahn . Camilo . Montoya-Galvez . Grace . Segers . April 18, 2019 . Mueller report outlines Trump's attempts to assert control over Russia probe . . en-US. April 20, 2019.
  140. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 78: "That weekend, the President called McGahn and directed him to have the Special Counsel removed because of asserted conflicts of interest. McGahn did not carry out the instruction for fear of being seen as triggering another Saturday Night Massacre and instead prepared to resign. McGahn ultimately did not quit and the President did not follow up with McGahn on his request to have the Special Counsel removed."
  141. News: Samuels . Brett . . McGahn departs as White House counsel . October 17, 2018 . October 17, 2018 .
  142. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 90: "Two days after the President directed McGahn to have the Special Counsel removed, the President made another attempt to affect the course of the Russia investigation. On June 19, 2017, the President met one-on-one with Corey Lewandowski in the Oval Office and dictated a message to be delivered to Attorney General Sessions that would have had the effect of limiting the Russia investigation to future election interference only."
  143. News: Here's what we know about obstruction of justice. April 19, 2019. ABC News . en. April 20, 2019.
  144. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 91: "During the June 19 meeting, Lewandowski recalled that, after some small talk, the President brought up Sessions and criticized his recusal from the Russia investigation. The President told Lewandowski that Sessions was weak and that if the President had known about the likelihood of recusal in advance, he would not have appointed Sessions."
  145. Web site: Let's Collude with Reality for a Moment Trump Obstructed Justice. O'Connell. Dylan. April 19, 2019 . . April 22, 2019.
  146. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 91: "I know that I recused myself from certain things having to do with specific areas. But our POTUS . .. is being treated very unfairly. He shouldn't have a Special Prosecutor/Counsel b/c he hasn't done anything wrong. I was on the campaign w/ him for nine months, there were no Russians involved with him. I know it for a fact b/c I was there. He didn't do anything wrong except he ran the greatest campaign in American history."
  147. News: April 19, 2019 . Breaking down the 140 pages detailing how Trump fought Mueller . Schreckinger . Ben. Politico. en. April 20, 2019.
  148. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 91: "Now a group of people want to subvert the Constitution of the United States. I am going to meet with the Special Prosecutor to explain this is very unfair and let the Special Prosecutor move forward with investigating election meddling for future elections so that nothing can happen in future election."
  149. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 92: "The President said that if Sessions delivered that statement he would be the 'most popular guy in the country'. Lewandowski told the President he understood what the President wanted Sessions to do.
  150. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 91: "Lewandowski wanted to pass the message to Sessions in person rather than over the phone. He did not want to meet at the Department of Justice because he did not want a public log of his visit and did not want Sessions to have an advantage over him by meeting on what Lewandowski described as Sessions's turf. Lewandowski called Sessions and arranged a meeting for the following evening at Lewandowski's office, but Sessions had to cancel due to a last minute conflict."
  151. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 93: "President raised his previous request and asked if Lewandowski had talked to Sessions. Lewandowski told the President that the message would be delivered soon. Lewandowski recalled that the President told him that if Sessions did not meet with him, Lewandowski should tell Sessions he was fired."
  152. News: Fact check: What Trump associates told the public vs. what they told Mueller . April 19, 2019 . Holmes . Lybrand . Sarah . Westwood . Betsy . Klein. . May 8, 2019.
  153. Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 91–92: "On July 19, 2017, the President again met with Lewandowski alone in the Oval Office. [...] the President raised his previous request and asked if Lewandowski had talked to Sessions. Lewandowski told the President that the message would be delivered soon. Lewandowski recalled that the President told him that if Sessions did not meet with him, Lewandowski should tell Sessions he was fired.

    Immediately following the meeting with the President, Lewandowski saw Dearborn in the anteroom outside the Oval Office and gave him a typewritten version of the message the President had dictated to be delivered to Sessions. Lewandowski told Dearborn that the notes were the message they had discussed, but Dearborn did not recall whether Lewandowski said the message was from the President. The message 'definitely raised an eyebrow' for Dearborn, and he recalled not wanting to ask where it came from or think further about doing anything with it. Dearborn also said that being asked to serve as a messenger to Sessions made him uncomfortable. He recalled later telling Lewandowski that he had handled the situation, but he did not actually follow through with delivering the message to Sessions, and he did not keep a copy of the typewritten notes Lewandowski had given him."

  154. News: Pace . Julie . Analysis: Mueller paints a damning portrait of the president . April 19, 2019 . . April 19, 2019 .
  155. News: . Mueller report highlights: Read the top moments from the 448-page report. April 19, 2019. ABC News . en . April 22, 2019.
  156. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 106: "Each of these efforts by the President involved his communications team and was directed at the press. They would amount to obstructive acts only if the President, by taking these actions, sought to withhold information from or mislead congressional investigators or the Special Counsel."
  157. News: Trump misleading public on Trump Tower meeting is not obstruction: Mueller report . Mordok . Jeff . April 18, 2019 . . April 22, 2019.
  158. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 115: "Gates recalled that the meeting was attended by Trump Jr., Eric Trump, Paul Manafort, Hope Hicks, and, joining late, Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner. According to Gates, Manafort warned the group that the meeting likely would not yield vital information and they should be careful. Hicks denied any knowledge of the June 9 meeting before 2017, and Kushner did not recall if the planned June 9 meeting came up at all earlier that week."
  159. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 15: "Rick Gates, who was the deputy campaign chairman, stated during interviews with the Office that in the days before June 9, 2016 Trump Jr. announced at a regular morning meeting of senior campaign staff and Trump family members that he had a lead on negative information about the Clinton Foundation."
  160. News: Elizabeth . Chuck . April 18, 2019 . What the Mueller report says about Jared Kushner, Ivanka Trump and Donald Trump Jr.. NBC News. en. April 20, 2019.
  161. News: Erik . Larson . Bloomberg . April 20, 2019 . Why the Infamous Trump Tower Meeting Didn't Take Down Trump. Fortune. en. April 20, 2019.
  162. News: What Mueller Found Out About the Trump Tower Meeting. Raymond. Adam K.. April 18, 2019 . . en. April 20, 2019.
  163. Mueller Report, vol. I, pp. 117–118: "Goldstone recalled that Trump Jr. invited Veselnitskaya to begin but did not say anything about the subject of the meeting. Participants agreed that Veselnitskaya stated that the Ziff brothers had broken Russian laws and had donated their profits to the DNC or the Clinton Campaign. She asserted that the Ziff brothers had engaged in tax evasion and money laundering in both the United States and Russia, (redacted)."
  164. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 188: "The Office would also encounter difficulty proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the value of the promised documents and information exceeds the $2,000 threshold for a criminal violation, as well as the $25,000 threshold for felony punishment. See 52 U.S.C. § 30109(d)(1). The type of evidence commonly used to establish the value of non-monetary contributions-such as pricing the contribution on a commercial market or determining the upstream acquisition cost or the cost of distribution-would likely be unavailable or ineffective in this factual setting."
  165. Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 112–113: "On multiple occasions in 2017, the President spoke with Sessions about reversing his recusal so that he could take over the Russia investigation and begin an investigation and prosecution of Hillary Clinton. ... There is evidence that at least one purpose of the President's conduct toward Sessions was to have Sessions assume control over the Russia investigation and supervise it in a way that would restrict its scope. ... A reasonable inference from those statements and the President's actions is that the President believed that an unrecused Attorney General would play a protective role and could shield the President from the ongoing Russia investigation. For example, in early summer 2017, Sessions recalled the President asking him to unrecuse, but Sessions did not take it as a directive. When the President raised the issue again in December 2017, the President said, as recorded by Porter, 'Not telling you to do anything. ... I'm not going to get involved. I'm not going to do anything or direct you to do anything. I just want to be treated fairly.' The duration of the President's efforts-which spanned from March 2017 to August 2018 and the fact that the President repeatedly criticized Sessions in public and in private for failing to tell the President that he would have to recuse is relevant to assessing whether the President's efforts to have Sessions unrecuse could qualify as obstructive acts."
  166. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 113: "After the story broke, the President, through his personal counsel and two aides, sought to have McGahn deny that he had been directed to remove the Special Counsel."
  167. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 115: "Porter thought the matter should be handled by the White House communications office, but the President said he wanted McGahn to write a letter to the file 'for our records' and wanted something beyond a press statement to demonstrate that the reporting was inaccurate. The President referred to McGahn as a 'lying bastard' and said that he wanted a record from him."
  168. Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 115–116: "Porter recalled the President saying something to the effect of, 'If he doesn't write a letter, then maybe I'll have to get rid of him.
  169. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 120: "In addition to the interactions with McGahn described above, the President has taken other actions directed at possible witnesses in the Special Counsel's investigation, including Flynn, Manafort, HOM and as described in the next section, Cohen."
  170. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 131: "Because of privilege issues, however, we could not determine whether the President was personally involved in or knew about the specific message his counsel delivered to Flynn's counsel."
  171. Web site: Mueller Says 'Some Evidence' Suggests Trump Tried to Influence Manafort Jury . April 18, 2019 . C. Ryan . Barber . . en . April 20, 2019 . April 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419171745/https://www.law.com/nationallawjournal/2019/04/18/mueller-says-some-evidence-suggests-trump-tried-to-influence-manafort-jury/ . live .
  172. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 131: "With respect to Manafort, there is evidence that the President's actions had the potential to influence Manafort's decision whether to cooperate with the government."
  173. 2019-01-10 . Why Would Paul Manafort Share Polling Data with Russia? . Sue . Halpern . 2022-06-23 . . en-US.
  174. News: Polantz . Katelyn . January 8, 2019 . Mueller believes Manafort fed information to Russian with intel ties . . January 9, 2019.
  175. Web site: LaFraniere . Sharon . Vogel . Kenneth P. . Haberman . Maggie . January 8, 2019 . Manafort Accused of Sharing Trump Polling Data With Russian Associate . limited . January 9, 2019 . The New York Times.
  176. News: Phillips . Kristine . August 18, 2020 . Paul Manafort was 'a grave counterintelligence threat,' Republican-led Senate panel finds . USA Today . December 22, 2022 .
  177. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 155: "Intent. In analyzing the President's intent in his actions towards Cohen as a potential witness, there is evidence that could support the inference that the President intended to discourage Cohen from cooperating with the government because Cohen's information would shed adverse light on the President's campaign-period conduct and statements."
  178. News: April 19, 2019 . Bart . Jansen . Trump repeatedly tried to impede the Russia probe, Mueller report said. Was it obstruction?. USA Today. en. April 21, 2019.
  179. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 6: "After the FBI searched Cohen's home and office in April 2018, the President publicly asserted that Cohen would not 'flip', contacted him directly to tell him to 'stay strong', and privately passed messages of support to him. Cohen also discussed pardons with the President's personal counsel and believed that if he stayed on message, he would get a pardon or the President would do 'something else' to make the investigation end. But after Cohen began cooperating with the government in July 2018, the President publicly criticized him, called him a 'rat', and suggested that his family members had committed crimes."
  180. News: Will . Rahn . April 19, 2019 . The 10 times Trump may have obstructed justice, according to Mueller . . en-US . April 21, 2019 .
  181. News: NPR Staff . April 18, 2019 . Highlights From The Mueller Report, Annotated . . en . April 21, 2019 .
  182. Mueller Report, Appendix A, p. A-1: "Order No. 3915-2017. Appointment of Special Counsel to Investigate Russian Interference with the 2016 Presidential Election and Related Matters".
  183. Mueller Report, Appendix B, p. B-1: "The following glossary contains names and brief descriptions of individuals and entities referenced in the two volumes of this report. It is not intended to be comprehensive and is intended only to assist a reader in the reading the rest of the report."
  184. Mueller Report, Appendix C, p. C-1: "The President provided written responses through his personal counsel to questions submitted to him by the Special Counsel's Office. We first explain the process that led to the submission of written questions and then attach the President's responses."
  185. Mueller Report, Appendix D, p. D-1: "Special Counsel's Office Transferred, Referred, and Completed Cases. This appendix identifies matters transferred or referred by the Special Counsel's Office, as well as cases prosecuted by the Office that are now completed."
  186. News: Attorney General William Barr Swears Oath Of Office After Senate Confirmation. Ewing. Philip. February 14, 2019. March 28, 2019. NPR.
  187. News: Senate confirms Trump's attorney general pick William Barr, who will now oversee Mueller probe. Breuninger. Kevin. February 14, 2019. March 28, 2019. CNBC.
  188. News: Barr confirms he shared his Mueller memo with lots of people around Trump. Blake. Aaron. January 15, 2019. April 19, 2019. The Washington Post.
  189. News: Trump allies hit Mueller on relationship with Comey. Sommer. Will. June 17, 2017. The Hill. April 24, 2019.
  190. News: Trump announces he'll nominate William Barr as next attorney general. Faulders. Katherine. December 7, 2018. March 28, 2019. Karl. Jonathan. Turner. Trish. ABC News.
  191. Web site: Jeff Sessions' resignation letter to President Trump. Sessions. Jeff. June 7, 2018. documentcloud.org. May 6, 2019.
  192. News: Jeff Sessions forced out as attorney general. November 7, 2018. March 28, 2019. CBS News.
  193. News: Jeff Sessions forced out as attorney general. Barrett. Devlin. November 7, 2018. November 19, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181118055812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/attorney-general-jeff-sessions-resigns-at-trumps-request/2018/11/07/d1b7a214-e144-11e8-ab2c-b31dcd53ca6b_story.html. November 18, 2018. live. Zapotosky. Matt. Dawsey. Josh. The Washington Post.
  194. News: . DOJ releases memo advising Barr on not pursuing Trump obstruction charges . August 24, 2022 . Daniel . Chaitin . August 29, 2022 . 'The court's ... review of the memorandum revealed that the Department in fact never considered bringing a charge,' the panel wrote in its opinion. 'Instead, the memorandum concerned a separate decision that had gone entirely unmentioned by the government in its submissions to the court — what, if anything, to say to Congress and the public about the Mueller Report.' The panel added: 'We affirm the district court.' .
  195. News: DOJ releases memo behind Barr's decision not to prosecute Trump for obstruction . August 24, 2022 . ABC News . Alexander . Mallin . August 29, 2022 . DOJ officials previously told the court that the memo should be kept from the public because it involved internal department deliberations and the advice given to Barr about whether Trump should face prosecution. But a district judge ruled that Barr was never engaged in such a process and had already made up his mind to not charge Trump. .
  196. News: Appeals court backs ruling to release DOJ memo on Trump prosecution . . August 19, 2022 . Josh . Gerstein . Kyle . Cheney . August 30, 2022 . Srinivasan said the memo, co-authored by Assistant Attorney General for Legal Counsel Steven Engel and Principal Associate Deputy Attorney General Edward O'Callaghan, seemed more like a 'thought experiment' because Barr decided before the memo was written that Trump would not be charged with a crime. .
  197. News: Judge orders release of DOJ memo justifying not prosecuting Trump . Josh . Gerstein . . May 4, 2021 . 8 March 2024 . 'The review of the document reveals that the Attorney General was not then engaged in making a decision about whether the President should be charged with obstruction of justice; the fact that he would not be prosecuted was a given,' wrote Jackson, an appointee of former President Barack Obama. .
  198. Web site: Eric . Tucker . May 5, 2021 . . Judge orders Justice Dept. To release Trump obstruction memo . In her order, Jackson noted that the memo prepared for Barr, and the letter from Barr to Congress that describes the special counsel's report, are 'being written by the very same people at the very same time. The emails show not only that the authors and the recipients of the memorandum are working hand in hand to craft the advice that is supposedly being delivered by OLC, but that the letter to Congress is the priority, and it is getting completed first,' the judge wrote. . August 29, 2022 .
  199. Web site: Memorandum for the Attorney General: Review of the Special Counsel's Report . . . March 24, 2019 . August 30, 2022 . Steven A. . Engel . Edward C. . O'Callaghan . Steven Engel . Ed O'Callaghan .
  200. News: Read Attorney General William Barr's Summary of the Mueller Report. March 24, 2019. The New York Times. April 18, 2019. 0362-4331.
  201. Web site: DOJ: Trump campaign didn't collude with Russians. Cotter. Sean. March 24, 2019. bostonherald.com. May 1, 2019.
  202. News: Mueller report: Investigation found no evidence Trump conspired with Russia, leaves obstruction question open. Johnson. Kevin. March 24, 2019. USA Today. April 18, 2019. Jansen. Bart. Phillips. Kristine.
  203. News: Mueller Told Barr Weeks Ago He Wouldn't Reach Conclusion on Obstruction Charge. Gurman. Sadie. March 25, 2019. The Wall Street Journal. April 18, 2019. 0099-9660.
  204. News: Attorney General William Barr will hold a press conference to discuss Mueller report at 9:30 am ET Thursday. Calia. Mike. April 17, 2019. April 18, 2019. El-Bawab. Nadine. CNBC.
  205. Web site: Mueller finds no collusion with Russia, leaves obstruction question open. March 2019. American Bar Association. April 18, 2019.
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  207. Web site: William Barr: Five questions for US attorney general . Zurcher . Anthony . May 1, 2019 . . May 1, 2019.
  208. Web site: Barr sent or discussed controversial memo with Trump lawyers. de Vogue. Ariane. January 16, 2019. CNN. May 6, 2019.
  209. Web site: Questions mount over Mueller, Barr and obstruction. Chalfant. Morgan. Lillis. Mike. March 30, 2019. The Hill. April 30, 2019.
  210. News: The fastest way to Trump's heart (and an administration job): Say what he wants to hear, publicly. Blake. Aaron. April 17, 2019. The Washington Post. April 30, 2019.
  211. Web site: Congressional Democrats question AG William Barr's decision that Trump didn't obstruct justice. Jansen. Bart. Phillips. Kristine. March 25, 2019. USA Today. April 30, 2019.
  212. Robert Mueller's Work Is Done. What Happens Next Is Up to William Barr. Berenson. Tessa. March 28, 2019. Time. April 26, 2019.
  213. News: Mueller Report Release Will Likely Escalate Tensions Between Trump And Congress. Elving. Ron. April 15, 2019. April 26, 2019. NPR.
  214. Web site: Barr authored memo last year ruling out obstruction of justice. Watkins. Eli. March 26, 2019. CNN. April 28, 2019.
  215. News: Mazzetti . Mark . Schmidt . Michael . When the Mueller Investigation Ended, the Battle Over Its Conclusions Began . . May 29, 2019. May 2019 .
  216. News: A frustrated Mueller told AG Barr his short summary of the special counsel report caused confusion. Williams. Pete. April 30, 2019. NBC News. May 1, 2019. Pete Williams (journalist).
  217. News: Special Counsel Mueller's letter to Attorney General Barr. Mueller. Robert S.. March 27, 2019. The Washington Post. May 2, 2019.
  218. News: Sullivan . Andy . Lynch . Sarah . Barr cancels second day of testimony, escalating battle with U.S. Congress . . May 31, 2019. May 2, 2019 .
  219. Web site: Mueller criticized attorney general summary of special counsel report. Daniels. Jeff. April 30, 2019. CNBC. en. May 1, 2019. May 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190501002130/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/30/mueller-criticizes-attorney-general-summary-of-special-counsel-report.html. dead.
  220. Web site: AG Barr letter. March 29, 2019. May 3, 2019.
  221. News: William Barr is in deep trouble. Cillizza. Chris. May 1, 2019. May 1, 2019. CNN.
  222. News: The evolution of the obstruction of justice dispute between Barr and Mueller. Bump. Philip. May 1, 2019. The Washington Post. May 1, 2019. May 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190501112216/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/01/evolution-obstruction-justice-dispute-between-barr-mueller/. dead.
  223. Web site: Trump-Friendly Spin on Mueller Report Puts Heat on DOJ's Barr. Strohm. Chris. April 20, 2019. Bloomberg News. April 24, 2019.
  224. Web site: Attorney General William Barr defends Trump's actions, handling of Mueller report ahead of its release . ABC News . 8 March 2024 . Trish . Turner . Cheyenne . Haslett . April 18, 2019 .
  225. News: Mueller report recounts 10 episodes involving Trump and questions of obstruction. Pramuk. Jacob. April 18, 2019. April 18, 2019. CNBC.
  226. 'The President Was Frustrated': Barr Defends Trump's Hurt Feelings in Pre-Mueller Presser . Vanity Fair . April 18, 2019 . Eric . Lutz . 8 March 2024 .
  227. News: Barr says 10 'episodes' of Trump potential obstruction probed; AG disagreed with Mueller legal theory. Ainsley. Julia. April 18, 2019. April 18, 2019. Smith. Allan. NBC News.
  228. Web site: In unflattering detail, Mueller report reveals Trump actions to impede inquiry. Lynch. Sarah. Sullivan. Andy. April 18, 2019. Reuters. April 24, 2019.
  229. News: Priscilla . Alvarez . Barr frames release of Mueller report in Trump's language. April 18, 2019. CNN. April 24, 2019.
  230. Web site: Barr deepens critics' concerns in handling of Mueller report. Tucker. Eric. April 19, 2019. Associated Press. April 24, 2019.
  231. Web site: Informal Trump adviser calls Barr 'one of the finest lawyers this country has ever produced' . Manchester . Julia . April 18, 2019 . . April 24, 2019 . April 21, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190421012049/https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/439627-informal-trump-adviser-says-Barr-is-one-of-the-finest-lawyers-this-country-has-ever-produced . live .
  232. News: AG Barr seemed more like counselor to Trump than attorney general, was 'making a case for the president:' Chris Wallace. Sang. Lucia Suarez. April 18, 2019. Fox News. April 21, 2019.
  233. News: Barr under fire for news conference that was a boon for Trump, and often featured one of his preferred terms. Zapotosky. Matt. April 18, 2019. April 21, 2019. Dawsey. Josh. The Washington Post.
  234. News: The most important day in the Mueller probe was deeply upsetting. Litman. Harry. April 18, 2019. April 23, 2019. The Washington Post.
  235. News: A Nixonian Attorney General. Leonhardt. David. April 19, 2019. The New York Times. April 23, 2019.
  236. Web site: Barr's Defense of Trump Rewards the President With the Attorney General He Wanted. Landler. Mark. Benner. Katie. April 18, 2019. The New York Times. April 28, 2019. April 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190428110138/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/us/politics/william-barr-robert-mueller-donald-trump.html. dead.
  237. Web site: Special Counsel's Office . October 16, 2017 . . April 18, 2019 . February 23, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180223220952/https://www.justice.gov/sco . dead .
  238. News: The Mueller Report by the Numbers . April 21, 2019 . . April 18, 2019 . April 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190418230152/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/mueller-report-release-latest-news/card/1555613011 . dead .
  239. News: The Most Redacted Sections of the Mueller Report . Matt . Stieb . April 18, 2019 . . April 24, 2019 .
  240. News: Scrutiny and suspicion as Mueller report undergoes redaction . Barrett . Devlin . April 7, 2019 . . April 19, 2019 . Under the federal rules of criminal procedure, government officials are not allowed to share material from grand jury proceedings. .
  241. Web site: Rule 6. The Grand Jury . November 30, 2011 . Legal Information Institute (LII) . . April 19, 2019 .
  242. Web site: Federal Grand Jury Secrecy: Legal Principles and Implications for Congressional Oversight . January 10, 2019 . . April 19, 2019 .
  243. News: How Attorney General Barr Misled America . Denning . Steve . April 19, 2019 . . April 21, 2019 .
  244. News: What Attorney General Barr said vs. what the Mueller report said . Rizzo . Salvador . April 19, 2019. . April 21, 2019 .
  245. News: William Barr's incredibly misleading words . Eliason . Randall D. . April 19, 2019 . . April 21, 2019 .
  246. News: The Obstruction Case Against Trump that Barr Tried to Hide. Mariotti. Renato. April 19, 2019. April 23, 2019. Politico.
  247. News: 4 times Barr twisted and cherry-picked Mueller's report . Cohen . Marshall . April 19, 2019 . . April 24, 2019.
  248. News: Perspective – Barr tried to exonerate Trump. That's not how the special counsel rules work. . Katyal . Neal . Geltzer . Joshua A. . April 19, 2019 . . April 24, 2019.
  249. Web site: William Barr Misled Everyone About the Mueller Report. Now Democrats Are Calling for His Resignation. . April 19, 2019 . . April 24, 2019 . James . Risen . James Risen .
  250. News: How Barr's Excerpts Compare to the Mueller Report's Findings . Charlie . Savage . Charlie Savage (author) . April 20, 2019 . . April 21, 2019 .
  251. News: The latest in a series of 'Mission Accomplished' moments for Trump . Steve . Benen . Steve Benen . April 19, 2019 . . April 24, 2019 .
  252. News: Opinion: Congress will pick up where Mueller left off . Jonathan . Bernstein . . April 22, 2019 . May 2, 2019 .
  253. News: Andrew . Buncombe . April 18, 2019 . . Mueller report: Trump leaves town claiming victory and with Democrats scrambling to respond . April 24, 2019 .
  254. News: Bob Woodward: AG Barr Will Be Remembered for the Deception and Misrepresentation of the Mueller Report . Colby . Hall . April 19, 2019 . . April 23, 2019 .
  255. News: April 19, 2019 . Joe . DePaolo . MSNBC's Brian Williams on AG Barr: I Wouldn't Be Surprised if People Starting Calling Him 'Baghdad Bill' . . April 23, 2019 .
  256. News: MSNBC's Wallace, Heilemann Run a Scathing Fact-Check on AG Barr: 'He Just Lies' . April 19, 2019 . Tamar . Auber . . April 23, 2019 .
  257. News: Former Federal Prosecutor on CNN: Barr's 'Credibility and Independence are in the Trash' . Feldman . Josh . April 19, 2019 . April 23, 2019 . . February 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210215160654/https://www.mediaite.com/tv/former-federal-prosecutor-on-cnn-barrs-credibility-and-independence-are-in-the-trash/ . dead .
  258. News: May 6, 2019 . Barr's Playbook: He Misled Congress When Omitting Parts of Justice Dep't Memo in 1989. April 15, 2019. Ryan . Goodman . Just Security.
  259. News: Analysis | The 1989 precedent that raises questions about how Barr will redact the Mueller report. . Philip . Bump . April 15, 2019 . May 2, 2019 .
  260. Web site: How to make music out of the Mueller report redactions . . . April 19, 2019 . May 2, 2019 .
  261. News: Chang . Alvin . Zarracina . Javier . April 19, 2019 . The Mueller report redactions, explained in 4 charts . . May 2, 2019 .
  262. News: Harding . Luke . April 20, 2019 . What's missing? The clues to Barr's 1,000 Mueller report redactions . . May 2, 2019 .
  263. News: Lai . K.K. Rebecca . Watkins . Derek . Yourish . Karen . April 19, 2019 . See Which Sections of the Mueller Report Were Redacted . . May 2, 2019.
  264. News: Fake news? Mueller isn't buying it . David. Bauder. April 20, 2019. . April 21, 2019.
  265. News: The Other Thing the Mueller Report Proved: Journalists Were Right. Justin. Peters. April 19, 2019. Slate Magazine. April 21, 2019.
  266. News: Helderman . Rosalind . Inside the special counsel's long hunt to uncover whether the Trump campaign conspired with Russia . . April 22, 2019 . April 23, 2019.
  267. News: Aaron . Blake . What the media got right – and wrong – about the Mueller report . . April 24, 2019 . April 22, 2019 .
  268. News: 8 times the Mueller report shows Trump, White House spread false or misleading claim . Miriam . Valverde . April 19, 2019 . . April 23, 2019 .
  269. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 80: The President Asserts that the Special Counsel has Conflicts of Interest

    In the days following the Special Counsel's appointment, the President repeatedly told advisors, including Priebus, Bannon, and McGahn, that Special Counsel Mueller had conflicts of interest. The President cited as conflicts that Mueller had interviewed for the FBI Director position shortly before being appointed as Special Counsel, that he had worked for a law firm that represented people affiliated with the President, and that Mueller had disputed certain fees relating to his membership in a Trump golf course in Northern Virginia. The President's advisors pushed back on his assertion of conflicts, telling the President they did not count as true conflicts.

  270. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 82: "On June 9, 2017, the Special Counsel's Office informed the White House Counsel's Office that investigators intended to interview intelligence community officials who had allegedly been asked by the President to push back against the Russia investigation. On Monday, June 12, 2017, Christopher Ruddy, the chief executive of Newsmax Media and a longtime friend of the President's, met at the White House with Priebus and Bannon. Ruddy recalled that they told him the President was strongly considering firing the Special Counsel and that he would do so precipitously, without vetting the decision through Administration officials. Ruddy asked Priebus if Ruddy could talk publicly about the discussion they had about the Special Counsel, and Priebus said he could. Priebus told Ruddy he hoped another blow up like the one that followed the termination of Comey did not happen. Later that day, Ruddy stated in a televised interview that the President was 'considering perhaps terminating the Special Counsel' based on purported conflicts of interest. Ruddy later told another news outlet that 'Trump is definitely considering' terminating the Special Counsel and 'it's not something that's being dismissed.' Ruddy's comments led to extensive coverage in the media that the President was considering firing the Special Counsel."
  271. Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 71–72: "That same morning, on May 10, 2017, the President called McCabe. According to a memorandum McCabe wrote following the call, the President asked McCabe to come over to the White House to discuss whether the President should visit FBI headquarters and make a speech to employees. The President said he had received 'hundreds' of messages from FBI employees indicating their support for terminating Comey. The President also told McCabe that Comey should not have been permitted to travel back to Washington, D.C. on the FBI's airplane after he had been terminated and that he did not want Comey 'in the building again', even to collect his belongings. When McCabe met with the President that afternoon, the President, without prompting, told McCabe that people in the FBI loved the President, estimated that at least 80% of the FBI had voted for him, and asked McCabe who he had voted for in the 2016 presidential election.

    In the afternoon of May 10, 2017, deputy press secretary Sarah Sanders spoke to the President about his decision to fire Comey and then spoke to reporters in a televised press conference. Sanders told reporters that the President, the Department of Justice, and bipartisan members of Congress had lost confidence in Comey, '[a]nd most importantly, the rank and file of the FBI had lost confidence in their director. Accordingly, the President accepted the recommendation of his Deputy Attorney General to remove James Comey from his position.' In response to questions from reporters, Sanders said that Rosenstein decided 'on his own' to review Comey's performance and that Rosenstein decided 'on his own' to come to the President on Monday, May 8 to express his concerns about Comey. When a reporter indicated that the 'vast majority' of FBI agents supported Comey, Sanders said, 'Look, we've heard from countless members of the FBI that say very different things.' Following the press conference, Sanders spoke to the President, who told her she did a good job and did not point out any inaccuracies in her comments. Sanders told this Office that her reference to hearing from 'countless members of the FBI' was a 'slip of the tongue'. She also recalled that her statement in a separate press interview that rank-and-file FBI agents had lost confidence in Comey was a comment she made 'in the heat of the moment' that was not founded on anything."

  272. Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 72–73: "Also on May 10, 2017, Sessions and Rosenstein each spoke to McGahn and expressed concern that the White House was creating a narrative that Rosenstein had initiated the decision to fire Comey. The White House Counsel's Office agreed that it was factually wrong to say that the Department of Justice had initiated Comey's termination, and McGahn asked attorneys in the White House Counsel's Office to work with the press office to correct the narrative."
  273. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 105: "After consulting with the President on the issue, White House Press Secretary Sarah Sanders told the media that the President 'certainly didn't dictate' the statement, but that 'he weighed in, offered suggestions like any father would do.' Several months later, the President's personal counsel stated in a private communication to the Special Counsel's Office that 'the President dictated a short but accurate response to the New York Times article on behalf of his son, Donald Trump, Jr.' The President later told the press that it was 'irrelevant' whether he dictated the statement and said, 'It's a statement to the New York Times ... That's not a statement to a high tribunal of judges.
  274. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 6: "On July 31, 2016, based on the foreign government reporting, the FBI opened an investigation into potential coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the Trump campaign."
  275. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 134: "The President's conduct involving Michael Cohen spans the full period of our investigation. During the campaign, Cohen pursued the Trump Tower Moscow project on behalf of the Trump Organization. Cohen briefed candidate Trump on the project numerous times, including discussing whether Trump should travel to Russia to advance the deal. After the media began questioning Trump's connections to Russia, Cohen promoted a 'party line' that publicly distanced Trump from Russia and asserted he had no business there. Cohen continued to adhere to that party line in 2017, when Congress asked him to provide documents and testimony in its Russia investigation. In an attempt to minimize the President's connections to Russia, Cohen submitted a letter to Congress falsely stating that he only briefed Trump on the Trump Tower Moscow project three times, that he did not consider asking Trump to travel to Russia, that Cohen had not received a response to an outreach he made to the Russian government, and that the project ended in January 2016, before the first Republican caucus or primary. While working on the congressional statement, Cohen had extensive discussions with the President's personal counsel, who, according to Cohen, said that Cohen should not contradict the President and should keep the statement short and 'tight'. After the FBI searched Cohen's home and office in April 2018, the President publicly asserted that Cohen would not 'flip' and privately passed messages of support to him. Cohen also discussed pardons with the President's personal counsel and believed that if he stayed on message, he would get a pardon or the President would do 'something else' to make the investigation end. But after Cohen began cooperating with the government in July 2018, the President publicly criticized him, called him a 'rat', and suggested his family members had committed crimes."
  276. Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 33–36: "Also on January 27, the President called FBI Director Comey and invited him to dinner that evening. Priebus recalled that before the dinner, he told the President something like, 'don't talk about Russia, whatever you do,' and the President promised he would not talk about Russia at the dinner. McGahn had previously advised the President that he should not communicate directly with the Department of Justice to avoid the perception or reality of political interference in law enforcement. When Bannon learned about the President's planned dinner with Comey, he suggested that he or Priebus also attend, but the President stated that he wanted to dine with Comey alone. Comey said that when he arrived for the dinner that evening, he was surprised and concerned to see that no one else had been invited.

    Comey provided an account of the dinner in a contemporaneous memo, an interview with this Office, and congressional testimony. According to Comey's account of the dinner, the President repeatedly brought up Comey's future, asking whether he wanted to stay on as FBI director. Because the President had previously said he wanted Comey to stay on as FBI director, Comey interpreted the President's comments as an effort to create a patronage relationship by having Comey ask for his job. The President also brought up the Steele reporting that Comey had raised in the January 6, 2017, briefing and stated that he was thinking about ordering the FBI to investigate the allegations to prove they were false. Comey responded that the President should think carefully about issuing such an order because it could create a narrative that the FBI was investigating him personally, which was incorrect. Later in the dinner, the President brought up Flynn and said, 'the guy has serious judgment issues.' Comey did not comment on Flynn and the President did not acknowledge any FBI interest in or contact with Flynn.

    According to Comey's account, at one point during the dinner the President stated, 'I need loyalty, I expect loyalty.' Comey did not respond and the conversation moved on to other topics, but the President returned to the subject of Comey's job at the end of the dinner and repeated, 'I need loyalty.' Comey responded, 'You will always get honesty from me.' The President said, 'That's what I want, honest loyalty.' Comey said, 'You will get that from me.'

    After Comey's account of the dinner became public, the President and his advisors disputed that he had asked for Comey's loyalty. The President also indicated that he had not invited Comey to dinner, telling a reporter that he thought Comey had 'asked for the dinner' because 'he wanted to stay on.' But substantial evidence corroborates Comey's account of the dinner invitation and the request for loyalty. The President's Daily Diary confirms that the President 'extend[ed] a dinner invitation' to Comey on January 27. With respect to the substance of the dinner conversation, Comey documented the President's request for loyalty in a memorandum he began drafting the night of the dinner; senior FBI officials recall that Comey told them about the loyalty request shortly after the dinner occurred; and Comey described the request while under oath in congressional proceedings and in a subsequent interview with investigators subject to penalties for lying under 18 U.S.C. § 1001. Comey's memory of the details of the dinner, including that the President requested loyalty, has remained consistent throughout."

  277. News: 7 times the Mueller report caught Sean Spicer and Sarah Sanders lying to press. Dara. Lind. April 18, 2019. Vox Media. April 24, 2019.
  278. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 98: "In May 2016, Page prepared an outline of an energy policy speech for the Campaign and then traveled to Bismarck, North Dakota, to watch the candidate deliver the speech. Chief policy advisor Sam Clovis expressed appreciation for Page's work and praised his work to other Campaign officials."
  279. News: Here's what Trump and his associates said at the time. Now, read what the Mueller report tells us.. The Washington Post. April 19, 2019. Michael. Brice-Saddler. Jacqueline. Alemany . April 21, 2019 .
  280. News: Trump camp backs away from adviser suspected of Kremlin ties. Harper. Neidig. September 24, 2016. . April 23, 2019 .
  281. News: Did Trump Obstruct Justice? Mueller Didn't Say, but Left a Trail to the Answer . Charlie . Savage . Charlie Savage (author) . April 23, 2019 . . May 6, 2019 .
  282. News: A president can't obstruct justice? That's not quite right, legal scholars say. . . Matt . Zapotosky . June 3, 2018 . May 6, 2019 .
  283. https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf Mueller Report
  284. News: Mueller Report: Trump Was Obsessed With Finding Clinton's Missing E-mails . Tina . Nguyen . April 18, 2019 . . April 24, 2019 .
  285. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 153: "Nader wrote to Dmitriev, 'This guy [Prince] is designated by Steve [Bannon] to meet you! I know him and he is very very well connected and trusted by the New Team. His sister is now a Minister of Education."
  286. News: Congressional Democrats examine Erik Prince's statements on 2017 Seychelles meeting for possible perjury . Harris . Demirjian . Shane . Karoun . April 19, 2019 . . April 23, 2019 .
  287. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 153: "According to Nader, Prince had led him to believe that Bannon was aware of Prince's upcoming meeting with Dmitriev, and Prince acknowledged that it was fair for Nader to think that Prince would pass information on to the Transition Team. Bannon, however, told the Office that Prince did not tell him in advance about his meeting with Dmitriev."
  288. News: Mosk . Matthew . Reevell . Patrick . Meek . James Gordon . Putin ally suggests Seychelles meeting more than chance encounter . April 24, 2019 . ABC News . May 24, 2018 .
  289. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 151.
  290. News: Mueller Report Offers More Evidence That Erik Prince Lied to Congress . May 6, 2019 . Sarah . Jones . April 18, 2019 . .
  291. Web site: Schiff refers Blackwater founder Prince to DOJ over alleged false statements to Congress . Brooke. Singman . Samuel . Chamberlain . May 6, 2019 . April 30, 2019. Fox News.
  292. News: Democrats accuse Trump ally Erik Prince of lying to Congress, refer case to Justice Dept. for possible prosecution . John. Wagner. Karoun. Demirjian . April 30, 2019 . . April 30, 2019 .
  293. Mueller Report, Appendix C, p. C-1: "We additionally stated that "it is in the interest of the Presidency and the public for an interview to take place" and offered 'numerous accommodations to aid the President's preparation and avoid surprise'."
  294. Kathy Ehrich . Dowd . President Trump Told Mueller He Was Just Joking When He Asked Russia to Hack Hillary Clinton . April 18, 2019 . . en . April 24, 2019 .
  295. News: Special counsel will accept written answers from Trump about Russia . Wang . Christine . September 4, 2018 . . April 24, 2019 .
  296. Mueller Report, Appendix C, p. C-1: "We received the President's written responses in late November 2018. In December 2018, we informed counsel of the insufficiency of those responses in several respects. We noted, among other things, that the President stated on more than 30 occasions that he 'does not recall' or 'remember' or have an 'independent recollection' of information called for by the questions. Other answers were 'incomplete or imprecise'. The written responses, we informed counsel, 'demonstrate the inadequacy of the written format, as we have had no opportunity to ask followup questions that would ensure complete answers and potentially refresh your client's recollection or clarify the extent or nature of his lack of recollection'. We again requested an in-person interview, limited to certain topics, advising the President's counsel that '[t]his is the President's opportunity to voluntarily provide us with information for us to evaluate in the context of all of the evidence we have gathered.' The President declined."
  297. News: 5 key takeaways from special counsel Robert Mueller's report . May 1, 2019 . Cheyenne . Haslett . Lucien . Bruggeman . ABC News . en . April 24, 2019 .
  298. Mueller Report, vol. II, p.13: "He did not similarly agree to provide written answers to questions on obstruction topics or questions on events during the transition"
  299. Eric . Lach . April 18, 2019 . November 19, 2019 . Robert Mueller Let Donald Trump Duck Direct Questions About Obstruction. The New Yorker.
  300. Mueller Report, Appendix C, p. C-2: "Recognizing that the President would not be interviewed voluntarily, we considered whether to issue a subpoena for his testimony. We viewed the written answers to be inadequate. But at that point, our investigation had made significant progress and had produced substantial evidence for our report. We thus weighed the costs of potentially lengthy constitutional litigation, with resulting delay in finishing our investigation, against the anticipated benefits for our investigation and report. As explained in Volume II, Section H.B., we determined that the substantial quantity of information we had obtained from other sources allowed us to draw relevant factual conclusions on intent and credibility, which are often inferred from circumstantial evidence and assessed without direct testimony from the subject of the investigation."
  301. News: Jeremy . Herb . May 6, 2019 . Mueller thought Trump's written answers were 'inadequate' . April 18, 2019 . .
  302. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 72: "I think I can get Putin to say that at the Trump Moscow press conference. If he says it we own this election. America's most difficult adversary agreeing that Donald is a good guy to negotiate ... We can own this election. Michael my next steps are very sensitive with Putin's very, very close people, we can pull this off. Michael let's go. 2 boys from Brooklyn getting a USA president elected. This is good, really good."
  303. News: Felix Sater, ex-Long Islander, mentioned 104 times in Mueller report . Michael . Gormley . April 20, 2019. . May 2, 2019 .
  304. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 69: "Cohen also discussed the Trump Moscow project with Ivanka Trump as to design elements (such as possible architects to use for the project) and Donald J. Trump Jr. (about his experience in Moscow and possible involvement in the project) during the fall of 2015."
  305. News: Mueller Report Reveals Extent of Trump's Involvement in Russia Tower Plans . May 6, 2019 . Rebecca . Ballhaus . April 18, 2019 . .
  306. Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 72: "According to Cohen, he did not consider the political import of the Trump Moscow project to the 2016 U.S. presidential election at the time. Cohen also did not recall candidate Trump or anyone affiliated with the Trump Campaign discussing the political implications of the Trump Moscow project with him. However, Cohen recalled conversations with Trump in which the candidate suggested that his campaign would be a significant 'infomercial' for Trump-branded properties."
  307. Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 139.
  308. News: 'What's the point?' Lawmakers fess up to not fully reading the Mueller report . . Darren . Samuelson . July 9, 2019 . July 10, 2019.
  309. News: Trump Accuses Mueller of a Personal Vendetta as Calls for Impeachment Grow. Peter. Baker. Eileen. Sullivan. May 30, 2019. The New York Times . November 19, 2019 .
  310. Web site: The Mueller report: A catalog of 77 Trump team lies and falsehoods . Katelyn. Polantz. Marshall. Cohen . April 30, 2019 . . May 9, 2019.
  311. Trump . Donald . Donald Trump . realDonaldTrump . 1118876219381026818 . April 18, 2019 . https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1118876219381026818 . No collusion. No obstruction. For the haters and the radical left Democrats Game Over . April 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210112212818/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/D4cL-2GXsAAIini.jpg . January 12, 2021 .
  312. News: Trump declares 'Game Over' on Mueller investigation with 'Game of Thrones' image . Anapol . Avery. April 18, 2019 . . April 18, 2019 .
  313. News: April 18, 2019 . Trump channels 'Game of Thrones' yet again with Mueller report tweet; HBO, fans respond . . April 18, 2019 . Jayme. Deerwester.
  314. News: April 18, 2019 . Breuninger . Kevin . HBO wants Trump to stop making 'Game of Thrones'-style tweets, 'though we can understand the enthusiasm' . . April 19, 2019 . April 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419012624/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/18/hbo-wants-trump-to-stop-making-game-of-thrones-style-tweets.html . live .
  315. News: President Trump says some of Mueller report is 'total bulls--t' . April 19, 2019 . Herbert . Geoff . . April 23, 2019 .
  316. News: April 19, 2019 . Fabian . Jordan . Samuels . Brett . Trump frustrated with aides who talked to Mueller . . April 20, 2019 .
    • Trump . Donald . Donald Trump . 1119207303700471809 . realDonaldTrump . Statements are made about me by certain people in the Crazy Mueller Report, in itself written by 18 Angry Democrat Trump Haters, which are fabricated & totally untrue. Watch out for people that take so-called 'notes', when the notes never existed until needed. Because I never.... . April 19, 2019 . April 20, 2019 .
    • Trump . Donald . Donald Trump . 1119211274712375297 . realDonaldTrump . ...agreed to testify, it was not necessary for me to respond to statements made in the 'Report' about me, some of which are total bullshit & only given to make the other person look good (or me to look bad). This was an Illegally Started Hoax that never should have happened, a... . April 19, 2019 . April 20, 2019 .
    • Trump . Donald . Donald Trump . 1119341792460247040 . realDonaldTrump . ....big, fat, waste of time, energy and money – $30,000,000 to be exact. It is now finally time to turn the tables and bring justice to some very sick and dangerous people who have committed very serious crimes, perhaps even Spying or Treason. This should never happen again! . April 19, 2019 . April 20, 2019 .
  317. Web site: Haring . Bruce . President Donald Trump Tweetstorm – The Saturday Edition . April 20, 2019 . . May 3, 2019 . April 21, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190421130750/https://deadline.com/2019/04/president-donald-trump-twitter-tweetstorm-saturday-edition-1202599199/ . dead .
  318. Web site: Watkins . Eli . Fact checking Trump's claims that Mueller did not interview people 'closest' to him and his campaign . April 22, 2019 . . May 3, 2019.
  319. Web site: Hains . Tim . Trump: 'The Mueller Report Was Great, It Could Not Have Been Better' . April 24, 2019 . . May 2, 2019.
  320. News: Wagner . John . Trump says he would ask Supreme Court to intervene if Democrats move to impeach him . April 24, 2019 . . April 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190424140721/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-says-he-would-ask-supreme-court-to-intervene-if-hes-impeached/2019/04/24/73d7d63c-668c-11e9-82ba-fcfeff232e8f_story.html . April 24, 2019 . live.
  321. Web site: Nolan . Hicks . Bob . Fredericks . April 26, 2019 . Trump says Dems 'tried for a coup' in fiery NRA speech . . en-us . May 3, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190427024831/https://nypost.com/2019/04/26/trump-says-dems-tried-for-a-coup-in-fiery-nra-speech/ . April 27, 2019 . live.
  322. Web site: April 26, 2019 . Trump jokes 'I didn't need a gun' to stop 'coup' . . en . May 3, 2019 . May 3, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190503074647/https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2019/04/26/donald-trump-nra-speech-sot-vpx.cnn . live .
  323. markknoller . 1133741558602321920 . Most recent statement by Pres Trump on Mueller & his report; 'The Mueller report came out: no obstruction, no collusion. No nothing. It's a beautiful report.' (Monday in Tokyo). Said Mueller 'not a friend of mine', but report's conclusions 'really the right thing to do'. . Mark . Knoller . May 29, 2019 . November 19, 2019 .
  324. thehill . 1134092828492128257 . President Trump: 'There's no obstruction, there's no collusion, there's no nothing. It's nothing but a witch hunt. A witch hunt by the media and the Democrats, they're partners.' pic.twitter.com/a7BEX3Wo7r . The Hill. May 30, 2019 . November 19, 2019 .
  325. Web site: Tucker . Eric . Boak . Josh . Yen . Hope . Trump falsely accuses Mueller of a crime . . July 24, 2019 . June 27, 2019.
  326. Web site: Cummings . William . Trump says Mueller committed a 'crime' and 'terminated' texts between Strzok and Page. (He didn't.) . . July 24, 2019 . June 26, 2019.
  327. Web site: Fabian . Jordan . Trump says Mueller 'must' stick to report's findings during testimony . . July 24, 2019 . July 2, 2019.
  328. Web site: Forgey . Quint . With Mueller testimony looming, Trump predicts trouble for special counsel and Dems . . July 24, 2019 . July 22, 2019.
  329. News: Elfrink . Tim . Ahead of hearing, Trump aims fury at an unlikely target: Mueller aide Aaron Zebley . . July 24, 2019 . July 24, 2019.
  330. Web site: Don McGahn Rebuffed White House Request to Say Trump Didn't Obstruct Justice. Rebecca. Ballhaus. May 10, 2019. . May 22, 2019.
  331. News: White House Asked McGahn to Declare Trump Never Obstructed Justice. Schmidt. Michael S.. May 10, 2019. The New York Times. May 10, 2019.
  332. News: Trump Pressed Australian Leader to Help Barr Investigate Mueller Inquiry's Origins. Mazzetti. Mark. September 30, 2019. The New York Times. October 1, 2019. Benner. Katie. en-US. 0362-4331.
  333. News: Donald Trump reportedly pressed Scott Morrison for help to discredit Mueller inquiry . Duffy . Connor . October 1, 2019 . . October 1, 2019 . . Greene . Andrew .
  334. Web site: Trump declares victory as Mueller report drops: 'No collusion, no obstruction'. Shaw. Adam. April 18, 2019. Fox News. en-US. April 20, 2019.
  335. Web site: Trump, Lawyers Declare 'Total Victory' After Mueller Report Release. Smith-Schoenwalder. Cecelia. April 18, 2019. U.S. News & World Report. April 20, 2019.
  336. News: July 30, 2018 . Rudy Giuliani says Donald Trump team preparing report to counter Robert Mueller . David . Jackson . . en . April 22, 2019 .
  337. News: Trump legal team prepares Mueller counter-report, focusing on obstruction allegations . Singman . Brooke . April 17, 2019 . . en-US . April 23, 2019 .
  338. Web site: Rudy Giuliani, Rep. Adam Schiff on whether the Mueller report completely exonerates President Trump . . April 21, 2019 . October 24, 2021.
  339. News: Rudy Giuliani Is Putting Together a 'Counter-Report' to Question Robert Mueller's 'Legitimacy'. Asawin . Suebsaeng . Lachlan . Markay . . August 30, 2018 . April 22, 2019 . en .
  340. Trump . Donald J. . Donald Trump . realDonaldTrump . 1071036505676808194 . December 7, 2018 . It has been incorrectly reported that Rudy Giuliani and others will not be doing a counter to the Mueller Report. That is Fake News. Already 87 pages done, but obviously cannot complete until we see the final Witch Hunt Report. . en-US . https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1071036505676808194 . April 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181207133944/https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1071036505676808194 . December 7, 2018 .
  341. News: Trump promises a 'major Counter Report' to rebut Mueller's findings . Wagner . John . Barrett . Delvin . December 7, 2018 . . April 22, 2019 .
  342. News: Bekiempis . Victoria . Pengelly . Martin . Giuliani rails against Mueller report as Democrats mull Trump impeachment . April 21, 2019 . . April 23, 2019.
  343. Web site: Kiely . Eugene . Robertson . Lori . Farley . Robert . Giuliani's Obstruction Distortions . April 22, 2019 . . April 24, 2019.
  344. News: White House lawyer mocks Mueller report as 'law school exam paper' . May 2, 2019 . Darren . Samuelsohn . . May 6, 2019 .
  345. News: Rod Rosenstein Defends Justice Department Handling of Mueller Report. Gurman. Sadie. April 11, 2019. The Wall Street Journal. April 27, 2019. en-US. 0099-9660 .
  346. News: Rosenstein defends Barr's handling of Mueller report . Itkowitz . Zapotosky . Colby . Matt . April 11, 2019 . . April 26, 2019 . April 29, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190429132445/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/rosenstein-defends-barrs-handling-of-mueller-report/2019/04/11/12d74cc8-5caf-11e9-842d-7d3ed7eb3957_story.html . live .
  347. Web site: Rod Rosenstein backs AG William Barr's handling of Mueller report . Breuninger . Kevin . April 12, 2019 . . en . April 27, 2019 .
  348. Web site: Deputy Attorney General Rod J. Rosenstein Delivers Remarks at the Armenian Bar Association's Public Servants Dinner. April 25, 2019. Justice.gov. en. April 27, 2019. At my confirmation hearing in March 2017, a Republican Senator asked me to make a commitment. He said: 'You're going to be in charge of this [Russia] investigation. I want you to look me in the eye and tell me that you'll do it right, that you'll take it to its conclusion and you'll report [your results] to the American people.' I did pledge to do it right and take it to the appropriate conclusion. I did not promise to report all results to the public, because grand jury investigations are ex parte proceedings. It is not our job to render conclusive factual findings. We just decide whether it is appropriate to file criminal charges. Some critical decisions about the Russia investigation were made before I got there. The previous Administration chose not to publicize the full story about Russian computer hackers and social media trolls, and how they relate to a broader strategy to undermine America. The FBI disclosed classified evidence about the investigation to ranking legislators and their staffers. Someone selectively leaked details to the news media. The FBI Director announced at a congressional hearing that there was a counterintelligence investigation that might result in criminal charges. Then the former FBI Director alleged that the President pressured him to close the investigation, and the President denied that the conversation occurred. [...] But the bottom line is, there was overwhelming evidence that Russian operatives hacked American computers and defrauded American citizens, and that is only the tip of the iceberg of a comprehensive Russian strategy to influence elections, promote social discord, and undermine America, just like they do in many other countries. [...] Today, our nation is safer, elections are more secure, and citizens are better informed about covert foreign influence schemes. But not everybody was happy with my decision, in case you did not notice. It is important to keep a sense of humor in Washington. You just need to accept that politicians need to evaluate everything in terms of the immediate political impact. Then there are the mercenary critics, who get paid to express passionate opinions about any topic, often with little or no information. They do not just express disagreement. They launch ad hominem attacks unrestricted by truth or morality. They make threats, spread fake stories, and even attack your relatives. I saw one of the professional provocateurs at a holiday party. He said, 'I'm sorry that I'm making your life miserable.' And I said, 'You do your job, and I'll do mine.' His job is to entertain and motivate partisans, so he can keep making money. My job is to enforce the law in a non-partisan way; that is the whole point of the oath of office. In our Department, we disregard the mercenary critics and focus on the things that matter. As Goethe said, 'Things that matter most must never be at the mercy of things that matter least.' A republic that endures is not governed by the news cycle. Some of the nonsense that passes for breaking news today would not be worth the paper was printed on, if anybody bothered to print it. It quickly fades away. The principles are what abide. [...] If lawyers cannot prove our case in court, then what we believe is irrelevant. But in politics, belief is the whole ball game. In politics – as in journalism – the rules of evidence do not apply. That is not a critique. It is just an observation..
  349. Web site: Tucker . Eric . Nearing end of his tenure, Rosenstein hits back at critics . April 26, 2019 . . April 28, 2019.
  350. Web site: Rod Rosenstein shares his thinking about the Mueller investigation . April 26, 2019 . . April 28, 2019 . April 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190428064737/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rod-rosenstein-shares-his-thinking-about-the-mueller-report-armenian-bar-association-remarks-2019-04-26/ . live .
  351. Web site: Gurman . Sadie . Rosenstein Takes Aim at Critics, Defends Role in Mueller Investigation . April 26, 2019 . . April 28, 2019.
  352. Web site: Neuhauser . Alan . Rod Rosenstein Takes Aim at Obama, Media . April 26, 2019 . . April 28, 2019.
  353. News: Rosenstein Assails Obama Administration, Comey and Journalists in Defending Handling of Russia Inquiry. Benner. Katie. April 26, 2019. The New York Times. April 27, 2019 . en-US. 0362-4331.
  354. News: Rosenstein speaks out to defend Russia probe, rip Obama administration . . Adam . Edelman . April 26, 2019 . April 27, 2019 .
  355. News: Rosenstein slams Obama administration for choosing 'not to publicize full story' of Russia hacking . DeMarche. Edmund. April 26, 2019 . Fox News. en-US. April 27, 2019 .
  356. Web site: Chaitin . Daniel . Rod Rosenstein takes 'wait and see' approach on whether Crossfire Hurricane was justified . . April 4, 2021 . April 5, 2021.
  357. Web site: Mueller Letter To Barr. Mueller. Robert. Robert Mueller. March 27, 2019 . . May 3, 2019.
  358. News: Mueller Objected to Barr's Description of Russia Investigation's Findings on Trump. Mazzetti. Mark. May 30, 2019 . The New York Times. May 1, 2019. Schmidt. Michael S.. en-US. 0362-4331 .
  359. News: Mueller expressed misgivings to Barr about 4-page letter . Jarrett . Laura . Kate . Sullivan . May 1, 2019 . . May 1, 2019 .
  360. News: Mueller complained that Barr's letter did not capture 'context' of Trump probe. Barrett. Devlin. April 30, 2019. The Washington Post. May 1, 2019. Zapotosky. Matt.
  361. CBSThisMorning . 1134159718820339712 . NEW: Attorney General Barr tells @JanCBS he "personally felt" Special Counsel Robert Mueller "could've reached a decision" on obstruction of justice by President Trump. More on @CBSEveningNews tonight and @CBSThisMorning Friday. #CTM pic.twitter.com/b8ik2q32ZK . CBS This Morning . May 30, 2019 . November 20, 2019 .
  362. News: May 30, 2019 . Dareh . Gregorian . Barr says Mueller 'could have' reached decision on whether Trump broke the law. NBC News.
  363. Web site: Barr: Mueller "Could Have Reached A Conclusion" On Obstruction, But He Didn't . Tim . Hains . May 30, 2019 . .
  364. Web site: Barr: Mueller 'could've reached a conclusion' on obstruction of justice . May 31, 2019 . Kate . Sullivan . David . Shortell . .
  365. News: Mueller: 'If we had had confidence that the President clearly did not commit a crime, we would have said so'. Jeremy. Herb. CNN. May 29, 2019. May 29, 2019.
  366. News: Mueller, in First Comments on Russia Inquiry, Declines to Clear Trump . Sharon . LaFraniere . Eileen . Sullivan . May 29, 2019 . . May 29, 2019 . January 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126135207/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/29/us/politics/mueller-special-counsel.html . live.
  367. News: May 29, 2019 . May 14, 2020 . Robert Mueller statement: Read the full transcript of Robert Mueller's statement at press conference today . CBS News.
  368. News: Mueller: If it were clear president committed no crime, "we would have said so". Segers. Grace. May 29, 2019. CBS News. May 29, 2019. February 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210214235228/https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/robert-mueller-statement-today-report-investigation-trump-2016-election-live-updates-2019-05/ . live.
  369. News: As he exits, Mueller suggests only Congress can 'formally accuse a sitting president of wrongdoing' . Matt . Zapotosky . Devlin . Barrett . Felicia . Sonmez . May 29, 2019 . . May 30, 2019 . May 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190530061008/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/special-counsel-robert-mueller-to-make-statement-on-russia-investigation/2019/05/29/f14fd226-8217-11e9-933d-7501070ee669_story.html . live .
  370. News: May 14, 2020 . David . Montanaro . Robert Mueller's remarks 'explosive', sets up impeachment talk 'for foreseeable future', says Andy McCarthy. Fox News. May 29, 2019.
  371. How Mueller's Farewell Subtly Rebuked Trump . Vesoulis . Abby. May 29, 2019. Time. May 29, 2019.
  372. News: July 24, 2019 . Desiderio . Andrew . Cheney . Kyle . Mueller refutes Trump's 'no collusion, no obstruction' line . . July 24, 2019.
  373. News: Gregorian . Dareh . Mueller clarifies comments on whether he could indict Trump . . July 25, 2019 . July 24, 2019 .
  374. Web site: Thomsen . Jacqueline . Mueller: Trump could be charged with obstruction of justice after leaving office . . July 24, 2019. July 24, 2019 .
  375. News: Highlights of Robert Mueller's Testimony to Congress . Julie Hirschfeld . Davis . Mark . Mazzetti . Mark Mazzetti . July 24, 2019 . The New York Times . November 20, 2019 . February 17, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210217204657/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/24/us/politics/mueller-testimony.html . dead .
  376. News: 'The enigma of the entire Mueller probe': Focus on origins of Russian investigation puts spotlight on Maltese professor . . Rosalind S. . Helderman . Shane . Harris . Ellen . Nakashima . June 30, 2019 . November 20, 2019 .
  377. Vera . Bergengruen . July 24, 2019 . Here's Why Mueller Kept Getting Asked About a Mysterious Maltese Professor . . November 20, 2019 .
  378. News: November 20, 2019 . Joseph Mifsud, Key to Russia Inquiry, Gets Moment in the Spotlight . Eileen . Sullivan . July 24, 2019 . The New York Times.
  379. News: April 25, 2019 . Parker . Ashley . Helderman . Rosalind . Zapotosky . Matt . Stymied by aides, Trump sought out loyalist to curtail special counsel – and drew Mueller's glare . . April 28, 2019.
  380. News: Opinion James Comey: How Trump Co-opts Leaders Like Bill Barr. Comey. James. May 1, 2019. The New York Times. May 13, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
  381. Web site: James Comey calls William Barr's summary of Mueller report "misleading" and "inadequate". May 8, 2019 . Emily . Tillett . . May 13, 2019 .
  382. Web site: Comey: Attorney General Barr Has "Lost Most Of His Reputation" By Acting Like Trump's Lawyer . May 10, 2019 . Ian . Schwartz . . May 13, 2019.
  383. News: James Comey: Trump Would Face Obstruction If Not President; Facebook Slams Co-Founder's Call To "Break Up" The Company; Girlfriend Of College Shooting Hero Honors Him . May 10, 2019 . CNN. May 13, 2019.
  384. News: May 10, 2019 . Comey was true to himself, unlike Barr and Rosenstein. Campbell. Josh. CNN. May 13, 2019.
  385. News: James Comey: Trump would be charged if he was not President . . May 20, 2019 . May 13, 2019.
  386. Web site: Rosenstein unloads on Comey, says he broke 'bright lines that should never be crossed'. Re. Gregg. May 13, 2019. Fox News. en-US. May 14, 2019.
  387. Web site: Rosenstein: "Partisan Pundit" Comey "Selling Books and Earning Speaking Fees" While Judging My Immortal Soul. Schwartz. Ian . May 13, 2019 . RealClearPolitics. May 14, 2019.
  388. News: Key Democrat says he will issue subpoena for full Mueller report . Foran . Clare . Rogers . Alex . April 18, 2019 . . April 19, 2019 .
  389. News: Rogers . Alex . Mueller report: Judiciary Democrat Jerry Nadler issues subpoena for full report . . April 19, 2019 . April 19, 2019 .
  390. News: Morgan . Chalfant . DOJ: Dem subpoena for Mueller report is 'premature and unnecessary' . April 19, 2019 . . April 21, 2019 .
  391. News: DOJ calls Nadler subpoena for full Mueller report 'premature and unnecessary' . Herridge . Catherine . April 19, 2019 . . April 20, 2019 .
  392. News: Nadler threatens contempt citation against Barr . May 6, 2019 . Avery . Anapol . May 1, 2019 . .
  393. Web site: House Panel Approves Contempt for Barr After Trump Claims Privilege Over Full Mueller Report. Nicholas. Fandos. May 8, 2019. . May 22, 2019.
  394. Web site: Facing a Trump Stonewall, Democrats Struggle for Options to Compel Cooperation. Stolberg. Sheryl Gay. May 8, 2019. . May 22, 2019 .
  395. Web site: Trump Is Pushing Democrats to the Brink. Look at Elijah Cummings.. Stolberg. Sheryl Gay. May 8, 2019. . May 22, 2019.
  396. News: November 20, 2019 . Justice Dept. Says It Will Share Some Mueller-Related Intelligence With House Committee. Nicholas. Fandos. May 22, 2019. The New York Times.
  397. News: Rich . Calder . Aaron . Feis . Republicans, Democrats split on what Mueller report means . April 18, 2019 . April 19, 2019 . .
  398. News: Grace . Segers . Elizabeth Warren calls on Congress to begin impeachment proceedings against Trump . April 19, 2019 . . April 21, 2019 . April 21, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190421042447/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/elizabeth-warren-calls-on-congress-to-begin-impeachment-proceedings-against-trump/ . dead .
  399. News: Budryk . Zack . Booker tweets out searchable version of Mueller report to counter White House . . April 18, 2019 . April 20, 2019 .
  400. Web site: Reaction to Mueller Report Divides Along Partisan Lines. Peter. Baker. Nicholas. Fandos. April 19, 2019. . April 23, 2019 .
  401. News: Susan . Thomas . Meredith . Mazzilli . Jonathan . Oatis. Instant View: Reaction to Mueller's report on Russia's role in 2016.... April 18, 2019 . Reuters. May 1, 2019. en.
  402. Web site: Jim Jordan: American people want accountability for people who started Russia investigation. Dorman. Sam. April 20, 2019. Fox News. en-US. April 20, 2019.
  403. Web site: Yen . Hope . Woodward . Calvin . Tucker . Eric . AP Fact Check: Trump's exaggerations about the Russia probe . April 1, 2019 . . April 2, 2019.
  404. News: . Romney 'sickened' by Trump's behavior in Mueller report . Jordain . Carney . April 19, 2019 . April 21, 2019 .
  405. Senator Romney's Statement on Mueller Report . April 19, 2019 . Mitt Romney . Mitt . Romney . romney.senate.gov . April 20, 2019.
  406. News: Huckabee lashes out at Trump critic Romney: 'Makes me sick' you could have been POTUS . Casiano . Louis . April 20, 2019 . . April 20, 2019.
  407. News: Mitt Romney is "sickened" by the Trump administration's "dishonesty" after reading Mueller report . . December 22, 2022 . Khushbu . Shah . April 20, 2019 .
  408. Web site: Graham: 'I don't care' if Trump told McGahn to fire Mueller. Burke. Michael. April 28, 2019 . The Hill. en. April 30, 2019.
  409. Web site: Yen . Hope . AP Fact Check: Trump, Barr distort Mueller report findings . May 1, 2019 . . May 2, 2019.
  410. Web site: GOP Rep. Amash becomes first Republican to call for Trump's impeachment. May 19, 2019 . Eli . Watkins . Kevin . Bohn. .
  411. May 22, 2019 . May 18, 2019 . justinamash . Justin . Amash . Justin Amash . 1129831615952236546 . Here are my principal conclusions: 1. Attorney General Barr has deliberately misrepresented Mueller's report. 2. President Trump has engaged in impeachable conduct. 3. Partisanship has eroded our system of checks and balances. 4. Few members of Congress have read the report. .
  412. Mueller Report, vol. II
  413. Web site: Clark . Dartunorro . Hundreds of former prosecutors say Trump would have been indicted if he were not president . . May 6, 2019 . May 17, 2019.
  414. Web site: United to Protect Democracy and the Protect Democracy Project . Protect Democracy . May 17, 2019.
  415. Web site: Dovere . Edward-Isaac . Obama lawyers form 'worst-case scenario' group to tackle Trump . . February 23, 2017 . May 17, 2019.
  416. Web site: NowThis News. Robert De Niro and Former Federal Prosecutors on the Mueller Report . May 30, 2019. YouTube. May 31, 2019.
  417. News: Nicholas . Wu . Robert De Niro, 1,000+ prosecutors make the case for indicting President Trump in new video . . May 30, 2019 . May 31, 2019 .
  418. Web site: Fox News' Napolitano Stands by Mueller Report Assessment: Shows 'Classic Obstruction of Justice' . Tamar . Auber . April 29, 2019 . May 2, 2019 . .
  419. Web site: Don McGahn could decide Trump's political fate . April 24, 2019 . . April 25, 2019 . April 25, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190425134513/https://m.cnn.com/en/article/h_6b17f1d79b0d559f0f88b28720fa8e51 . dead .
  420. Web site: Allsop . Jon . How the press changed its tune on William Barr . April 19, 2019 . . April 25, 2019.
  421. Web site: Gregorian . Dareh . Who is Attorney General William Barr? . April 18, 2019 . . April 28, 2019.
  422. Web site: Farrell . Greg . Schoenberg . Tom . April 20, 2019 . Presidential power gets a booster shot no matter Mueller's view . . April 26, 2019.
  423. Web site: Elving . Ron . The Tell-All Book That Could Trump Them All: The Mueller Report . April 20, 2019 . . April 28, 2019.
  424. News: March 27, 2019 . Alan Dershowitz: How CNN misled its viewers . Dershowitz . Alan . . September 29, 2019.
  425. July 29, 2019 . Alan Dershowitz, Devil's Advocate . Bruck . Connie . . September 29, 2019.
  426. Web site: Dershowitz: Media Gets 'F' Grade On Mueller Coverage, CNN Chose To Trust Avenatti Over Me . Hains . Tim . April 21, 2019 . . April 22, 2019 .
  427. News: Dershowitz gives media an 'F', says CNN chose Avenatti over him . O'Reilly . Andrew . April 21, 2019 . . en-US . April 22, 2019 .
  428. News: The Trump Campaign Conspired With the Russians. Mueller Proved It. . Shugerman . Jed . April 25, 2019 . . April 27, 2019 .
  429. News: Trump approval drops 3 points to 2019 low after release of Mueller report: Reuters/Ipsos poll . April 19, 2019 . . Chris . Kahn . April 21, 2019 .
  430. News: Stridently divided, Mueller report strengthen resolves on both sides . . Reuters . Letitia . Stein . Tim . Reid . April 19, 2019 . April 21, 2019 .
  431. Web site: Most Americans believe Congress shouldn't impeach Trump: Poll. Langer. April 26, 2019 . Gary . ABC News. en. May 1, 2019.
  432. News: Majority of Americans oppose impeaching Trump, though most say he lied to U.S. public . May 2, 2019 . April 26, 2019 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190509151055/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/polling/majority-americans-oppose-impeaching-trump-though/2019/05/07/19c8c38e-6855-11e9-a698-2a8f808c9cfb_page.html . May 9, 2019 .
  433. Web site: Edwards-Levy . Ariel . Trump Voters Who Heard Mueller Decline To Clear Trump Still Think His Report Clears Trump . . July 25, 2019 . June 3, 2019.
  434. News: Fox News Poll: Voters doubt impeachment will happen . Dana . Blanton . June 14, 2019 . Fox News . November 20, 2019 .
  435. Web site: Fox News Poll, June 16 – Opinion Poll – Roe V. Wade. Scribd . November 20, 2019 . June 16, 2019 .
  436. News: Montoya-Galvez . Camilo . Barr defends Trump, saying he faced an 'unprecedented situation' during Mueller probe . April 18, 2019 . . May 29, 2019.
  437. News: Lemire . Jonathan . Tucker . Eric . Trump forms battle plan for post-Mueller probes: Just say no . April 25, 2019 . . April 26, 2019 .
  438. News: Trump asserted executive privilege. But did he already waive it?. Allen. Jonathan. May 8, 2019. NBC News. May 8, 2019.
  439. News: What Is a 'Protective' Assertion of Executive Privilege?. Shaub. Jonathan. May 8, 2019. . May 9, 2019.
  440. News: House Judiciary Chair calls Mueller to testify after AG's press conference . Breuninger . Kevin . April 18, 2019 . . April 22, 2019 .
  441. News: Democrats on the House Judiciary Committee have officially requested Mueller testify before Congress . April 18, 2019 . Perticone . Joe . . April 22, 2019 .
  442. News: In reversal, Trump says Mueller 'should not testify' before Congress . Sonmez . Felicia . May 5, 2019 . . May 8, 2019 .
  443. News: Nadler says Mueller will not testify next week . March . Mary Tyler . May 10, 2019 . . May 16, 2019.
  444. News: May 24, 2019 . Mueller wants to avoid 'political spectacle' of public testimony: Nadler . Benjamin . Siegel . ABC News . May 31, 2019.
  445. Web site: Robert Mueller has agreed to publicly testify before House committees on July 17. Pramuk. Jacob. June 26, 2019. CNBC. en. June 26, 2019.
  446. News: Special counsel Mueller's testimony delayed until July 24 . Jalonick . Mary . July 12, 2019 . . July 21, 2019 . Mascaro . Lisa.
  447. Web site: Mueller to testify publicly on July 17 following a subpoena. June 26, 2019 . Jeremy . Herb . Manu . Raju. CNN. July 28, 2019.
  448. News: Rebecca . Kaplan . House Judiciary Committee is considering articles of impeachment against Trump, court filing says . CBS News . July 26, 2019 . July 28, 2019 . July 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190728033323/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/house-judiciary-committee-is-considering-articles-of-impeachment-against-trump-court-filing-says/ . dead .
  449. News: House Judiciary Committee issues subpoena to former White House counsel Don McGahn . Tucker . Higgins . April 22, 2019 . . April 22, 2019 .
  450. News: Zachary . Basu . April 22, 2019 . House Judiciary Committee subpoenas Don McGahn . . en . April 22, 2019 .
  451. Web site: Conway says Trump's use of executive privilege to prevent McGahn from complying with House subpoena 'is always an option'. April 28, 2019. Cole . Devan . CNN. April 30, 2019.
  452. Web site: Trump says he won't let McGahn testify to Congress: 'It's done'. Morin. Rebecca. May 2, 2019. USA Today. May 8, 2019. May 7, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190507065412/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/05/02/trump-not-let-mcgahn-testify-before-congress/3656604002/. dead.
  453. News: White House invokes executive privilege to bar former counsel from turning over documents to Congress. Bade. Rachael. Leonnig. Carol D.. May 7, 2019. The Washington Post. May 8, 2019. Dawsey. Josh.
  454. News: White House plans to fight House subpoena of former counsel Donald McGahn for testimony on Mueller report. Dawsey. Josh. April 23, 2019. April 24, 2019. Costa. Robert. Helderman. Rosalind S.. .
  455. Web site: Trump Administration Invokes Executive Privilege Over Mueller Report. Brian . Naylor . May 8, 2019 . NPR. May 8, 2019.
  456. News: Katherine . Faulders . John . Santucci . Lucien . Bruggeman . White House instructs former counsel Don McGahn not to comply with congressional subpoena. May 7, 2019. ABC News. May 8, 2019.
  457. Web site: Trump directs former White House counsel Don McGahn not to testify after Democrats issue subpoena . Breuninger . Kevin . May 20, 2019. CNBC. en. May 20, 2019.
  458. News: Barr to testify before House panel next week on Mueller report . Byrnes . Jesse . April 25, 2019 . . en . April 26, 2019 .
  459. News: Barr Threatens Not to Testify Before House, but Democrats May Subpoena Him. Stolberg. Sheryl Gay. April 28, 2019 . The New York Times. April 30, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
  460. Web site: Barr's appearance at House hearing now in doubt because of dispute with Democrats . May 1, 2019 . Raju . Manu . Jeremy . Herb . Laura . Jarrett. CNN. April 30, 2019.
  461. News: Republican senators request briefing on DOJ 'spying' probe . Byrnes . Jesse . April 25, 2019 . . en . April 26, 2019 .
  462. News: Pelosi Accuses Barr of Law-Breaking as Democrats' War With Attorney General Boils Over . Fandos. Nicholas. May 2, 2019. The New York Times. May 3, 2019 . en-US. 0362-4331.
  463. News: Congressman shades Attorney General Barr by bringing bucket of KFC and chicken statue to the hearing Barr skipped. Caitlin . O'Kane . May 2, 2019 . CBS News. en-US. May 3, 2019 .
  464. News: Democrats threaten contempt for Barr over Mueller report . AP . Mary Clare . Jalonick . May 3, 2019 . May 6, 2019 . .
  465. News: Nadler gives Barr new deadline to comply with list of requests regarding Mueller report . Grace . Segers . May 3, 2019 . . May 6, 2019.
  466. News: Democrats may hold AG Barr in contempt of Congress. What is that and can it actually be used? . Christal . Hayes . . May 3, 2019 . May 6, 2019 .
  467. News: Nadler delivers ultimatum to Barr before holding AG in contempt . Andrew . Desiderio . Kyle . Cheney . . May 3, 2019 . May 6, 2019 . May 5, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190505191744/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/05/03/nadler-barr-in-contempt-1300548 . dead .
  468. News: May 8, 2019 . House Judiciary Plans Contempt Vote For Attorney General Barr Over Mueller Report. NPR. Mak. Tim. May 6, 2019.
  469. News: . Mary Clare . Jalonick . House Judiciary Committee schedules a Wednesday vote to hold Attorney General William Barr in contempt of Congress . . May 6, 2019 . May 7, 2019 . Eric . Tucker .
  470. Act of January 24, 1857, Ch. 19, sec. 1, 11 Stat. 155.
  471. mkraju . 1125952217012482049 . NEW: Barr threatens to ask the WH to invoke executive privilege over the Democrats' demands for the Mueller report if the committee votes to hold him in contempt tomorrow. Vote is still on. . Manu . Raju . Manu Raju . May 8, 2019 . May 7, 2019.
  472. News: DOJ threatens executive privilege over Mueller report if Dems carry out contempt vote . . May 7, 2019 . Olivia . Beavers . May 22, 2019 .
  473. Web site: Assistant Attorney General Stephen E. Boyd's letter to House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerry Nadler . May 22, 2019 . May 8, 2019 .
  474. News: Trump Asserts Executive Privilege Over Full Mueller Report. Fandos. Nicholas. May 8, 2019. The New York Times. May 8, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
  475. Web site: Trump will assert 'executive privilege' over Mueller report. Mangan. Dan. May 8, 2019. . en. May 8, 2019.
  476. Web site: House Judiciary votes to hold Barr in contempt for defying Mueller report subpoena. . Emily . Tillett . Grace . Segers . May 8, 2019 . May 22, 2019 .
  477. News: House Judiciary Committee approves amendment opposing Trump's assertion of executive privilege. . Jeff . Mordock . May 8, 2019 . May 22, 2019 .
  478. News: May 8, 2019 . Mike . Memoli . Alex . Moe . Rebecca . Shabad . Jamie . Knodel . House Judiciary Committee votes to hold Barr in contempt after Trump asserts executive privilege. . May 22, 2019 .
  479. Web site: White House says Hope Hicks 'immune' from compelled congressional testimony. Chalfant. Morgan. June 18, 2019 . TheHill. June 19, 2019.
  480. News: June 18, 2019 . White House will assert immunity for Hope Hicks during congressional testimony . Manu . Raju . Jeremy . Herb . Pamela . Brown . CNN . June 19, 2019.
  481. Web site: Shabad . Rebecca . Hope Hicks stopped 155 times by White House lawyers from answering lawmakers' questions . . June 21, 2019 . June 21, 2019.
  482. Web site: Stahl . Jeremy . This Passage From Hope Hicks' Testimony Crystallizes the Inanity of the Democrats' Impeachment Stance . June 20, 2019 . . June 21, 2019.
  483. Web site: Day . Chad . Key takeaways from AG Barr's testimony, Mueller's letter . May 2, 2019 . . May 2, 2019.
  484. News: Philip . Bump . May 1, 2019 . May 6, 2019 . Analysis | Barr's conclusions are undercut by his lack of familiarity with details of Mueller's probe . . February 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210216175556/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/01/barrs-conclusions-are-undercut-by-his-lack-familiarity-with-details-muellers-probe/ . live .
  485. News: May 6, 2019 . Barr says he didn't review underlying evidence of Mueller report before making obstruction call. Olivia. Beavers. May 1, 2019. The Hill.
  486. News: Meg . Wagner . Veronica . Rocha . Brian . Ries . Amanda . Wills . William Barr testifies on the Mueller report: Live updates. May 1, 2019 . CNN. en. May 2, 2019 .
  487. News: Meg . Wagner . Veronica . Rocha . Brian . Ries . Amanda . Wills . Harris grills Barr about Rod Rosenstein's dual roles as investigation supervisor and witness. May 1, 2019 . CNN. en. May 2, 2019 .
  488. Web site: Sullivan . Kate . Clinton: Barr's argument for the President being able to fire investigators is 'the road to tyranny' . May 2, 2019 . . May 2, 2019.
  489. Web site: Sakelaris . Nicholas . Haynes . Danielle . AG William Barr defends handling of Mueller report at Senate hearing . May 1, 2019 . . May 2, 2019.
  490. Web site: Cheney . Kyle . Desiderio . Andrew . The Barr-Mueller breakup: AG works to discredit special counsel . May 1, 2019 . . May 2, 2019.
  491. Web site: Chait . Jonathan . Barr: It's Not Obstruction of Justice If the Obstruction Works . May 1, 2019 . New York. May 2, 2019.
  492. Web site: Lybrand . Holmes . Fact check: Can Congress get Barr's notes? . May 2, 2019 . . May 29, 2019.
  493. Web site: Nancy Pelosi accuses William Barr of committing a crime. Pramuk. Jacob. May 2, 2019. CNBC. en. May 2, 2019 .
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  495. Web site: Senate Intelligence Committee subpoenas Donald Trump Jr. to answer questions about prior claim to have limited role in Trump Tower Moscow deal . Dan . Mangan . Brian . Schwartz . Kevin . Breuninger. May 8, 2019. CNBC. May 8, 2019.
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