René Lesson Explained

René Primevère Lesson (20 March 1794 – 28 April 1849) was a French surgeon, naturalist, ornithologist, and herpetologist.

Biography

Lesson was born at Rochefort, and entered the Naval Medical School in Rochefort at the age of sixteen. He served in the French Navy during the Napoleonic Wars; in 1811, he was third surgeon on the frigate Saale, and in 1813, was second surgeon on the Regulus.[1]

In 1816, Lesson changed his classification to pharmacist. He served on Duperrey's round-the-world voyage of La Coquille (1822–1825), of which he collected natural history specimens with his fellow surgeon Prosper Garnot and officer Dumont d'Urville.[1] During his visits to the Moluccas and New Guinea, Lesson became the first naturalist to see birds of paradise in the wild.[2]

On returning to Paris, he spent seven years preparing the section on vertebrates for the official account of the expedition: "Voyage autour du monde entrepris par ordre du Gouvernement sur la corvette La Coquille" (published from 1826 to 1839).[3] During this time period, he also produced "Manuel d'Ornithologie" (1828), "Traité d'Ornithologie" (1831), "Centurie Zoologique" (1830–1832) and "Illustrations de Zoologie" (1832–35).[4] [5] Lesson also published several monographs on hummingbirds and one book on birds of paradise:

In the field of herpetology he described many new species of amphibians[6] and reptiles.[7]

On 3 February 1827, he married the artist and scientific illustrator Clémence Dumont de Sainte-Croix.[8] Dumont de Sainte-Croix along with her sister Zoë Dumont de Sainte-Croix illustrated plates in Lesson's publications.[9] [10]

From 1831, he served as a professor of pharmacy, and following a series of promotions, became the top-ranking naval pharmacist at Rochefort (1835).[11] His experience as a ship's surgeon resulted in his two-volume "Manuel d'histoire naturelle medicale, et de pharmacographie" (1833), intended as a handbook for naval surgeons.

He became a corresponding member of the Académie de Médecine in 1828, later becoming a correspondent of the Académie des Sciences (1833).[12] He received the Légion d'honneur in 1847.

In 1847, Lesson presented a division of human races based on simple color terms: White for Caucasians, Dusky for South Asians, Orange for Austronesians, Yellow for East Asians, Red for Indigenous Americans, and Black for Africans. This model achieved moderate use among ethnologists.[13]

René Primevère Lesson is sometimes confused with his brother, Pierre Adolphe Lesson (1805-1888), who participated on the Astrolabe expedition (as the Coquille had been renamed) in 1826–29, under the command of Jules Dumont d'Urville.[12]

Amphibian and reptile species described by Lesson

listed in the order they were described (only species still recognized are listed)

Lesson and the idea that counting in New Zealand proceeded by elevens

On his return from his voyage on the Coquille in 1825, Lesson published a French translation of "Du Grand Océan, de ses îles et de ses côtes" written by the German botanist Adelbert von Chamisso.[14] [15] In the article, von Chamisso had claimed that the number system of New Zealand was based on twenty: "…de l'E. de la mer du Sud … c'est là qu'on trouve premierement le système arithmétique fondé sur un échelle de vingt, comme dans la Nouvelle-Zélande (2)..." […east of the South Sea … is where we first find the arithmetic system based on a scale of twenty, as in New Zealand (2)...].[14] Lesson inserted the footnote (2) to mark this claim as an error: "(2) Erreur. Le système arithmétique des Zélandais est undécimal, et les Anglais sont les premiers qui ont propagé cette fausse idée. (L.)" [(2) Error. The Zealander arithmetic system is undecimal, and the English are the first to propagate this misconception. (L).]"[14] The term "undécimal" was possibly a printer's error that conjoined the phrase "un decimal," which would have correctly identified the New Zealand number system as decimal. Undecimal was interpreted to mean "counting by elevens," as a parallel construction to the term "duodecimal" for twelve-based counting. The mention of "the English" likely referred to Samuel Lee and Thomas Kendall, as their 1820 grammar of the New Zealand language had been von Chamisso's source.[16]

Regardless of whether his 1825 use of "undécimal" originated as a printer's error or not, over the next several years, Lesson and his friend and shipmate Jules de Blosseville would deliberately embellish and attempt to establish as fact the idea that New Zealand had a base 11 number system. The idea was published in 1826 by the Italian geographer Adriano Balbi as the contents of a letter he received from Lesson, a missive that added an elevens-based numerical vocabulary (including terms meaning eleven squared and cubed) and details of its purported collection from New Zealand informants.[17] It was again mentioned in 1826 by the Hungarian astronomer Franz Xaver von Zach, who reported it thirdhand as a letter written by Blosseville: "M. Nell de Bréanté écrit que, d'après les communications qu'il a reçues de M. de Blosseville, ... [en Nouvelle-Zélande], on a trouvé en usage un système de numération undécimal" [Mr. Nell de Bréauté writes that, according to the communications he has received from M. de Blosseville, ... [in New Zealand], a system of undecimal numbering was found in use].[18] Lesson was also likely to have authored an undated, anonymous essay found among and published with the papers of the Prussian linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1839.[19] The essay contains the most extensive detail of the known sources, mentioning Thomas Kendall by name and listing several North Island locations where the alleged informants were supposedly from, matters that would have been known to Lesson from his work and 1824 visit to that island.[20]

Honours

Lessonia is a genus of large kelp native to the southern Pacific Ocean and named in René Lesson's honour, in 1825.[21] Then Lessoniopsis (a brown algae) in 1903 was also named.[22]

Bibliography

By Lesson

About Lesson

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/pharm_0035-2349_1954_num_42_142_9213_t1_0341_0000_3 Persée
  2. https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn6-x8lo3a8C&pg=PA113 New Guinea: crossing boundaries and history
  3. Statement based on a translation of an equivalent article at the French Wikipedia.
  4. https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Ren%C3%A9-Primev%C3%A8re+Lesson%22 Google Search
  5. http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3ALesson%2C+R.+P.&fq=&dblist=638&start=11&qt=next_page WorldCat Search
  6. Amphibian Species of the World. http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/.
  7. The Reptile Database. http://www.reptile-database.org.
  8. Web site: Généalogie de René Primevère LESSON. Geneanet. fr. 3 September 2018.
  9. Web site: Lesson, Marie Clémence. 2016. uni-stuttgart.de. . 3 September 2018.
  10. Web site: Dumont, Zoë. 2016. uni-stuttgart.de. Database of Scientific Illustrators, University of Stuttgart. 3 September 2018.
  11. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902581.html Encyclopedia.com
  12. http://correspondancefamiliale.ehess.fr/document.php?id=2208 Lesson, René Primevère (1794-1849)
  13. Book: Smith . Charles Hamilton . Kneeland . Samuel . 1851 . The Natural History of the Human Species . Gould and Lincoln.
  14. Book: Von Chamisso, Adelbert . Bajot . Louis-Marie . Annales maritimes et coloniales, année 1825 — II.e partie — Tome 2 . Paris . L'imprimerie Royale . 1825 . 1–41 . Du Grand Océan, de ses îles et de ses côtes: par A. de Chamisso, Docteur en philosophie, &c. &c.; traduit sur l'édition anglaise par R. P. Lesson, Médecin de la corvette la Coquille, Pharmacien de la marine, Membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes, &c..
  15. Overmann . Karenleigh A . 2020 . The curious idea that Māori once counted by elevens, and the insights it still holds for cross-cultural numerical research . Journal of the Polynesian Society . 129 . 1 . 59–84 . 10.15286/jps.129.1.59-84 . 24 July 2020. free .
  16. Book: Von Chamisso, Adelbert . Von Kotzebue . Otto . A voyage of discovery, into the South Sea and Beering's Straits, for the purpose of exploring a north-east passage, undertaken in the years 1815–1818, at the expense of his highness the Chancellor of the Empire, Count Romanzoff, in the ship Rurick: Vol. III . London . Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown . 1821 . 439–442. Corrections and remarks .
  17. Book: Balbi, Adriano . Atlas ethnographique du globe, ou classification des peuples anciens et modernes d'aprés leur langue. Vol. 1, Discours préliminaire et introduction . Paris . Paul Renouard . 1826 . 230–278 . Observations sur la classification des langues Océaniennes.
  18. Book: Von Zach, Franz Xaver . Saigey . Emilé . Bulletin des sciences mathématiques, astronomiques, physiques et chimiques, 1ère section, tome V . Paris . Bureau du Bulletin . 1826 . 120–123 . Correspondance astronomique, géographique, hydrographique et statistique.
  19. Book: Von Humboldt, Wilhelm . 1839 . Über die Kawi-Sprache aus der Insel Java, nebst einer Einleitung über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einsluss aus die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts. Band III. Südsee-Sprachen, als östlicher Zweig des Malayischen . Berlin . F. Dümmler . 437–438, 763 . 889950161.
  20. Book: Duperrey, Louis Isidore . Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté, la Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Hydrographie et physique . Paris . Arthus Bertrand . 1829 . 84–87 . Tabléaux des routes parcourues par la Corvette de Sa Majesté, la Coquille, et des observations météorologiques faites a bord du batiment, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825 . 257721098.
  21. Searles. R. B.. 1 January 1978. The genus Lessonia Bory (Phaeophyta, Laminariales) in Southern Chile and Argentina. British Phycological Journal. 13. 4. 361–381. 10.1080/00071617800650421. free.
  22. Web site: Lessoniopsis Reinke, 1903 . www.gbif.org . 16 June 2022 . en.

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