Renaud Piarroux Explained

Renaud Piarroux
Birth Date:September 27, 1960
Education:
Pediatric Residency, 1990
Infectious Disease Residency, 1993
PhD Microbiology & Cellular Biology, University of Aix-Marseille, 1995[1]
Nationality:French

Renaud Piarroux (born 27 September 1960) is a French pediatrician specializing in infectious diseases and tropical medicine. From 2008 to 2017, he has been a full professor of parasitology and mycology at the University of Aix-Marseille in Marseille, France, and head of parasitology and mycology at Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille.[2] Since 2017, he has been a full professor of parasitology and mycology at the Sorbonne University in Paris,[3] France, and Head of Parasitology and Mycology at Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris.[4] Over the years, Piarroux has taken part in several missions and research projects in Africa, including the study of the dynamics of cholera epidemics in Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] and Guinea,[11] prevention and management of parasitic diseases in Morocco, and a program to fight against waterborne diseases in Ivory Coast.[12] [13]

Piarroux has been the Regional Representative of the Franche-Comté region of France and responsible for various missions with Médecins du Monde (MDM) (Doctors of the World) in Grand Comoros[14] and the Democratic Republic of Congo. He also worked on the analysis of risks of epidemics and assessing health priorities after natural disasters and conflicts including:

In these risk analyses he studied how cholera spreads through regions and communities.

In November 2010 he was called in by the Haitian government and French Embassy to investigate the origin and course of the world's largest cholera epidemic of recent times,[16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] and to assist authorities in creating an effective control program. These activities were highlighted in the book Deadly River(Cornell University Press, 2016), authored by Ralph R. Frerichs.[22] Piarroux related the end of the story and related scientific controversies in the book Choléra. Haïti 2010-2018 : histoire d’un désastre [Cholera. Haiti 2010-2018, a disasters' story]. (CNRS editions, 2019).[23] [24]

Piarroux is an ongoing member of the travel-related and imported diseases committee of the French Ministry of Health.[25] He is a founding member of the Global Alliance Against Cholera (GAAC), started in the eastern part of DR Congo, that has since expanded to other cholera-affected countries.[26] He has been awarded the French Legion of Honour in 2017.[27]

Life and career

Renaud Piarroux was born in Cherbourg, France, the son of painter Jean Piarroux and medical pathologist Marie-Claude Deleval.

Following graduation, he became assistant professor of parasitology at Besançon University Hospital, where he created the parasitology-mycology department and became a full professor in 2001. He was director of Santé et Environnement Rural Franche-Comté, and the EA2276 research team at Franche-Comté University from 2004 to 2007.[28] [29] [30]

In Besançon, his academic publication subjects included: Farmer's lung, the relationship between mold and asthma, unhealthy dwellings, cholera, echinococcosis (a local parasitic disease).[31] Following a move in 2008 to Marseille, his work focused on three subjects:

His interest in cholera epidemics started in 1994 while working as a volunteer pediatrician in Goma, Zaire during an extensive cholera outbreak following the Rwandan genocide.[33] He next encountered cholera while working with MDM in Grand Comorro in 1998.[34] There, he created a surveillance system that with rapid follow-up and simple interventions eventually brought the outbreak under control.

Piarroux next helped in defining cholera control priorities in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, with the help of a local epidemiologist, who became his student, Dr. Didier Bompangue.[35] They observed that cholera regularly came back from the lake area in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.[36] Enlarging his study in time and space, and using genetic analysis he concluded that only a few towns play the role of amplifier,[37] and that cholera was linked to human mobility.[38]

In 2010 Piarroux was asked by the French government to investigate the Haiti cholera epidemic; questions arose in the scientific community as Haiti had never been hit by cholera before.[39] His investigation led to the controversial conclusion[40] that the epidemic was imported by United Nations soldiers in a Nepalese UN peacekeeping camp near Mirebalais in the center of Haiti.[41] His findings ran counter to the more popular Haitian environmental cholera paradigm. Pr Rita Colwell, the main proponent of the environmental theory, postulated it was a "perfect storm" of three converging factors, an earthquake followed by a hot summer and then a Hurricane that triggered the explosive epidemic.[42] Piarroux agreed that some vibrios are living in coastal waters, but argued that in Haiti (as in Democratic Republic of Congo), cholera didn't come ex nihilo from coastal water,[43] [44] [45] [46] and further that the storm came after the epidemics had started.[47] Other scientists demonstrated that the cholera in Haiti originated from Nepal.[48] [49] Human mobility was thus key to disease transmission in Haiti. This was important information for formulating an effective elimination strategy.[50] [51] Details of the political and scientific controversies are presented in Deadly River by Ralph R. Frerichs (Cornell University Press, 2016). Following the publication of a long time United Nations Special Rapporteur, Philip Alston,[52] [53] the Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon acknowledged the role of United Nations soldiers in the beginning of the Haitian cholera epidemics.[54] [55] He presently defends a new approach based on an "intense effort to treat and prevent the disease, as well as a concerted effort to deliver material assistance to those most directly affected."[56]

In 2020, he was actively working for the APHP CPVID response team, especially in developing COVISAN, a project aiming at helping COVID positive person to better isolate themselves.[57] He describe this fight in La Vague, l'épidémie vue du terrain(CNRS Editions, 2020).[58]

Piarroux has three adult children. He resides in Paris.

Books

Articles

Notes and References

  1. Isolement et caractérisation d'une séquence répétée des Leishmania de l'ancien monde : Application au diagnostic, à l'épidémiologie et à la taxonomie. Aix-Marseille 2. January 1995. These de doctorat. Piarroux. Renaud. 2016-04-11. 2016-06-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20160624074607/http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX22024. live.
  2. Web site: UMR MD3: Infections Parasitaires : Transmission, Physiopathologie et Thérapeutique . . 2016-04-11 . 2016-04-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160422051116/http://pharmacie.univ-amu.fr/umr-md3 . dead.
  3. Web site: IPLESP - Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique - UMR S 1136. 2018-09-11. 2018-09-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152158/https://www.iplesp.upmc.fr/fr/team/1. live.
  4. Web site: Recherchez un médecin ou un service . 2018-09-11 . 2018-09-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152451/https://aphp.fr/recherche/offres-de-soin?afs%3Aquery=piarroux . live .
  5. Web site: Plan Strategique D'Elimination Du Cholera En Republique Democratique Du Congo 2008-2012 . fr . Strategic Plan for the Elimination of Cholera in the Democratic Republic of Congo 2008-2012 . December 2007 . . Global Alliance Against Cholera (GAAC) . 2016-04-11 . 2016-04-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160424015820/http://en.choleraalliance.org/files/Pdf/Plan%20strategique%20du%20cholera%20en%20RDC%202008-2012.pdf . dead .
  6. 2600234 . 18439365 . 10.3201/eid1405.071260 . 14 . 5 . Lakes as source of cholera outbreaks, Democratic Republic of Congo . 2008 . Emerging Infect. Dis. . 798–800 . Bompangue . D . Giraudoux . P . Handschumacher . P . Piarroux . M . Sudre . B . Ekwanzala . M . Kebela . I . Piarroux . R.
  7. 2677153 . 19436726 . 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000436 . 3 . 5 . Cholera epidemics, war and disasters around Goma and Lake Kivu: an eight-year survey . 2009 . PLOS Negl Trop Dis . e436 . Bompangue . D . Giraudoux . P . Piarroux . M . Mutombo . G . Shamavu . R . Sudre . B . Mutombo . A . Mondonge . V . Piarroux . R . free .
  8. 4482140 . 26110870 . 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003817 . 9 . 6 . Relationship between Distinct African Cholera Epidemics Revealed via MLVA Haplotyping of 337 Vibrio cholerae Isolates . 2015 . PLOS Negl Trop Dis . e0003817 . Moore . S . Miwanda . B . Sadji . AY . Thefenne . H . Jeddi . F . Rebaudet . S . de Boeck . H . Bidjada . B . Depina . JJ . Bompangue . D . Abedi . AA . Koivogui . L . Keita . S . Garnotel . E . Plisnier . PD . Ruimy . R . Thomson . N . Muyembe . JJ . Piarroux . R . free .
  9. 4412219 . 25897570 . 10.3201/eid2105.141233 . 21 . 5 . Antimicrobial Drug Resistance of Vibrio cholerae, Democratic Republic of the Congo . 2015 . Emerging Infect. Dis. . 847–51 . Miwanda . B . Moore . S . Muyembe . JJ . Nguefack-Tsague . G . Kabangwa . IK . Ndjakani . DY . Mutreja . A . Thomson . N . Thefenne . H . Garnotel . E . Tshapenda . G . Kakongo . DK . Kalambayi . G . Piarroux . R.
  10. 3294713 . 16704799 . 10.3201/eid1204.051569 . 12 . 4 . Negligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disasters . 2006 . Emerging Infect. Dis. . 543–8 . Floret . N . Viel . JF . Mauny . F . Hoen . B . Piarroux . R.
  11. 4046952 . 24901522 . 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002898 . 8 . 6 . Deciphering the origin of the 2012 cholera epidemic in Guinea by integrating epidemiological and molecular analyses . 2014 . PLOS Negl Trop Dis . e2898 . Rebaudet . S . Mengel . MA . Koivogui . L . Moore . S . Mutreja . A . Kande . Y . Yattara . O . Sarr Keita . V . Njanpop-Lafourcade . BM . Fournier . PE . Garnotel . E . Keita . S . Piarroux . R . free .
  12. Web site: Fiche d'expérience . 2016-04-11 . 2013-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131105064740/http://www.globenet.org/preceup/pages/fr/chapitre/capitali/experie/expciar.html . dead .
  13. http://www.solidarites.org/en/eclairage/1091-water-as-a-source-of-disease
  14. Troeger. Christopher. Sallah. Kankoe. Chao. Dennis L.. Truillet. Romain. Gaudart. Jean. Piarroux. Renaud. 2016-01-06. Cholera Outbreak in Grande Comore: 1998–1999. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. en. 94. 1. 76–81. 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0397. 26572869. 4710449. 0002-9637.
  15. Bompangue. Didier. Giraudoux. Patrick. Piarroux. Martine. Mutombo. Guy. Shamavu. Rick. Sudre. Bertrand. Mutombo. Annie. Mondonge. Vital. Piarroux. Renaud. 2009-05-19. Cholera Epidemics, War and Disasters around Goma and Lake Kivu: An Eight-Year Survey. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. en. 3. 5. e436. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000436. 1935-2735. 2677153. 19436726 . free .
  16. 3381400 . 21762567 . 10.3201/eid1707.110059 . 17 . 7 . Understanding the cholera epidemic, Haiti . July 2011 . Emerging Infect. Dis. . 1161–8 . Piarroux . R . Barrais . R . Faucher . B . etal .
  17. 3617102 . 23593516 . 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002145 . 7 . 4 . Spatio-temporal dynamics of cholera during the first year of the epidemic in Haiti . 2013 . PLOS Negl Trop Dis . e2145 . Gaudart . J . Rebaudet . S . Barrais . R . Boncy . J . Faucher . B . Piarroux . M . Magloire . R . Thimothe . G . Piarroux . R . free .
  18. 4352843 . 25747871 . 10.1038/srep08923 . 5 . Using mobile phone data to predict the spatial spread of cholera . 2015 . Sci Rep . 8923 . Bengtsson . L . Gaudart . J . Lu . X . Moore . S . Wetter . E . Sallah . K . Rebaudet . S . Piarroux . R. 2015NatSR...5E8923B .
  19. 3783635 . 24077904 . 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.7735b392bdcb749baf5812d2096d331e . 5 . No Evidence of Significant Levels of Toxigenic V. cholerae O1 in the Haitian Aquatic Environment During the 2012 Rainy Season . 2013 . PLOS Currents Outbreaks. Baron . S . Lesne . J . Moore . S . Rossignol . E . Rebaudet . S . Gazin . P . Barrais . R . Magloire . R . Boncy . J . Piarroux . R . free .
  20. 3712488 . 23873011 . 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.2193a0ec4401d9526203af12e5024ddc . 5 . The dry season in haiti: a window of opportunity to eliminate cholera . 2013 . PLOS Currents Outbreaks. Rebaudet . S . Gazin . P . Barrais . R . Moore . S . Rossignol . E . Barthelemy . N . Gaudart . J . Boncy . J . Magloire . R . Piarroux . R . free .
  21. 3511120 . 23047703 . 10.1073/pnas.1211512109 . 109 . 47 . Source attribution of 2010 cholera epidemic in Haiti . 2012 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . E3208; author reply E3209 . Frerichs . RR . Boncy . J . Barrais . R . Keim . PS . Piarroux . R. 2012PNAS..109E3208F . free .
  22. Book: Frerichs, Ralph R.. Deadly River: Cholera and Cover-Up in Post-Earthquake Haiti. 2016-05-01. Cornell University Press. 9781501713583. The Culture and Politics of Health Care Work. Ithaca, NY. 2016-04-11. 2016-04-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20160422072747/http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100094160. live.
  23. Book: Piarroux, Renaud. 'Choléra. Haïti 2010-2018 : histoire d'un désastre. 2019-03-23. CNRS edition. 9782271125248. Biologie et santé. Paris, France. 2020-04-11. 2020-04-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20200411194531/https://www.cnrseditions.fr/catalogue/biologie-et-sante/cholera-haiti-2010-2018-histoire-d-un-desastre/. live.
  24. News: Importation du choléra en Haïti, manipulation scientifique . La Croix.fr . 2019-03-25 . Verdier . Marie . 2020-04-11 . 2020-11-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201129022132/https://www.la-croix.com/Sciences-et-ethique/Sciences-et-ethique/Importation-cholera-Haiti-manipulation-scientifique-2019-03-25-1201011253 . live .
  25. Web site: Renaud Piarroux . 2016-04-11 . 2016-04-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160406163637/http://hcsp.fr/Explore.cgi/Personne?clef=1863 . live .
  26. Web site: The G.A.A.C.'s Advisory Council Members . Global Alliance Against Cholera (GAAC) . 2016-04-11 . 2016-04-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160424023243/http://www.choleraalliance.org/gaac-advisory-council-members . dead .
  27. Web site: Décret du 14 avril 2017 portant élévation et nomination aux dignités de grand croix et de grand officier . . fr . Decree of 14 April 2017 raising and appointing the dignities of Grand Cross and Grand Officer . NOR: PREX1710660D . 2018-09-11 . 2017-09-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170916162148/http://www.legiondhonneur.fr/sites/default/files/lh20170416.pdf . dead .
  28. Les Comores sauvées du choléra . 2 . fr . The Comoros saved from cholera . Journal Interne Université de Franche-Comté . 82 . January 2001 . . 2016-04-11 . 2016-04-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160422084515/http://www.univ-fcomte.fr/download/tout-l-u/document/magazines/mag/tout-l-u-82.pdf . live .
  29. Web site: Institut Inter-Régional de Santé Publique IRéSaP – GRAND EST . 73 . 2013 . gcsgrandest.fr . 2016-04-11 . 2016-06-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160624083548/http://www.gcsgrandest.fr/documents/IReSaP.pdf . dead.
  30. Leroy. Joel. Grenouillet. Frederic. Navellou. J.-C. Fagnoni. P. Muret. Patrice. Deconinck. Eric. Blasco. Gilles. Henon. T. Khayat. Norbert. 2004-12-01. Implementation of guidelines for the management of fungal infections at Besançon University Hospital. Journal de Mycologie Médicale. 14. 185–191. 2016-04-11. 2022-06-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20220603082819/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286407356. live.
  31. News: Renaud Piarroux, le médecin qui a tenu tête à l'ONU . Le Monde.fr . 2016-08-29 . Leroux . Luc . 2016-09-27 . 2016-09-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160920201546/http://www.lemonde.fr//sciences/article/2016/08/29/renaud-piarroux-le-medecin-qui-a-tenu-tete-a-l-onu_4989439_1650684.html . live .
  32. Web site: Profile: Renaud Piarroux . . 2016-04-11 . 2016-04-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160420092543/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Renaud_Piarroux/publications . live .
  33. News: Renaud Piarroux, le médecin qui a tenu tête à l'ONU. Le Monde.fr. 2016-08-29. Leroux. Luc. 2016-09-27. 2016-09-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20160920201546/http://www.lemonde.fr//sciences/article/2016/08/29/renaud-piarroux-le-medecin-qui-a-tenu-tete-a-l-onu_4989439_1650684.html. live.
  34. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene . 2016-04-11 . 2022-06-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220603082811/https://www.ajtmh.org/content/early/2015/11/12/ajtmh.15-0397.full.pdf+html . live .
  35. Web site: Dr Didier Bompangue . The African Cholera Surveillance Network . 2016-04-11 . 2016-04-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160424071215/http://africhol.org/content/dr-didier-bompangue . dead .
  36. Dowell. Scott. July 2011. Implications of the Introduction of Cholera to Haiti. Emerging Infectious Diseases. en-us. 17. 7. 1299–1300. 10.3201/eid1707.110625. 21762593. 3381415. 1080-6040.
  37. Bompangue. Didier. Giraudoux. Patrick. Piarroux. Martine. Mutombo. Guy. Shamavu. Rick. Sudre. Bertrand. Mutombo. Annie. Mondonge. Vital. Piarroux. Renaud. 2009-05-19. Cholera Epidemics, War and Disasters around Goma and Lake Kivu: An Eight-Year Survey. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. en. 3. 5. e436. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000436. 1935-2735. 2677153. 19436726 . free .
  38. Moore. Sandra. Miwanda. Berthe. Sadji. Adodo Yao. Thefenne. Hélène. Jeddi. Fakhri. Rebaudet. Stanislas. de Boeck. Hilde. Bidjada. Bawimodom. Depina. Jean-Jacques. 2015-06-25. Relationship between Distinct African Cholera Epidemics Revealed via MLVA Haplotyping of 337 Vibrio cholerae Isolates. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. en. 9. 6. e0003817. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003817. 1935-2735. 4482140. 26110870 . free .
  39. Web site: Cholera in Haiti and the Modern "John Snow" . 2016-04-11 . 2016-04-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160423230954/http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/cholera_haiti.html . live .
  40. Cholera in Haiti: A Perfect Storm of Scientific and Legal Uncertainty . Guy R. . Knudsen . Natural Resources & Environment . 29 . 1 . Summer 2014 . . 2016-04-11 . 2016-04-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160419085242/http://www.gknudsenlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Knudsen-article-cholera-in-Haiti.pdf . dead.
  41. Piarroux. Renaud. July 2011. Understanding the Cholera Epidemic, Haiti. Emerging Infectious Diseases. en-us. 17. 7. 1161–1168. 10.3201/eid1707.110059. 21762567. 3381400. 1080-6040.
  42. News: Scientists Find New Wrinkle In How Cholera Got To Haiti. Knox. Richard. June 18, 2012. NPR.org. 2018-11-04. en. 2018-11-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20181105110750/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/06/18/155311990/scientists-find-new-wrinkle-in-how-cholera-got-to-haiti. live.
  43. Piarroux. R.. Faucher. B.. March 2012. Cholera epidemics in 2010: respective roles of environment, strain changes, and human-driven dissemination. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. en. 18. 3. 231–238. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03763.x. 22288560. 1198-743X. free. 2018-11-04. 2022-03-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20220313171814/https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)61627-X/fulltext. live.
  44. Baron. Sandrine. Lesne. Jean. Moore. Sandra. Rossignol. Emmanuel. Rebaudet. Stanislas. Gazin. Pierre. Barrais. Robert. Magloire. Roc. Boncy. Jacques. 2013. No Evidence of Significant Levels of Toxigenic V. cholerae O1 in the Haitian Aquatic Environment During the 2012 Rainy Season. PLOS Currents Outbreaks. 5. en. 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.7735b392bdcb749baf5812d2096d331e. 24077904. 3783635. 2157-3999. free .
  45. Enserink. Martin. 2010-11-05. Haiti's Outbreak Is Latest in Cholera's New Global Assault. Science. en. 330. 6005. 738–739. 10.1126/science.330.6005.738. 21051601. 2010Sci...330..738E. 0036-8075. free.
  46. Enserink. Martin. 2011-01-28. Despite Sensitivities, Scientists Seek to Solve Haiti's Cholera Riddle. Science. en. 331. 6016. 388–389. 10.1126/science.331.6016.388. 0036-8075. 21273460. 2011Sci...331..388E.
  47. Deadly River by Ralph R. Frerichs (Cornell University Press, 2016). [p.213]
  48. News: Haiti's Cholera Outraced the Experts and Tainted the U.N. The New York Times. 2012-03-31. Sontag. Deborah. 2017-02-28. 2017-06-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20170605213023/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/world/americas/haitis-cholera-outraced-the-experts-and-tainted-the-un.html?_r=0. live.
  49. Frerichs. R.R.. Keim. P.S.. Barrais. R.. Piarroux. R.. July 2012. Nepalese origin of cholera epidemic in Haiti. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. en. 18. 6. E158–E163. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03841.x. 22510219. 1198-743X. free. 2018-11-04. 2022-06-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20220603082809/https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X%2814%2964134-3/fulltext. live.
  50. News: Opinion | the U.N.'s Responsibility in Haiti's Cholera Crisis. The New York Times. 2016-09-07. Piarroux. Renaud. 2017-02-28. 2016-09-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20160926160931/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/08/opinion/the-uns-responsibility-in-haitis-cholera-crisis.html. live.
  51. Web site: What the UN must do to wipe out cholera in Haiti - the Boston Globe. The Boston Globe. 2016-09-27. 2016-09-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20160929131619/http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2016/08/22/what-must-wipe-out-cholera-haiti/1nX1aDxnKbaTVoC1QpxT6K/story.html. live.
  52. News: Philip Alston's Draft Report on the U.N. And the Haiti Cholera Outbreak. The New York Times. 2016-08-19. 2017-02-28. 2019-09-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20190916123216/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/08/19/magazine/document-Alston-Haiti-Cholera-Report.html. live.
  53. News: U.N. Admits Role in Cholera Epidemic in Haiti. The New York Times. 2016-08-17. Katz. Jonathan M.. 2017-02-28. 2017-06-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20170608091610/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/18/world/americas/united-nations-haiti-cholera.html. live.
  54. Web site: UN chief feels 'regret and sorrow' over Haiti cholera outbreak. Miami Herald. 2016-09-27. 2016-09-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20160923194727/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article102892432.html. live.
  55. Web site: Cholera in Haiti shows U.N. Must change its ways. Miami Herald. 2016-09-27. 2016-09-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20160927205920/http://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/op-ed/article97684252.html. live.
  56. Web site: Secretary-General, Addressing Caribbean Community Leaders, Pledges Support to Victims of Cholera in Haiti, Zika Virus throughout Region | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases . 2017-06-29 . 2016-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161105194059/http://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sgsm18142.doc.htm . live .
  57. News: Tout savoir sur COVISAN . 2020-11-06 . 2020-10-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201004204117/https://medecine.sorbonne-universite.fr/tout-savoir-sur-covisan/ . live .
  58. Book: Piarroux, Renaud. La vague: l'Épidémie vue du terrain. 2020-10-01. CNRS Editions. 9782271135568. Biologie et santé. Paris, France. 2020-11-06. 2020-10-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20201029173232/https://www.cnrseditions.fr/catalogue/biologie-et-sante/la-vague/. live.

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