Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials explained

See also: List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests, List of monument and memorial controversies in the United States and List of Confederate monuments and memorials. There are more than 160 monuments and memorials to the Confederate States of America (CSA; the Confederacy) and associated figures that have been removed from public spaces in the United States, all but five of which have been since 2015. Some have been removed by state and local governments; others have been torn down by protestors.

More than 700 such monuments and memorials have been created on public land, the vast majority in the South during the era of Jim Crow laws from 1877 to 1964. Efforts to remove them increased after the Charleston church shooting, the Unite the Right rally, and the murder of George Floyd.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Proponents of their removal cite historical analysis that the monuments were not built as memorials, but to intimidate African Americans and reaffirm white supremacy after the Civil War;^{[4] [5] [6] [7]} and that they memorialize an unrecognized, treasonous^{[8] [9]} government, the Confederacy, whose founding principle was the perpetuation and expansion of slavery. They also argue that the presence of these memorials more than a hundred years after the defeat of the Confederacy continues to disenfranchise and alienate African Americans.^{[10] [11] [12] [13]}

Opponents view that removing the monuments as erasing history or a sign of disrespect for heritage. Some Southern states passed state laws restricting or prohibiting the removal or alteration of public monuments.^[14]

According to The Washington Post, five Confederate monuments were removed after the Civil War, eight in the two years after the Charleston shooting, 48 in the three years after the Unite the Right rally, and 110 in the two years after George Floyd's murder. In 2022, Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin said he would order the renaming of U.S. military bases named for Confederate generals, as well as other Defense Department property that honored Confederates.^[15]

The campaign to remove monuments extended beyond the United States; many statues and other public works of art related to the transatlantic slave trade and European colonialism around the world have been removed or destroyed.

Background

See also: Lost Cause of the Confederacy.

Most of the Confederate monuments on public land were built in periods of racial conflict, such as when Jim Crow laws were being introduced in the late 19th century and at the start of the 20th century or during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. These two periods also coincided with the 50th and 100th year after the end of the Civil War, including the American Civil War Centennial. The peak in construction of Civil War monuments occurred between the late 1890s up to 1920, with a second smaller peak in the late-1950s to mid-1960s.

Academic commentary

See also: De-commemoration. In an August 2017 statement on the monuments controversy, the American Historical Association (AHA) said that to remove a monument "is not to erase history, but rather to alter or call attention to a previous interpretation of history." The AHA said that most monuments were erected "without anything resembling a democratic process", and recommended that it was "time to reconsider these decisions." Most Confederate monuments were erected during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century, and this undertaking was "part and parcel of the initiation of legally mandated segregation and widespread disenfranchisement across the South." Memorials to the Confederacy erected during this period "were intended, in part, to obscure the terrorism required to overthrow Reconstruction, and to intimidate African Americans politically and isolate them from the mainstream of public life." A later wave of monument building coincided with the civil rights movement, and according to the AHA "these symbols of white supremacy are still being invoked for similar purposes."^[16]

Michael J. McAfee, curator of history at the West Point Museum, said, "There are no monuments that mention the name Benedict Arnold. What does this have to do with the Southern monuments honoring the political and military leaders of the Confederacy? They, like Arnold, were traitors. They turned their backs on their nation, their oaths, and the sacrifices of their ancestors in the War for Independence....They attempted to destroy their nation to defend chattel slavery and from a sense that as white men they were innately superior to all other races. They fought for white racial supremacy. That is why monuments glorifying them and their cause should be removed. Leave monuments marking their participation on the battlefields of the war, but tear down those that only commemorate the intolerance, violence, and hate that inspired their attempt to destroy the American nation."^[17]

University of Chicago historian Jane Dailey wrote that in many cases the purpose of the monuments was not to celebrate the past but rather to promote a "white supremacist future".^[18] Civil War historian Judith Giesberg, professor of history at Villanova University agrees: "White supremacy is really what these statues represent."^[19]

Historian Karyn Cox of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte has written that the monuments are "a legacy of the brutally racist Jim Crow era".^[20] University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill historian James Leloudis wrote, "The funders and backers of these monuments are very explicit that they are requiring a political education and a legitimacy for the Jim Crow era and the right of white men to rule."^[21]

Adam Goodheart, Civil War author and director of the Starr Center at Washington College, told National Geographic: "They're 20th-century artifacts in the sense that a lot of it had to do with a vision of national unity that embraced Southerners as well as Northerners, but importantly still excluded black people." Goodheart said that the statues were meant to be symbols of white supremacy and the rallying around them by white supremacists will likely hasten their demise.^[22] Eleanor Harvey, a senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and a scholar of Civil War history, said: "If white nationalists and neo-Nazis are now claiming this as part of their heritage, they have essentially co-opted those images and those statues beyond any capacity to neutralize them again".

Elijah Anderson, a professor of sociology at Yale University, said the statues' continued existence "really impacts the psyche of black people."^[23] Harold Holzer, the director of the Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College, argued that this was intentional: the statues were designed to belittle African Americans.^[24] Dell Upton, chair of the Department of Art History at the University of California, Los Angeles, wrote that "the monuments were not intended as public art", but rather were installed "as affirmations that the American polity was a white polity", and that because of their explicitly white supremacist intent, their removal from civic spaces was a matter "of justice, equity, and civic values."

Civil War historian David Blight asked: "Why, in the year [2016], should communal spaces in the South continue to be sullied by tributes to those who defended slavery? How can Americans ignore the pain that black citizens, especially, must feel when they walk by the [John C.] Calhoun monument, or any similar statues, on their way to work, school or Bible study?"^[25]

In a 1993 book on the issue in Georgia, author Frank McKenney argued otherwise; "These monuments were communal efforts, public art, and social history", he wrote.^[26] Ex-soldiers and politicians had difficult time raising funds to erect monuments so the task mostly fell to the women, the "mothers widows, and orphans, the bereaved fiancees and sisters" of the soldiers who had died. Many ladies' memorial associations were formed in the decades following the end of the Civil War, most of them joining the United Daughters of the Confederacy following its inception in 1894. The women were advised to "remember that they were buying art, not metal and stone."

Cheryl Benard, president of the Alliance for the Restoration of Cultural Heritage,^[27] argued against the removal of Confederate war monuments in an op-ed written for The National Interest: "From my vantage point, the idea that the way to deal with history is to destroy any relics that remind you of something you don't like, is highly alarming."^[28]

Civil War historian James I. Robertson Jr. said that the monuments were not a "Jim Crow signal of defiance". He called the current climate to dismantle or destroy Confederate monuments as an "age of idiocy", motivated by "elements hell-bent on tearing apart unity that generations of Americans have painfully constructed".^[29]

But Upton argues that the monuments celebrated only one side of the story, one that was "openly pro-Confederate". The monuments were erected without the consent or even input of Southern African-Americans, who remembered the Civil War far differently, and who had no interest in honoring those who fought to keep them enslaved. Robert Seigler, who documented more than 170 Confederate monuments in South Carolina, found only five dedicated to the African Americans who had been used by the Confederacy to build fortifications or "had served as musicians, teamsters, cooks, servants, and in other capacities." Four of those were to slaves and one to a musician, Henry Brown.^[30]

Alfred Brophy, a professor of law at the University of Alabama, argued the removal of the Confederate statues "facilitates forgetting", although these statues were "re-inscribed images of white supremacy". Brophy said that the Lee statue in Charlottesville should be removed.

Julian Hayter, a historian at the University of Richmond, supports a different approach for the statues: re-contextualization. He supports adding a "footnote of epic proportions" such as a prominent historical sign or marker that explains the context in which they were built to help people see old monuments in a new light. "I'm suggesting we use the scale and grandeur of those monuments against themselves. I think we lack imagination when we talk about memorials. It's all or nothin'.... As if there's nothin' in between that we could do to tell a more enriching story about American history.^{[31] [32]}

History

Just five Confederate memorials were removed in the century-and-a-half after the Civil War. The modern effort to remove them was sparked by the Charleston church shooting of 2015. In the two years that followed, eight memorials were removed. In the city of New Orleans, a crane had to be brought in from an unidentified out-of-state company as no local company wanted the business.^[33]

The removal movement was further galvanized by the August 2017 Unite the Right rally, which gathered in Charlottesville, Virginia, to protest the proposed removal of its Robert Edward Lee statue.^[34] The rally saw deadly violence and the public display of white supremacist symbols. Within days, other cities moved to remove similar memorials. In Baltimore, for example, the city's Confederate statues were removed on the night of August 15–16, 2017. Mayor Catherine Pugh said that she ordered the overnight removals to preserve public safety.^{[35] [36]} Similarly, in Lexington, Kentucky, Mayor Jim Gray asked the city council on August 16, 2017, to approve the removal of two statues from a courthouse.^{[37] [38]}

Within three years of the Charleston shooting, at least 114 Confederate monuments were removed from public spaces, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center, which published an extensive report in 2016 of Confederate memorials in public spaces and keeps an up-to-date list online. Texas removed 31, more than any other state.^[39]

A 2017 Reuters poll found that 54% of American adults stated that the monuments should remain in all public spaces, and 27% said they should be removed, while 19% said they were unsure. According to Reuters, "responses to the poll were sharply split along racial and party lines, however, with whites and Republicans largely supportive of preservation. Democrats and minorities were more likely to support removal."^{[40] [41]} Another 2017 poll, by HuffPost/YouGov, found that 48% of respondents favored the "remain" option, 33% favored removal, and 18% were unsure.^{[42] [43]} An NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll released in 2017 found that most Americans, including 44% of African Americans, believe that statues honoring leaders of the Confederacy should remain in place.^[44]

In 2017, Jason Spencer, a white member of the Georgia legislature, told an African-American colleague that if she continued calling for removal of Confederate monuments, she wouldn't be "met with torches but something a lot more definitive", and that people who want the statues gone "will go missing in the Okefenokee....Don't say I didn't warn you."^{[45] [46]}

Various groups of proponents met March 22–24, 2018, in New Orleans "to commemorate, celebrate and strategically align Take 'Em Down efforts." A second such conference was held March 22–24, 2019, in Jacksonville, Florida.^[47]

In April 2020, a study found that Confederate monuments were more likely to be removed in localities that had a large black and Democratic population, a chapter of the NAACP, and Southern state legislatures that have the power to decree removal.^[48] Public support for removal increased during the George Floyd protests, with 52% in favor of removal, and 44% opposed.^{[49] [50]}

Most of the removals have been undertaken by state and local governments, while a relative few memorials were pulled down by protestors. For example, the bust of Robert E. Lee in Fort Myers, Florida, was toppled by unknown parties during the night of March 11–12, 2019. At least three were demolished by protestors in states that had passed laws to make it more difficult to legally remove them: Silent Sam, in Chapel Hill, North Carolina; the Confederate Soldiers Monument in Durham, North Carolina; and the Screven County Confederate Dead Monument, in Sylvania, Georgia. The latter two were damaged beyond repair, while Silent Sam, which was not seriously damaged, was placed in storage, awaiting a political decision on its fate. The "Confederate Dead Monument" was replaced through funds raised by the Sons of Confederate Veterans and the United Daughters of the Confederacy.^[51]

Years	Removals^[52]
1865–2009	2
2009–2014	3
2015 (after Charleston church shooting)	4
2016	4
2017 (year of the Unite the Right rally)	36
2018	8
2019	4
2020 (after murder of George Floyd)	94^[53]
2021	17^[54]
2022	16^[55]

Legal impediments

Seven states have passed laws that impede or forbid the removal or alteration of public Confederate monuments. Laws in Georgia (early 20th century),^[56] North Carolina (2015),^[57] and Alabama (2017)^[58] prohibit removal or alteration.^[59] Laws in South Carolina (2000), Mississippi (2004), and Tennessee (2013, updated 2016) impede such actions.

A 1902 law in Virginia was repealed in 2020; other attempts to repeal state laws have not been successful.

In 2023 Florida Republican Dean Black filed legislation that would punish any lawmakers who vote to remove "historical monuments and memorials."^[60] Under this bill, if local lawmakers vote in favor of the removal of Confederate statues, they may be fined or removed from office by the governor.

Tennessee law

In 2016, Tennessee passed its Tennessee Heritage Protection Act, which requires a two-thirds majority of the Tennessee Historical Commission to rename, remove, or move any public statue, monument, or memorial.^[61] A 2018 amendment passed in response to events in Memphis (see below) prohibits municipalities from selling or transferring ownership of memorials without a waiver, and "allows any entity, group or individual with an interest in a Confederate memorial to seek an injunction to preserve the memorial in question."^[62] The New York Times wrote in 2018 that the Tennessee act shows "an express intent to prevent municipalities in Tennessee from taking down Confederate memorials."^[63]

As of 2022, the Tennessee Historical Commission has considered seven petitions to remove a Confederate monument and approved just one: for the Forrest bust in the state capitol.^[64]

South Carolina law

The removal of the Confederate flag from the South Carolina capitol required a two-thirds vote of both houses of the legislature, as would the removal of any other Confederate monument in South Carolina.^[65]

North Carolina law

A state law, the Cultural History Artifact Management and Patriotism Act of 2015,^{[66] [67]} prevents local governments from removing monuments on public property, and places limits on their movement within the property.^[68] In August 2017, Governor Roy Cooper asked the North Carolina Legislature to repeal the law, writing: "I don't pretend to know what it's like for a person of color to pass by one of these monuments and consider that those memorialized in stone and metal did not value my freedom or humanity. Unlike an African-American father, I'll never have to explain to my daughters why there exists an exalted monument for those who wished to keep her and her ancestors in chains...We cannot continue to glorify a war against the United States of America fought in the defense of slavery. These monuments should come down." He also asked the Department of Natural and Cultural Resources to "determine the cost and logistics of removing Confederate monuments from state property."^{[69] [70] [71]} Cooper later removed, on the grounds of public safety, three Confederate monuments at the North Carolina Capitol that the legislature had in effect made illegal to remove.

After the University of North Carolina renamed Saunders Hall in 2014 (see below), its Board of Trustees prohibited further renamings for 16 years.^[72]

In 2019, North Carolina's law prohibiting monument removal was challenged indirectly. The Confederate Soldiers Monument in Winston-Salem was removed as a public nuisance, and a similar monument in Pittsboro was removed after a court ruled that it had never become county property, so the statute did not apply.^[73]

Virginia law

On March 8, 2020, the Virginia legislature "passed measures that would undo an existing state law that protects the monuments and instead let local governments decide their fate."^[74] On April 11, 2020, Governor Ralph Northam signed the bill into law,^[75] which went into effect on July 1. Previously, the state law had prohibited local governments from taking the monuments down, moving them, or even adding placards explaining why they were erected.^[76]

Alabama law

Alabama's law, the Alabama Memorial Preservation Act, was passed in May 2017. On January 14, 2019, a circuit judge ruled that the law is an un-Constitutional infringement on the City of Birmingham's right to free speech, and cannot be enforced.^{[77] [78]} On November 27, 2019, the Alabama Supreme Court reversed that ruling by a vote of nine to zero. In their decision, the court stated that "a municipality has no individual, substantive constitutional rights and that the trial court erred by holding that the City has constitutional rights to free speech."^{[79] [80]}

Unsuccessful federal legislation

On July 22, 2020, amid the George Floyd protests, the U.S. House of Representatives voted 305–113 to remove a bust of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney from the old robing room next to the Old Supreme Court Chamber in the Capitol Building. The bill (H.R. 7573^[81]) would also have removed statues honoring Confederate figures and create a "process to obtain a bust of [Justice [[Thurgood Marshall|Thurgood] Marshall]]...and place it there within a minimum of two years."^[82] The bill reached the Republican-led Senate on July 30, 2020 (S.4382) and was referred to the Committee on Rules and Administration, which took no further action on it.^[83]

Vestigial pedestals

The empty pedestals or plinths left after monument removal have met various fates.

In Baltimore, one of the four empty plinths was used in 2017 for a statue of a pregnant black woman, naked from the waist up, holding a baby in a brightly-covered sling on her back, with a raised golden fist: Madre Luz (Mother Light). The statue was first placed in front of the monument before its removal, then raised to the pedestal. Artist Pablo Machioli said "his original idea was to construct a pregnant mother as a symbol of life. 'I feel like people would understand and respect that'". The statue was vandalized several times before it was removed by the city.^{[84] [85]}

For the toppled Silent Sam monument at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, two scholars proposed leaving the "empty pedestal — shorn all original images and inscriptions — [which] eliminates the offending tribute while still preserving a record of what these communities did and where they did it.... The most effective way to commemorate the rise and fall of white supremacist monument-building is to preserve unoccupied pedestals as the ruins that they are — broken tributes to a morally bankrupt cause."^[86] Instead, the plinth and its plaques were removed on January 14, 2019, at the direction of university Chancellor Carol Folt.

The plinths of the statues in Richmond, Virginia, were removed in 2022.^[87] In some of Richmond's Monument Avenue intersections, the spotlights remain —pointed upward toward now-empty space.

List of removals

National

In 2000, the U.S. Army renamed Forrest Road - named for Confederate general and Klan leader Nathan Bedford Forrest - at Fort Bliss after receiving complaints. The road was renamed Cassidy Road after Lt. Gen. Richard T. Cassidy, a former post commander.^[88]

In February 2020, the commandant of the Marine Corps, General David H. Berger, ordered "the removal of all Confederate-related paraphernalia from Marine Corps installations", including Confederate flags, bumper stickers, and "similar items".^[89]

The U.S. Navy has similarly prohibited the display of the Confederate flag, including as bumper stickers on private cars on base; a wave of corporate product re-branding has also ensued.

In 2021, Congress ordered the Defense Department to establish a commission to consider whether to rename various bases, ships, buildings, streets, and other things named to honor Confederate figures. In 2022, this Naming Commission recommended changing the names of nine Army bases, two Navy ships, and other items.^[90] Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin pledged to follow the commission's recommendations.^[15]

In May 2022, the first part of the Naming Commission's report recommended changing the names of nine Army bases:

• Fort Benning, Georgia, was renamed Fort Moore, in honor of Lt. Gen. Hal Moore and his wife Julia Moore.
• Fort Bragg, was renamed Fort Liberty.
• Fort Gordon, Georgia, was renamed Fort Eisenhower.
• Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia, was renamed Fort Walker, in honor of Dr. Mary Edwards Walker, the first female Army surgeon.
• Fort Hood, Texas, was renamed Fort Cavazos, in honor of Gen. Richard E. Cavazos, who won the Distinguished Service Cross during the Korean War.
• Fort Lee, Virginia, was renamed Fort Gregg-Adams on April 27, 2023, in honor of Lt. Gen. Arthur J. Gregg and Lt. Col. Charity Adams^[91]
• Fort Pickett, Virginia, was renamed Fort Barfoot on March 24, 2023, in honor of Colonel Van T. Barfoot, who received the Medal of Honor for service during World War II.^[92]
• Fort Polk, Louisiana, was renamed Fort Johnson, in honor of Sgt. William Henry Johnson, who performed heroically in the first African American unit of the United States Army to engage in combat in World War I.
• Fort Rucker, Alabama, was renamed Fort Novosel on April 10, 2023, in honor of Army aviator CW4 Michael J. Novosel, who received the Medal of Honor for service in Vietnam.^{[93] [94]}

The last of these changes were finalized in October 2023.^[95]

By December 2022, the Naming Commission had also directed the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, and the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, to rename buildings, roads, and other facilities. West Point also removed several displays related to former superintendent Robert E. Lee, including a portrait, bust, quotation, and bronze panels depicting him and members of the Ku Klux Klan.^[96]

Alabama

See also: Alabama Memorial Preservation Act.

• Alabama State Capitol, Montgomery: On June 24, 2015, in the wake of the Charleston church shooting on June 17, 2015, on the order of Governor Robert J. Bentley, the four Confederate flags and their poles were removed from the Confederate Memorial Monument.^[97]
• Anniston
  • The monument to Confederate artillery officer John Pelham, erected in 1905, was removed by the city on September 27, 2020. It was rededicated March 26, 2022, on public (county) property.^[98] An Alabama law prohibiting the removal of historical monuments was deliberately broken by the city council of Anniston, Alabama.^[99]
• Birmingham
  • The Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument was erected in 1905. In the midst of the George Floyd protests, was removed by the city on June 1, 2020, in violation of the Alabama Memorial Preservation Act of 2017, a law passed specifically to prevent the removal of this monument. It was the most prominent Confederate monument in the state.^[100] The Alabama Attorney General has filed suit against the city of Birmingham for violating the statute; the city could be fined $25,000 for the violation but cannot be forced to restore the monument. Mayor Randall Woodfin said the fine would be much more affordable than the cost of continued unrest in the city.^{[101] [102]}
• Demopolis
  • Confederate Park. Renamed "Confederate Park" in 1923 at the request of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. A Confederate soldier statue was erected in 1910 at the intersection of North Main Avenue and West Capital Street adjacent to the Park. It was destroyed on July 16, 2016, when a policeman accidentally crashed his patrol car into the monument. The statue fell from its pedestal and was heavily damaged. In 2017, Demopolis city government voted 3–2 to move the damaged Confederate statue to a local museum and to install a new obelisk memorial that honors both the Union and the Confederate soldiers.^{[103] [104]}
• Huntsville
  • The statue of an unnamed Confederate soldier which stood outside the Madison County Courthouse in downtown Huntsville since 1905 was removed on October 23, 2020.^[105]
• Mobile
  • In 2020, a statue of Confederate Navy Admiral Raphael Semmes removed from downtown on orders of Mayor Sandy Stimpson. The $25,000 fine was paid by July 10.
• Montgomery
  • The statue of Robert E. Lee in front of the Robert E. Lee High School was removed on June 1, 2020. Four people were charged with felony criminal mischief.^[106] In November 2022, the Montgomery school board announced the school would be renamed to Dr. Percy L. Julian High School after Percy Lavon Julian.^[107]
• Tuscaloosa
  • In September 2020, the University of Alabama trustees renamed Morgan Hall, named for a Confederate general and U.S. Senator John Tyler Morgan, to the English Building.^[108]

Alaska

• Kusilvak Census Area: In 1913, Judge John Randolph Tucker named the Wade Hampton Census Area to commemorate his father-in-law. It was renamed Kusilvak Census Area in 2015 to remove a place named for a slave-holding Confederate general.^[109]

Arizona

• Picacho Peak State Park

A wooden marker dedicated to Col. Sherod Hunter's Arizona volunteers was removed by Arizona State Parks & Trails in 2015. Deterioration of the wood was the supposed cause of the removal.^[110]

• Wesley Bolin Plaza, Arizona State Capitol, Phoenix: Regifted in a letter by the UDC dated June 30, 2020, to the State stating "These monuments were gifted to the State and are now in need of repair but due to the current political climate, we believe it unwise to repair them where they are located." Removed July 22, 2020.^[111]
• Jefferson Davis Highway Marker, U.S. 60 at Peralta Road, near Apache Junction: Regifted in a letter by the UDC dated June 30, 2020, to the State stating "These monuments were gifted to the State and are now in need of repair but due to the current political climate, we believe it unwise to repair them where they are located." Removed July 22, 2020.^[111]
• Picacho Peak State Park

A brass plaque honoring Confederate soldiers who fought there was vandalized and removed in June 2020. According to officials from Arizona State Parks and Trails and the Arizona Historical Society (AHS), it will not be replaced. Stated one AHS official, "Times change. We probably put our name on a few things we shouldn't have."^[112]

Arkansas

In 2017, the Arkansas Legislature voted to stop honoring Robert E. Lee's birthday.^[113]

In 2019, the Arkansas Legislature voted to replace Arkansas's two statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection. Uriah Milton Rose, an attorney and founder of the Rose Law Firm, advised against secession, but backed the Confederacy during the war; while not a soldier or elected officeholder, he served the Confederacy as chancellor of Pulaski County, later being appointed the Confederacy's state historian.^[114] A statue of white supremacist progressive era-Governor James Paul Clarke was also removed.^[115] They will be replaced with statues of Johnny Cash and journalist and state NAACP president Daisy L. Gatson Bates, who played a key role in the integration of Little Rock's Central High School in 1957.^[116]

• Fort Smith:
  • Southside High School: Until 2016, the school nickname was the Rebels. Its mascot was Johnny Reb, a fictional personification of a Confederate soldier. The school also discontinued the use of "Dixie" as its fight song.^[117]
• Harrison:
  • General Jubilation T. Cornpone statue removed in 2003.^[118]
• Little Rock:
  • Confederate Boulevard was renamed Springer Boulevard in 2015. The new name honors an African-American family prominent in the area since the Civil War.^[119]
  • Memorial to Company A, Capitol Guards, removed June 2020^[120]
• Pine Bluff
  • Pine Bluff Confederate Monument, removed from public area June 2020^[120]

California

• Springtown: Established 1868. Originally known as Springtown, it was renamed Confederate Corners after a group of Southerners settled there in the late 1860s. Name changed back to "Springtown" in 2018.^[121]
• Long Beach
  • Robert E. Lee Elementary School. Renamed Olivia Herrera Elementary School on August 1, 2016.^[122]
• Los Angeles
  • Confederate Monument, Hollywood Forever Cemetery.^[123] "Covered with a tarp and whisked away in the middle of the night after activists called for its removal and spray-painted the word 'No' on its back", August 15, 2017.^{[124] [125]}
• Quartz Hill:
  • Quartz Hill High School. Until 1995, the school had a mascot called Johnny Reb, who would wave a Confederate Flag at football games. Johnny Reb had replaced another Confederate-themed mascot, Jubilation T. Cornpone, who waved the Stars and Bars flag at football games. "Slave Day" fundraisers were phased out in the 1980s.^[126]
• San Diego
  • Robert E. Lee Elementary School, established 1959. Renamed Pacific View Leadership Elementary School on May 22, 2016.^[127]
  • Markers of the Jefferson Davis Highway, installed in Horton Plaza in 1926 and moved to the western sidewalk of the plaza following a 2016 renovation.^[128] Following the Unite the Right rally in Virginia, the San Diego City Council removed the plaque on August 16, 2017.^[129]
• San Lorenzo:
  • San Lorenzo High School. Until 2017, the school nickname was the "Rebels" – a tribute to the Confederate soldier in the Civil War. Its mascot, The Rebel Guy, was retired in 2016. The school's original mascot, Colonel Reb, was a white man with a cane and goatee who was retired in 1997.^[130]

District of Columbia

• U.S. Capitol, National Statuary Hall Collection
  • Alabama's statue of Confederate officer Jabez Curry was replaced by a statue of Helen Keller in 2009.^[131]
  • In 2019, the Arkansas Legislature voted to replace Arkansas's statues; see above.
  • In July 2022, Florida's statue of Edmund Kirby Smith was replaced by a statue of civil rights advocate and educator Mary McLeod Bethune.
  • On December 21, 2020, a statue of Robert E. Lee representing Virginia was removed to be replaced by a statue of civil rights activist Barbara Rose Johns.^[132]
• Confederate Memorial Hall, a brownstone row house at 1322 Vermont Avenue NW, just off Logan Circle, was a gathering place for Confederate veterans in Washington, D.C., and later, a social hall for white politicians from the South. The organization that owned it, the Confederate Memorial Association, keeps active the 1997 web page that lists paintings and artifacts at this self-designated "Confederate Embassy". The building was seized and sold in 1997 to pay $500,000 in contempt-of-court fines imposed by District of Columbia courts on association president John Edward Hurley.^[133] It then became a private residence.^{[134] [135]}
• In 2016, Washington National Cathedral removed small Confederate flags from stained-glass windows honoring Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. In 2017, it replaced the windows entirely.^[136]
• On June 19, 2020, protesters in the movement protesting the murder of George Floyd tore down the statue of Albert Pike, doused it with a flammable liquid and ignited it.^[137] After several minutes, local police intervened, extinguished the flames, and left the scene. The statue was taken away later on.^{[138] [139]}

Florida

An August 2017 meeting of the Florida League of Mayors was devoted to the topic of what to do with Civil War monuments.^[140]

• State symbols
  • Until 2016, the shield of the Confederacy was found in the Rotunda of the Florida Capitol, together with those of France, Spain, England, and the United States – all of them treated equally as "nations" that Florida was part of or governed by. The five flags "that have flown in Florida" were included on the official Senate seal, displayed prominently in the Senate chambers, on its stationery, and throughout the Capitol. On October 19, 2015, the Senate agreed to change the seal so as to remove the Confederate battle flag from it.^[141] The new (2016) Senate seal has only the flags of the United States and Florida.^[142]
• Bradenton
  • On August 22, 2017, the Manatee County Commission voted 4–3 to move the Confederate monument in front of the county courthouse to storage.^[143] This granite obelisk was dedicated on June 22, 1924, by the Judah P. Benjamin Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. It commemorates Stonewall Jackson, Robert E. Lee, and Jefferson Davis, and the "Memory of Our Confederate Soldiers."^[144] On August 24, while being moved (at 3 AM), the spire toppled and broke. The clean break is repairable, but the County recommends it not be repaired until a new home is found.^{[145] [146]} No final decision has been made as of September 2018, but the Gamble Plantation Historic State Park has been suggested as a possible new home for it.^[147]
• Crestview
  • Florida's Last Confederate Veteran Memorial, City Park (1958). In 2015, ownership was transferred to trustees of Lundy's family and the memorial was moved to private property.^{[146] [148]} Soon after, research determined the memorialized man had not been a veteran but had falsified his age to get veteran benefits.^[149] After the removal of the Confederate monument and flag, the park is now referred to as the "former Confederate Park."
• Daytona Beach
  • In August 2017, the Daytona Beach city manager made the decision to remove three plaques from Riverfront Park that honored Confederate veterans.^{[150] [151] [152]}
• Fort Myers
  • The bust of Robert E. Lee, on a pedestal in the median of Monroe Street downtown, was found face down on the ground on March 12, 2019; the bolts holding it in place had been removed. It did not appear to be damaged, and was removed by the Sons of Confederate Veterans.^[153] The bust had been commissioned in 1966 from Italian sculptor Aldo Pero for $6,000 by the defunct Laetitia Ashmore Nutt Chapter of UDC, chapter 1447.^{[154] [155]} In 2018 there had been conflict over the future of the monument, both at a Ft. Myers City Council meeting^[156] and at the monument itself.^[157]
• Gainesville
  • Confederate monument called "Old Joe", Alachua County courthouse lawn, erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy^[158] and unveiled January 20, 1904.^[159] Removed from government land and returned to the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 2017, which moved it to a private cemetery.^[160]
• Hollywood: Street signs named for Confederate Generals were removed in April 2018.^{[161] [162]}
  • Forrest Street, named for CSA Lt. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, became Freedom Street.
  • Hood Street, named for CSA Gen. John Bell Hood, became Hope Street.
  • Lee Street, named for CSA Gen. Robert E. Lee, became Liberty Street.
• Jacksonville
  • Following a petition with 160,000 signatures, Nathan Bedford Forrest High School (1959), originally an all-white school named in protest against school desegregation, renamed Westside High School in 2014 after decades of controversy.^{[163] [164] [165]}
  • In the summer of 2021, the names of six schools named for confederate figures were renamed:^[166]
    • Robert E. Lee High School was changed to Riverside High School
    • Joseph Finegan Elementary School was changed to Anchor Academy
    • Stonewall Jackson Elementary School was changed to Hidden Oaks Elementary School
    • J.E.B. Stuart Middle School was changed to Westside Middle School
    • Kirby-Smith Middle School was changed to Springfield Middle School
    • Jefferson Davis Middle School was changed to Charger Academy
  • On December 27, 2023, the Jacksonville mayor ordered the removal of the Florida's Tribute to the Women of the Confederacy monument at Springfield Park. The statue stood since 1915.^[167]
• Lakeland
  • Confederate soldier statue in downtown Munn Park, created by the McNeel Marble Works. "The United Daughters of the Confederacy paid $1,550 to erect the statue in Munn Park, the town square, on June 3, 1910. The city chipped in $200."^[168] In May 2018, the Lakeland City Commission approved unanimously the removal of the statue to Veterans Park. However, they specified that private funds would have to cover the costs.^[169] In six months, only $26,209 was raised, so commissioners voted in November "to use $225,000 in red light camera citation money to pay for the move".^[170] A coalition of individuals and groups opposed to the move, including the Sons of Confederate Veterans, filed suit in federal court alleging that the money being used was public money, but the suit was dismissed in January 2019 "as a matter of law",^[168] and the city proceeded, noting that it will be moved in the daytime.^[171] The move started on March 21, 2019.^[172]
• Orlando
  • Confederate "Johnny Reb" monument, Lake Eola Park. Erected in 1911 on Magnolia Avenue; moved to Lake Eola Park in 1917. Removed from the park to a public cemetery in 2017.^{[173] [174]}
• Palatka:
  • Putnam County Confederate Memorial (1925)^[175] On August 25, 2020, the Putnam County Commission voted 4–1 to move the monument to a location not yet determined.^[176]
• Quincy:
  • Gadsden Confederate Memorial, Gadsden County Courthouse. Removed on June 11, 2020, 30 minutes after the Gadsden County Commission voted to do so.^[177]
• St. Augustine
  • Memorial to William Wing Loring, on the Plaza de la Constitución, erected behind the Government House (1920)^[178] On property belonging to the University of Florida, the University removed it, as Loring's descendants had requested.^[179]
• St. Petersburg
  • Marker for the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Highway erected on January 22, 1939, was removed on August 15, 2017.^{[180] [181]}
• Tallahassee
  • The Confederate Battle Flag was included on the Senate seal from 1972 to 2016, when it was removed. It was also displayed in its chambers and on the Senate letterhead. In the wake of the racially motivated Charleston shootings, the Senate voted in October 2015 to replace the confederate symbol with the Florida state flag.^[182] The new shield was in place in 2016.^[183]
  • The Confederate Stainless Banner flag flew over the west entrance of the Florida State Capitol from 1978 until 2001, when Gov. Jeb Bush ordered it removed.^[184]

• Tampa
  • In 1997, county commissioners removed the Confederate flag from the Hillsborough County seal. In a compromise, they voted to hang a version of the flag in the county center. Commissioners voted in 2015 to remove that flag. In 2007 the county stopped honoring Confederate History Month.
  • In June 2017, the Hillsborough County School Board started a review of how to change the name of Robert E. Lee Elementary School in east Tampa. In September 2017, the school was seriously damaged by fire of accidental origin. Teachers and students were transferred, and the school with this name went out of existence.^[185]
  • Memoria In Aeterna ("Eternal Memory"), Old Hillsborough County Courthouse, in 2017 Annex to the current Courthouse. "The monument is two Confederate soldiers: one facing north, in a fresh uniform, upright and heading to battle, and the other facing south, his clothes tattered as he heads home humbled by war.^[186] Between them is a 32-foot-tall obelisk with the image of a Confederate flag chiseled into it."^[187] It was called "one of the most divisive symbols in Hillsborough County". It was first erected in 1911 at Franklin and Lafayette Streets, and moved to its former location, in front of the then-new county courthouse, in 1952.^[188] After voting in July 2017 to move the statue to the small Brandon Family Cemetery in the suburb that bears its name (Brandon, Florida), the County Commission announced on August 16 that the statue would only be moved if private citizens raised $140,000, the cost of moving it, within 30 days. The funds were raised within 24 hours. The following day Save Southern Heritage, Veterans' Monuments of America, and United Daughters of the Confederacy filed a lawsuit attempting to prevent the statue's move.^[189] On September 5, 2017, a Hillsborough administrative judge denied their request for an injunction. Removal of the monument, which took several days, began the same day.^[190] It was cut into 26 pieces to enable its removal. It was moved on September 5, 2017, to the Brandon Family Cemetery; the county paid half the $285,000 cost.^{[186] [191]}
  • A x Confederate flag—when erected, the largest such flag ever made—at the privately-owned Confederate Memorial Park, placed so as to be visible at the intersection of I-4 and I-75, just east of Tampa (actually Seffner, Florida), was removed on June 1, 2020, by its owner, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, after threats to burn it were made on social media.^[192]
• West Palm Beach
  • Confederate monument, Woodlawn Cemetery (1941), located at the front gate, directly behind an American flag. "The only one south of St. Augustine, likely the only Confederate statue in Palm Beach and Broward counties, said historian Janet DeVries, who leads cemetery tours at Woodlawn." Vandalized several times. Removed and placed in storage by order of Mayor Jeri Muoio on August 22, 2017, since its owner, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, had not claimed it despite notification.^{[193] [194]} "Believed by local historians to be the last Confederate monument in Palm Beach County."^{[195] [196]}
  • Jefferson Davis Middle School. Renamed Palm Springs Middle School in 2005.^[197]

Georgia

• State flag: From 1956 to 2001 the state flag of Georgia incorporated the Confederate battle flag. The current (2003) flag incorporates a less familiar version of the Confederacy's first flag, the Stars and Bars.
• Confederate Memorial Day and Robert E. Lee Day: Georgia removed the Confederate references in 2015; they are now known as "State Holidays."^{[198] [199]}
  • • Athens A portrait of Robert E. Lee was removed from a building on the campus of the University of Georgia by the Demosthenian Literary Society.^[200]
  • A monument was removed from Broad Street in downtown Athens in August 2020, ostensibly due to roadwork.^[201] The monument was moved to a nearby battle site.^[202]
• Atlanta: Confederate Ave was renamed United Ave after the neighborhood organized for a change in 2019.^[203]
• Brunswick: A monument that was placed in 1902 was removed on May 17, 2022, and although the City Commission voted to remove it in 2020 the final action was delayed due to legal tension.^[204]
• Decatur: The DeKalb County Confederate Monument was removed on June 18, 2020, after a court order on June 12.^[205]
• Lawrenceville: A Confederate memorial outside the Gwinnett County Courthouse was removed to storage in February 2021.^[206]
• Macon: Two Confederate monuments, the Confederate statue on Cotton Avenue (originally erected in the 1870s and originally stood on Mulberry Street prior to the 1950s) and the 'Women of the South' monument on Poplar and First Street (built by the United Daughters of the Confederacy at an unknown date), were moved to Whittle Park outside Rose Hill Cemetery on June 22, 2022, after a 2020 vote by the Macon-Bibb Commission^[207] and a lawsuit against removal had ended.^[208]
• Sylvania: The Screven County Confederate Dead Monument was pulled off its pedestal and "virtually destroyed" between August 30 and 31, 2018. The monument had been erected on Confederate Memorial Day, April 26, 1909, and moved to the city cemetery in the 1950s when the city turned the downtown Main Street park – where the monument was originally located – into a parking lot. The Georgia Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans is offering a $2,000 reward for the arrest and conviction of those involved; the reward was subsequently increased to $10,000.^[209] A photo of the destroyed monument shows a flagpole with a Confederate flag.^[210]

Indiana

• Indianapolis: On June 8, 2020, following the protests in response to the murder of George Floyd, the Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument was removed from Garfield Park and dismantled. It originally marked a mass grave for Confederate soldiers who died at Camp Morton, but was moved away from the grave in 1912.

Kansas

• Wichita: Confederate Flag Bicentennial Memorial (1962, removed 2015). The Confederate battle flag had been displayed at the John S. Stevens Pavilion at Veterans Memorial Plaza near downtown since 1976, when it was placed there in a historical flag display as part of the nation's bicentennial. The flag was removed July 2, 2015, by order of Mayor Jeff Longwell.^{[211] [212]}

Kentucky

• Bowling Green: a "historic" sign indicating that Bowling Green was the Confederate capital of Kentucky was removed in August 2020.^[213]
• Florence: Boone County High School. The mascot for the school was Mr. Rebel, a Confederate general who stands tall in a light blue uniform, feathered cap, and English mustache. It was removed in 2017.^[214]
• Frankfort: Statue of Jefferson Davis, Kentucky Capitol Rotunda, 1936. (Jefferson Davis was born in Kentucky.) In 2015, the all-white^[215] state Historic Properties Advisory Commission voted against removing the statue.^[216] In 2017 several prominent Republicans called for its removal.^[217] It was removed on June 13, 2020.^[218]
• Lexington
  • John C. Breckinridge Memorial (1911) and John Hunt Morgan Memorial (1887), Fayette County Courthouse. In November 2015, a committee, the Urban County Arts Review Board, voted to recommend removal of both memorials.^[219] The city council approved the removal on August 17, 2017.^{[220] [221]} They were removed October 17, 2017, with the plan to move both to Lexington Cemetery.^[222] On July 24, 2018, this was accomplished.^[223]
• Louisville
  • The Confederate Monument in Louisville statue was dedicated in 1895 and was placed next to the University of Louisville on city property. It was moved to a riverfront park in Brandenburg, Kentucky, in December 2016.^[224] The cost of the move was $600,000.^[225]
  • John B. Castleman Monument, Cherokee Triangle, 1882. In June 2020, the statue was removed to be moved to Castleman's burial site in Cave Hill Cemetery.^[226]

Louisiana

• Baton Rouge: Robert E. Lee High School, renamed Lee High School in 2016, Lee Magnet High School in 2018, and in 2020, Liberty Magnet High School. Sports teams, formerly Rebels, are now Patriots.^[227]
• New Orleans: The first Confederate monuments removed in 2017 were those of New Orleans, although it was in 2015 that the City Council ordered their removal. Court challenges were unsuccessful. The workers who moved the monuments were dressed in bullet-proof vests, helmets, and masks to conceal their identities because of concerns about their safety.^{[228] [229]} According to Mayor Landrieu, "The original firm we'd hired to remove the monuments backed out after receiving death threats and having one of his cars set ablaze."^[230] "Opponents at one point found their way to one of our machines and poured sand in the gas tank. Other protesters flew drones at the contractors to thwart their work."^[231] The city said it was weighing where to display the monuments so they could be "placed in their proper historical context from a dark period of American history."^[232] On May 19, 2017, the Monumental Task Committee,^[233] an organization that maintains monuments and plaques across the city, commented on the removal of the statues: "Mayor Landrieu and the City Council have stripped New Orleans of nationally recognized historic landmarks. With the removal of four of our century-plus aged landmarks, at 299 years old, New Orleans now heads into our Tricentennial more divided and less historic." Landrieu replied on the same day: "These statues are not just stone and metal. They are not just innocent remembrances of a benign history. These monuments purposefully celebrate a fictional, sanitized Confederacy; ignoring the death, ignoring the enslavement, and the terror that it actually stood for."^[234]
  A seven-person Monument Relocation Committee was set up by Mayor LaToya Cantrell to advise on what to do with the removed monuments. The statue of Jefferson Davis, if their recommendation is implemented, will be moved to Beauvoir, his former estate in Biloxi, Mississippi, that is now a presidential library and museum.^[235] The Committee recommended that the statues of Robert E. Lee and P.G.T. Beauregard be placed in Greenwood Cemetery, near City Park Avenue and Interstate 10 (where three other Confederate generals are entombed). However, this conflicts with a policy of former mayor Mitch Landrieu, who had directed that they never again be on public display in Orleans Parish. The Battle of Liberty Place Monument will remain in storage.^[236]
  • Battle of Liberty Place Monument – Erected 1891 to commemorate the Reconstruction Era Battle of Liberty Place (1874) and celebrate Louisiana's White League. Removed April 24, 2017. The workers were dressed in flak jackets, helmets and scarves to conceal their identities because of concerns about their safety. Police officers watched from a nearby hotel.^[237]
  • Jefferson Davis Monument – Cost $35,000 and was unveiled February 22, 1911, the 50th anniversary of his inauguration as President of the Confederacy, by the Jefferson Davis Monument Association, which was formed in 1898. "The unveiling...was preceded by 'an impressive military parade' led by Major Allison Owen. Veterans of the Army of Tennessee, Washington Artillery, Camp Henry St. Paul, Army of Northern Virginia, veterans from the Soldiers Home, National Guard and the Boy Scouts all attended. A group of 500 schoolgirls formed a living Confederate flag."^[238] Removed May 11, 2017.^[239]
  • General Beauregard Equestrian Statue – Erected in 1913. Removed May 17, 2017.
  • Robert E. Lee monument – Erected in 1884. Statue atop a 60feet column with 12feet on an earthen mound. Statue removed May 19, 2017.
  • Edward Douglass White Jr. statue – On December 23, the statue of Edward Douglass White Jr. was moved from outside the Louisiana Supreme Court building to the interior near the court museum.^{[240] [241]}
  • Renaming of public schools. In 1992, the School Board announced plans to rename schools named after owners of slaves, if the parents, teachers, and children of each school approved. Other public schools renamed, not directly relevant to the war, were originally named for Marie Couvent (a black slave owner), George Washington, William C. C. Claiborne, Samuel J. Peters, Étienne de Boré, William O. Rogers ("a general school superintendent who didn't believe blacks should be educated after the 5th grade"), and Edward Douglass White, Jr., a Supreme Court chief justice who voted to uphold the "separate but equal" doctrine in Plessy v. Ferguson.^[242]
    • Jefferson Davis Elementary School renamed in 1993 for Ernest "Dutch" Morial, New Orleans' first African-American mayor.
    • P.G.T. Beauregard Junior High School was renamed Thurgood Marshall Middle School, after the first black Supreme Court justice.
    • Robert E. Lee Elementary School renamed for Ronald McNair, the black astronaut killed in the 1986 Challenger explosion.
    • J. P. Benjamin School, named for Jefferson Davis's secretary of war, was renamed for African-American educator and civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune.
    • Charles Gayarre Elementary School, named for Charles Gayarré, a financial supporter of the Confederacy, was renamed after New Orleans civil rights leader Oretha Castle Haley.
    • Francis T. Nicholls High School, named for the Confederate general and Governor of Louisiana, was renamed Frederick Douglass High School after the abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass.
    • Adolph Meyer School, named for a Confederate officer and later a congressman, was renamed for the abolitionist Harriet Tubman.
    • Benjamin Palmer School, named for a pro-slavery pastor influential in Louisiana's decision to secede and join the Confederacy, was renamed Lorraine V. Hansberry Elementary School, after the African-American playwright who wrote A Raisin in the Sun.

Maine

• Brunswick, Maine: Confederate plaque, Bowdoin College. Installed in 1965, removed in August 2017.^[243]

Maryland

• State of Maryland
  • State Song: In 2021 Maryland officially repealed its state song, Maryland, My Maryland, due to controversial lyrics that call on Maryland to join the Confederacy and label the Union as tyrannical. In March 2021, both houses of the Maryland General Assembly voted to repeal the state song and governor Larry Hogan signed it into law on May 18, 2021.^[244] Since then, Maryland has had no official state song. Previously in 2017, the University of Maryland marching band announced it would no longer play the song before football games and in 2020, Pimlico Race Course scrapped its tradition of playing the song before the race.^[245]
• Plaque (1964): Maryland State House Trust removed a plaque from the Maryland State House in 2020.^[246]
  • Sons of Confederate Veterans Commemorative License Plate featuring the Confederate battle flag was revoked in 2015 after an 18-year legal battle. Existing plates are recalled for mandatory replacement.^[247]
• Baltimore
  • Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Spirit of the Confederacy), Mount Royal Avenue. Covered with red paint August 13, 2017. In 2015, marked with yellow paint saying "Black Lives Matter".^[248] Removed August 16, 2017.^[249]
  • Confederate Women's Monument. Charles Street and University Parkway. Removed August 16, 2017.
  • Robert E. Lee Park was renamed Lake Roland Park in 2015.^[250]
  • Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument. On the northwestern side of the Wyman Park Dell, Charles Village, opposite the Baltimore Museum of Art, and just south of Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University (1948).^[251] Removed August 16, 2017.^[252]
• Catonsville: 1942 mural in Post Office depicting "enslaved Black people pulling barrels of tobacco alongside White men on horses" has been covered with plastic sheeting, pending decision on what to do with it and what to replace it with.^[253]
• Charlotte Hall: Plaque installed in 1993 removed from Charlotte Hall Veterans Home.^[254]
• Easton: A statue commemorating the Talbot Boys is removed from the lawn of the county courthouse. It was the last Confederate statue to be removed from a courthouse.^[255]
• Ellicott City, Howard County: Howard County Courthouse Confederate Monument. Dedicated in 1948. Removed on August 22, 2017.^[256]
• Lothian: A statue of Confederate soldier Benjamin Welch Owens was vandalized in June 2020 and toppled in July 2020.^[257]
• Rockville: Confederate Monument, lifesize and bronze, on a granite pedestal. It was originally donated by the UDC and the United Confederate Veterans, and built by the Washington firm of Falvey Granite Company at a cost of $3,600. The artist is unknown. Inscription: "To Our Heroes of Montgomery Co. Maryland That We Through Life May Not Forget to Love The Thin Gray Line Erected A.D. 1913 / 1861 CSA 1865." (Gray was the color of Confederate uniforms.) The dedication was on June 3, 1913 (Jefferson Davis's birthday),^[258] and 3,000 (out of a county population of 30,000) attended.^[259] It was originally located in a small triangular park^[260] called Courthouse Square. In 1971, urban renewal led to the elimination of the Square, and the monument was moved to the east lawn of the Red Brick Courthouse (no longer in use as such), facing south.^[261] In 1994 it was cleaned and waxed by the Maryland Military Monuments Commission.^[262] It was marked with "Black Lives Matter" in 2015; a wooden box was built over it to protect it.^[263] The monument was removed in July 2017 from its original location outside the Old Rockville Court House to private land^[260] at White's Ferry in Dickerson, Maryland.^{[264] [265]}
• White's Ferry, Montgomery County: A passenger and vehicle ferry, formerly named Gen. Jubal A. Early (1954), connects Montgomery County, Maryland, and Loudoun County, Virginia. Owned by White's Ferry, it was named for Confederate General Jubal Early until June 2020. White's Ferry is the only ferry still in operation on the Potomac River.^[266]

Massachusetts

• Fort Warren, Georges Island, Boston Harbor: Memorial to 13 Confederate prisoners who died in captivity. Dedicated in 1963; removed October 2017.^[267]
• Oak Bluffs, Martha's Vineyard: In 2019, the town removed two plaques honoring Confederate soldiers from a statue of a Union soldier. They were remounted in a contextual display in the Martha's Vineyard Museum.^[268]

Michigan

• Lowell: The 1935 Robert E. Lee Show Boat:^[269] A campaign by Former Representative Dave Hildenbrand to request money from Rick Snyder's administration resulted in a taxpayer funded grant^[270] to rebuild the confederate-named boat.^[271] What followed was a contentious^[272] and successful petition to change the boat's name.^[273] It was demolished February 28, 2019.^[274]

Mississippi

• Statewide
  • On June 30, 2020, Governor Tate Reeves signed a bill to remove the second flag of Mississippi (1894) from public buildings within 15 days and establish a new flag for the state.^{[275] [276]} Voters approved the new flag with 68% of the vote on November 3, 2020.^[277]
  • "Several city and county governments and all eight of Mississippi's public universities have stopped flying the state flag in recent years amid critics' concerns that it does not properly represent a state where 38 percent of residents are African-American."^{[278] [279]}
• Greenwood
  • A Confederate monument is to be removed and replaced with a statue of Emmett Till.^[280]
• Jackson
  • Davis Magnet IB School. Renamed "Barack Obama Magnet IB School" in 2017.^{[281] [282]}
  • (Col. John Logan) Power Academic and Performing Arts Complex is renamed for Ida B. Wells and Robert E. Lee Elementary School is renamed for "Drs. Aaron and Ollye Shirley" in December 2020.^[283]
• Oxford
  • Confederate Drive renamed Chapel Lane^[284]
  • In 2016, the University of Mississippi marching band, called The Pride of the South, stopped playing Dixie. The school got rid of its Colonel Reb mascot in 2003.^[285]

Missouri

• Columbia: In 2018, the Columbia Board of Education voted unanimously to change the name of Robert E. Lee Elementary School to Locust Street Expressive Arts Elementary School.^[286]
• Kansas City, Missouri: United Daughters of the Confederacy Monument on Ward Parkway. The memorial to Confederate women, a 1934 gift by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, was covered by graffiti on August 18, 2017, and boxed up two days later in preparation for its removal. The monument was removed on August 25, 2017.^{[287] [288]}
• St. Louis
  • Memorial to the Confederate Dead (1914), removed in June 2017 from Forest Park. It awaits a new home outside St. Louis City and County limits (per agreement between the city and the Missouri Civil War Museum in Jefferson Barracks).^[289]
  • Confederate Drive (1914). Road removed and replaced with green space in 2017.^[290]

Montana

• Helena: Confederate Memorial Fountain (1916). City Council voted August 17, 2017, to remove it. It was removed on August 18, 2017.^{[291] [292]} In its place is a new fountain known as the Equity Fountain, installed in 2020.^[293]

Nevada

• Paradise: University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV): Until the 1970s, the school mascot was Beauregard, a wolf dressed in a gray military field jacket and Confederate cap.^{[294] [295]} Beauregard was named for CSA Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard.

New Mexico

• The three Jefferson Davis Highway markers in the state were removed in 2018.^[296]

New York

• New York City
  • Central Park
    • In November 2017, the cover of Harper's Magazine featured J. C. Hallman's article "Monumental Error" about the Central Park monument of controversial surgeon – and Confederate spy – J. Marion Sims.^[297] The timing coincided with the work New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio's committee on monuments, and Hallman's article was distributed to members of New York's Public Design Commission. The commission voted unanimously to remove Sims's statue, and it was removed in April 2018.^[298] Hallman has since written articles about Sims's statue in Montgomery, Alabama, and is working on a book, The Anarcha Quest, about Sims and his so-called "first cure", Anarcha Westcott.^[299]
  • Brooklyn
    • On August 16, 2017, the Episcopal Diocese of Long Island removed a 1912 plaque from a tree Robert E. Lee planted between 1842 and 1847. They also removed a second marker erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1935.^[300]
    • New York Governor Andrew Cuomo has ordered name changes of streets named for Lee and Jackson in the Fort Hamilton section of Brooklyn.^[301]
  • The Bronx
    • Busts of Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee, formerly in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at Bronx Community College (formerly New York University), were removed in 2017 by New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo.^[302]

North Carolina

See also: Silent Sam.

• Statewide: The North Carolina Department of Transportation stopped authorizing the use of specialized license plates of the North Carolina Sons of Confederate Veterans that depict a Confederate battle flag in January 2021. The organization will be able to display other, non-offensive specialty plates.^[303]

• Asheville:
  • In a joint agreement between the city of Asheville and Buncombe County to remove two Confederate monuments that are located in or near Pack Square Park, crews began by the removal of the Robert E. Lee Dixie Highway, Colonel John Connally Marker (1926) on July 10, 2020, leaving only the base for future use.^[304] On July 14, crews removed the Monument to 60th Regt. NC Volunteers (1905), located in front of the Buncombe County courthouse. Both monuments were moved to a County-own storage facility, where they will stay till a future decision is made.^{[305] [306]}
  • The Zebulon Vance Monument (1898), a 75feet obelisk located at the center of Pack Square Park, was completely covered with a shroud on July 10, 2020, at a cost of $18,500 and a monthly scaffolding rental cost of $2,400.^[304] The monument was removed by the City of Asheville in May 2021.^[307]

• Chapel Hill:
  • A 1923 building at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill was named for William L. Saunders, Colonel in the Confederate army and head of the Ku Klux Klan in North Carolina. In 2014, the building was renamed Carolina Hall.^[308]
  • Silent Sam, a statue erected in 1913 at the entrance to the University of North Carolina (today the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) as a memorial to its Confederate alumni, was pulled down, after years of protests, on August 20, 2018.^[309] As of November 20, 2019, the University has not decided whether or where the statue will be restored.^{[310] [311]} In her January 19, 2019, letter of resignation as Chancellor, Carol Folt ordered the removal of the plinth and plaques as a threat to public safety, as they attracted pro-Confederate demonstrators unconnected with the University.^[312] A proposal to build a special museum on the campus for the statue was rejected as too expensive and wasteful of resources. A scandal erupted in late 2019 after the press reported a secret agreement to transfer the monument to the Sons of Convederate Veterans, with funding. This deal collapsed once it was exposed. As of August 2020 the statue remains in an undisclosed University of North Carolina warehouse, and its fate remains undecided.
  • The Orange County Board of Commissioners voted unanimously on October 16, 2018, to remove the Jefferson Davis Highway designation from the portion of US 15 that runs through the county. A marker stands at the intersection of East Franklin Street (formerly the route of US 15) and Henderson Street, in downtown Chapel Hill, adjacent to the University of North Carolina. The bronze plaque and stone pedestal were not removed immediately because it was not clear who their owner was.^[313]

• Charlotte:
  • In 2015, the Mecklenburg County Confederate Soldiers Monument (1977) was vandalized following the events of the Charleston church shooting on June 17. In July, the monument was removed from its location at the northwest corner of the Old City Hall for cleaning. Later that same month, the "Historic Artifact Management and Patriotism Act" became law while the monument was still located in a city-owned warehouse. With a technicality, city manager Ron Carlee informed the City Council that he was moving the monument to the Confederate section of city-owned Elmwood Cemetery. By end of year, it was moved, next to other Confederate monuments and graves.^{[314] [315] [316]}
  • The Confederate Reunion Marker (1924), located on a hill next to Grady Cole Center and American Legion Memorial Stadium, was removed on June 21, 2020, after the Mecklenburg County Commission became aware of online threats to damage or deface it. No decision if the removal would be temporary or permanent.^[317]

• Clinton: On July 12, 2020, the statue that makes part of the Confederate Soldiers Monument (1916), located on the south side of the Sampson County Courthouse, was removed after it was found bent and teetering on its pedestal that morning. The base currently remains on the Courthouse grounds.^[318]

• Durham:
  • Confederate Soldiers Monument (1924) at the Old Durham County Courthouse, was pulled down and severely damaged during a protest on August 17, 2017. Eight individuals were arrested for destroying the memorial, but the charges were later dropped.^{[70] [319] [320] [321]} The monument is being stored in a county warehouse.^[322] In early 2019, a joint city-county government committee to consider what to do with the damaged statue, recommended that it be displayed indoors in its crumpled state. "The committee said displaying the statue in its current damaged form would add important context. The proposal would leave the statue's pedestal in place and add outdoor markers honoring Union soldiers and enslaved people." The proposal needs approval from the Durham County Commission. Durham County maintains that the Cultural History Artifact Management and Patriotism Act of 2015 does not apply, since the law does not address damaged monuments.^[323] On August 11, 2020, contractors removed the stone pedestal and moved it to a secure location following the recommendation of the City-County Committee on Confederate Monuments and Memorials.^[324]
  • Statue of Robert E. Lee in the Duke Chapel, Duke University. Installed in the 1930s in consultation with "an unnamed Vanderbilt University professor."^[325] Defaced in August 2017.^{[326] [327]} After vandalism, removed August 19, 2017.^{[328] [329]}
  • Julian S. Carr Junior High School, for whites only, built in 1928, closed in 1975. The building became part of the formerly all-white Durham High School, which closed in 1993. Since 1995 the buildings are used by the Durham School of the Arts.^[330] On August 24, 2017, the Board of the Durham Public Schools voted unanimously to remove Carr's name from the building.^[331]

• Fayetteville: On June 27, 2020, the 1902 Confederate Monument was removed from its location between the intersection of East and West Dobbin Avenue, Morganton Street, and Fort Bragg Road, in the Haymount neighborhood. The decision of its removal was done by its owner, the J.E.B. Stuart Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), in an effort so the monument would not be vandalized.^[332] It is not known if it will be returned, moved or stay in storage indefinitely. This was its third location, originally located at the intersection of Grove, Green, Rowan, and Ramsey Streets; it moved to the northeast corner of the square in 1951 due to road realignments. In 2002, the statue was then moved to its last location, by the UDC, believing the original site lost its charm becoming to commercialized.^[333]

• Gastonia: On June 23, 2020, the Gaston County Commissioners approved creating a council of understanding to give a recommendation to the commissioners about the future of the Gaston County Confederate Soldiers Monument (1912), located at the Gaston County Courthouse along Marietta Street. The commissioners voted on July 13 to move the statue and voted on August 3 to gift the monument to the Sons of Confederate Veterans Charles Q. Petty Camp, allowing them to move it onto private property, where it can only be used as a war memorial and educational tool.^[334]

• Greensboro: On July 3, 2020, the Confederate Soldiers Monument (1888) was discovered toppled in Green Hills Cemetery. The monument, which marks the grave area of three hundred unknown Confederate soldiers, was moved into storage.^[335]

• Greenville: The Pitt County Confederate Soldiers Monument (1914) sits on the Pitt County Courthouse grounds in Greenville.^[336] On June 15, 2020, the Pitt County Board of Commissioners voted to remove the monument to a temporary location immediately, and work toward a permanent one.^[337] It was removed on June 23.^[338]

• Henderson: On July 3, 2020, the Vance County Confederate Monument (1910), located in front of the old Vance County Courthouse, was removed after Vance County Commissioners approved it by vote a few days earlier. The monument is in storage until its disposition can be decided.^[339] Upon its removal, crews discovered a time capsule that was buried beneath the monument, with artifacts that date to 1910.^[340]

• Hillsborough: The building that currently houses the Orange County Historical Museum, at 201 N. Churton St., was built in 1934 and housed the (whites only) public library. The UDC donated $7,000 towards its construction, and it was named the Confederate Memorial Library. In 1983, after the library (now the Orange County Public Library) moved into a larger facility, the Museum moved in. The word "Library" was removed from the lettering over the front door, but "Confederate Memorial" remained. In 2015, the Hillsborough Town Board voted to remove the words.^[341]

• Lexington: In October 2020, the United Daughters of the Confederacy requested that a Confederate monument owned by the organization which stood at the city square in Lexington since 1902 be removed. Despite objections from Davidson County Commissioners, the Confederate monument which stood at the city square in Lexington since 1902 was removed after the Davidson County Superior Court allowed for the city and the Daughters of the Confederacy to have it removed from this location. The statue would be removed from the city square late at night on October 15–16, 2020.^[342]

• Louisburg: The Louisburg Town Council voted, in emergency session on June 22, 2020, on a compromise to remove the Confederate Monument (1914) from its location on North Main Street and move it to a municipal cemetery and placed among the graves of the Confederate soldiers it memorializes.^[343] It was removed on June 30.^[344]

• Oxford: On June 24, 2020, the 34feet Granville County Confederate Monument (1909) was removed from its location in front of the Richard Thornton Library, next to the Granville County Revolutionary War Monument (1926). The Granville Board of Commissioners made the decision as they believed there was a credible threat that it would be forcibly removed and possible violent protest. The monument was placed in storage until a new location was determined. This was the second location of the monument; it was first located in front of the Granville County Courthouse till 1971, when it was moved to the library as a compromise from the Oxford Race Riot.^[345]

• Pittsboro: Confederate Soldiers Monument (1907), Old Chatham County Courthouse; erected by Winnie Davis Chapter, UDC.^[346] In 2019, there were "months" of discussion about what to do with it, including "multiple late-night Chatham County Board of Commissioners meetings". There were citizens' groups calling for its removal ("Chatham for All") and for leaving it alone. As it is privately owned (by the UDC), the statute protecting public Civil War monuments does not apply, said the County. In July 2019, the local UDC chapter and the county "signed a memorandum of understanding, agreeing to 'meet, cooperate, and work together in good faith to develop a mutually agreeable framework for "reimagining" the monument.'" In an August 12 statement, the UDC said the statue was given by the UDC to the county, which now owns it, "notwithstanding the statement on the south side of the statue carved in granite", the state statute does apply, and "is inappropriate that we re-imagine the statue in any way".^{[347] [348]} After a court ruled that the statue belonged to the UDC and not the county, it was removed on November 20, 2019.^[349]

• Raleigh:
  • A Confederate battle flag hanging in the Old North Carolina State Capitol was removed in 2013.^[350]
  • On June 19, 2020, protesters pulled down two of the three bronze soldiers on the 75feet Confederate monument at the state Capitol, with one of the statues hung by its neck from the streetlight.^[351] The following day, Governor Cooper gave the orders that all three Confederate monuments, located on the Capitol grounds, to be removed for public safety. Two of the three monuments, the Women of the Confederacy (1914) and a statue of Henry Lawson Wyatt (1912), were removed that day and moved into storage.^{[352] [353]} The third, what remains of the monument to fallen Confederate soldiers (1895) was removed from June 21–23. Governor Cooper laid blame to the 2015 law as creating legal roadblocks to removal that eventually led to the dangerous incidents that happened.^{[354] [355]} The two cannons that flanked 75-foot Confederate monument were moved to Fort Fisher on June 28.^[356]

• Reidsville: From 1910 to 2011, the monument stood in Reidsville's downtown area. In 2011, a motorist hit the monument, shattering the granite soldier which stood atop it. Placing the monument back in the center of town sparked a debate between local officials, neighbors and friends—which resulted in it being placed at its current site—the Greenview Cemetery.^[357]

• Rocky Mount: On June 2, 2020, the City Council of Rocky Mount voted to remove the Nash County Confederate Monument (1917). The land, which the monument was located on, will be vacated by the city, reverting ownership to Rocky Mount Mills.^[358]

• Salisbury: On June 16, 2020, the Salisbury City Council voted to remove the Fame Confederate Monument (1909), located on at the intersection of West Innes and Church Streets, and move it to the Old Lutheran Cemetery, where 175 tombstones for Confederate soldiers were installed in 1996. On June 22, an agreement was signed with the Robert F. Hoke Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy to which they will assist on its removal, storage, and move.^[359] The statue was removed on July 6–7, 2020.^[360]

• Wadesboro: On July 7, 2020, the Anson County Board of Commissioners voted to remove the Anson County Confederate Soldiers Monument (1906) from its location in front of the Wadesboro courthouse. The following day, the monument was removed and placed in storage, where it will remain until it can be moved onto private property at a later date.^[361]

• Warrenton: On June 24, 2020, the Warren County Confederate Monument (1913), located in front of the Warren County Courthouse, was removed from its location. The County Commission justified their decision after receiving online several threats to topple the monument; it is currently in storage.^[362]

• Wilmington: In the early morning of June 25, 2020, in what has been described as a surprise move, the City of Wilmington removed the Confederate Memorial (1924) and the George Davis Monument (1911). The city's Twitter page posted at 5:28 a.m.:^[363] "In accordance with NC law, the city has temporarily removed two monuments from the downtown area. This was done in order to protect the public safety and to preserve important historical artifacts." It is not known where the monuments are stored or what the plans for them will be.^{[364] [365]}

• Winston-Salem: The Confederate Soldiers Monument (1905),^[366] formerly in front of the former Forsyth County Courthouse, now private apartments, was removed on March 12, 2019, by the city, due to safety concerns and the property owner's unwillingness to maintain it. Mayor Allen Joines said that the statue would be moved to Salem Cemetery after being temporarily in storage.^[367] It was vandalized with paint in August 2017 and again late in 2018 with the words "Cowards & Traitors" written with black marker.^[368] The UDC, its owner, declined to move it to the Salem Cemetery after the city proposed it.^[369] On December 31, 2018, the city attorney sent a letter to the UDC saying that the monument is a threat to public safety and calling for its removal by January 31. "And if they don't, we're prepared to file legal action to achieve that removal", said Joines.^[370] The owner of the property, Clachan Properties, also asked the UDC to remove it.^[371] The local chapter of the UDC sued the city and county on May 4, 2020, claiming the city did not own the statue and did not have the right to remove it.^[372] On December 31, 2020, the state division of the UDC announced it was appealing to the North Carolina Supreme Court.^[373]

Ohio

• Columbus: On August 22, 2017, a Confederate statue at Camp Chase was damaged and its head stolen; it has since been repaired.^[374]
• Franklin: Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee roadside plaque. Removed August 16–17, 2017.^{[375] [376]}
• Willoughby: Willoughby South High School: In 2017, the school dropped its "Rebel" mascot—a man dressed in a gray Confederate military outfit—but kept the "Rebel" nickname.^[377]
• Worthington: An Ohio state historical marker outside the home where CSA Brigadier General Roswell S. Ripley was born was removed August 18, 2017.^[378]

Oklahoma

• Atoka: The Confederate Memorial Museum and Cemetery opened in 1986.^[379] In 2016, its name was changed to Atoka Museum and Confederate Cemetery.^[380]
• Tulsa: Robert E. Lee Elementary School, renamed Lee Elementary School in May 2018, then renamed Council Oak Elementary School in August 2018.^[381]

Pennsylvania

• "After removing a trio of Confederate historical markers an hour west of Gettysburg, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission has replaced two with significant revisions that view Confederate milestones through a more critical lens. ...In Pittsburgh, the commission took down a United Daughters of the Confederacy-backed plaque."^[382]

South Carolina

• Columbia: The Confederate battle flag was raised over the South Carolina statehouse in 1962 as a protest to desegregation. In 2000 the legislature voted to remove it and replace it with a flag on a flagpole in front of the Capitol as a monument.^[383] In 2015 the complete removal was approved by the required 2/3 majority of both houses of the Legislature. The flag was given to the South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum.
• Rock Hill

In 2017, the Confederate flag and pictures of Jackson and Lee were removed from the York County courthouse.^[384]

Tennessee

The 2016 Tennessee Heritage Protection Act puts "the brakes on cities' and counties' ability to remove monuments or change names of streets and parks."^[385]

• Crossville
  • South Cumberland Elementary School: Murals painted in 2003, one of a large Confederate battle flag and another showing the team's mascot, the Rebel, triumphantly holding a Confederate battle flag while a boy in a blue outfit is being lynched on a tree, were altered/removed in 2018 after it was discovered by the anti-hate organization located in Shelbyville.^[386]
• Franklin
  • The Forrest Crossing Golf Course, owned by the American Golf Corporation, changed its name to the Crossing Golf Course on September 22, 2017.^[387] It had been named after Confederate General and Klansman Nathan Bedford Forrest.^[387]

• Memphis
  • Three Confederate-themed city parks were "hurriedly renamed" before the passage of the Tennessee Heritage Protection Act^[388] of 2013. Confederate Park (1908) was renamed Memphis Park; Jefferson Davis Park (1907) was renamed Mississippi River Park; and Forrest Park (1899) was renamed Health Sciences Park.^{[389] [390]} The vote of the City Council was unanimous.^[391] At the time the monuments were dedicated, African Americans could not use those parks.^[392]
  • Jefferson Davis Monument in Memphis Park, 1904/1964. The city is suing the state to get it removed.^{[393] [394]} It was removed under police guard on December 20, 2017.
  • Nathan Bedford Forrest Monument commissioned 1901, dedicated 1905, was installed thanks in part to Judge Thomas J. Latham's wife.^[395] It was located in the former Nathan Bedford Forrest Park, renamed Health Sciences Park in 2015. Memphis City Council officials were unanimous in seeking to have the statues removed, but were blocked by the Tennessee Historical Commission under the Tennessee Heritage Protection Act. After exploring legal remedies,^[393] the city of Memphis decided to sell the two parks to a new non-profit, Memphis Greenspace, whose president was a county commissioner, for $1,000 each. Memphis Greenspace removed the statue, under police guard, the same day, December 20, 2017.^{[396] [393] [397]} The Sons of Confederate Veterans sued the city,^[398] but their suit was unsuccessful.^[399] In June 2021, Forrest's and his wife's remains began to be removed from Health Sciences Park to be reinterred on private land.^[400]
  • Statue of J. Harvey Mathes, Confederate Captain, removed December 20, 2017.^[401]
• Murfreesboro
  • Forrest Hall (ROTC building), Middle Tennessee State University: In 2006, the frieze depicting General Forrest on horseback that had adorned the side of this building was removed amid protests, but a major push to change its name failed. Also, the university's Blue Raiders' athletic mascot was changed to a pegasus from a cavalier, in order to avoid association with General Forrest.^[402]

• Nashville
  • Confederate Memorial Hall, Vanderbilt University, was renamed Memorial Hall on August 15, 2016. Since the building "was built on the back of a $50,000 donation from the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1933", the university returned to them its 2017 equivalent, $1.2 million.^[403] "Michael Schoenfeld, Vanderbilt's vice chancellor for public affairs, said he and other university officials had gotten death threats over his school's decision."^[404]
  • On June 4, 2020, Montgomery Bell Academy announced plans to remove the statue of Sam Davis (1999), which were executed a few days later.^{[405] [406]}
• Nathan Bedford Forrest Statue near Interstate 65 was removed on December 7, 2021.^[407]
• Sewanee :
  • Confederate flags were removed from the Chapel in the mid-1990s "reportedly to improve acoustics".^[408]
  • A portrait of Leonidas Polk was moved from Convocation Hall to Archives and Special Collections in 2015. However "two other portraits of Polk currently hang in different locations on campus. One can easily find Polk's image and influence all over Sewanee."^[409]
  • Kirby-Smith Monument (1940). Smith was, after the war, a Sewanee professor of botany and mathematics. Plinth marked with "Elevate People of Color" and "Elevate Women" in 2018. Removed to Graveyard in 2018, at request of Smith's descendants.^[410]

Texas

• Arlington:
  • Six Flags Over Texas theme park: In August 2017, it removed the Stars and Bars Confederate Flag, after flying it for 56 years with the other flags that have flown over Texas. In the 1990s, the park renamed the Confederacy section the Old South section and removed all Confederate battle flags.^[411]
  • University of Texas at Arlington changed its sports mascot from Rebels to Mavericks "in the 1970s".

• Austin:
  • Children of the Confederacy plaque, installed in 1959 inside the State Capitol, bore the words that "the War Between the States was not a rebellion, nor was its underlying cause to sustain slavery." The plaque was removed between January 11 and 13, 2019 after a unanimous vote by the Texas State Preservation Board, chaired by Governor Greg Abbott.^{[412] [413]} Calls for its removal started in 2017 by then -House Speaker Joe Straus, in a letter to the State Preservation Board that oversees the Capitol grounds,^{[414] [415]} in which he was joined by 40 other lawmakers.^[416]
  • The Texas Confederate Museum closed in 1988. Opened in 1903 in a room on the first floor of the Capital, it moved in 1920 to the adjacent Old Land Office Building, where it remained until 1998, much longer than the building had been used by the Land Office. When the building was vacated for renovation, the Museum was not permitted to return. (The building is now the Capital Visitors Center.) It never reopened as it never found another home. Its collections are now divided between the Haley Memorial Library and History Center in Midland and the Texas Civil War Museum in White Settlement, a suburb of Fort Worth.
  • Robert E. Lee Elementary School (1939) was renamed for local photographer Russell Lee in 2016.^[417] He was a prominent photographer with the Farm Security Administration and the first Professor of Photography at the University of Texas.
  • Johnston High School: Named for Albert Sidney Johnston, Confederate general killed in the Battle of Shiloh. The school closed in 2008; the Liberal Arts and Science Academy is now (2021) at that location.^[418]
  • Jeff Davis Avenue. The Austin City Council voted unanimously to rename the street for William Holland, born a slave, an educator who served one term in the Texas Legislature and became a Travis County commissioner.
  • Robert E. Lee Road. The Austin City Council voted unanimously to rename the street, whose signs had been defaced, for Azie Morton, the only African American to hold the office of Treasurer of the United States.^[419]
  • University of Texas
    • In May 2015, the student government at the University of Texas at Austin voted almost unanimously to remove a statue of Jefferson Davis that had been erected on the campus's South Mall.^{[420] [421]} Beginning shortly after the Charleston church shooting of June 2015, "Black Lives Matter" was written repeatedly in bold red letters on the base of the statue. Previous messages had included "Davis must fall" and "Liberate U.T." (the University of Texas).^[422] The University of Texas officials convened a task force to determine whether to honor the students' petition for removal of the statue. Acting on the strong recommendation of the task force, UT's President Gregory L. Fenves announced on August 13, 2015, that the statue would be moved to serve as an educational exhibit in the university's Dolph Briscoe Center for American History museum.^[423] He said: "it is not in the university's best interest to continue commemorating him [Davis] on our Main Mall."^[424] Legal action by the Sons of Confederate Veterans was unsuccessful. The statue was removed on August 30, 2015.^[425]
    • After the removal of the Jefferson Davis statue in 2015, there were four remaining Confederate statues left on the South Mall at the University of Texas, portraying Generals Robert E. Lee and Albert Sidney Johnston, and Confederate Postmaster John H. Reagan. They were dedicated in 1933. On August 20–21, 2017, the university removed the three Confederate statues from the Austin campus grounds and moved them to a museum.^{[426] [427]} The decision was inspired by the Unite the Right rally on August 10–11 in Charlottesville.^[428] At the same time, a statue of Texas Governor Jim Hogg was also removed, although he had no direct link with the Confederacy. In 2018, it was announced that it would be reinstalled at a different location.^[429]
  • IDEA Allan School, a charter school, was renamed IDEA Montopolis in 2018. It had been named for Confederate Army officer John T. Allan. Four other related properties in Austin are being similarly renamed.^[430]
  • In 2019, Lanier High School was renamed Navarro High School to honor 2007 graduate Juan Navarro, a U.S. Army officer killed in Afghanistan. Sidney Lanier, the "poet of the Confederacy",^[431] served as a private in the CSA.^[432]

• Dallas:
  • Removal of the Confederate War Memorial in Dallas was approved by the Dallas City Council in February 2019,^[433] but a citizens' group filed lawsuits, and the planned removal was blocked indefinitely later that year by the Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas.^[434] On June 11, 2020, the city filed an emergency motion for immediate permission to remove the monument, citing possible serious injury to protesters if the monument were to be toppled during a planned rally at the site.^[435] It was removed on June 24, 2020.^[436]
  • In 2016, the John B. Hood Middle School renamed itself, with the concurrence of the Dallas Independent School District Board of Trustees, as the Piedmont Global Academy.^[282]
  • The Robert E. Lee statue in Lee Park along Turtle Creek Boulevard, dedicated in 1936 to celebrate the Texas Centennial Exposition, was removed on September 14, 2017, after the City Council voted 13–1 in favor of removal.^{[437] [438] [439]} The city considered lending it to the Texas Civil War Museum in White Settlement, the only local institution willing to accept it, but declined because it would not be displayed in a historical context the Dallas City Commission found acceptable.^[440] In June 2019, the city sold it in an online auction for $1,435,000, on condition that it not be displayed in the Dallas–Fort Worth area.^[441]
  • Thomas Jefferson High School's sports mascot changed from Rebels to Patriots "in the 1970s".^[442]
  • William L. Cabell Elementary School, named after William Lewis Cabell, was renamed Chapel Hill Preparatory in 2018.
  • Stonewall Jackson Elementary School (1939) in Lower Greenville was renamed Mockingbird Elementary School in 2018, after Mockingbird Lane on which it is located.^[443]
  • Robert E. Lee Elementary School was renamed Geneva Heights Elementary School in 2018.^[444]
  • Robert E. Lee Park: The park was temporarily renamed "Oak Lawn Park" until a permanent name can be approved.^{[445] [446]}
  • Lee, Gano (Richard Montgomery Gano), Stonewall, Beauregard, and Cabell (William Lewis Cabell, mayor of Dallas) streets are currently named for Confederate generals. They will be renamed at a future date.^[447]

• Fort Worth:
  • Granite marker remembering pioneer banker and Confederate soldier Khleber Miller Van Zandt, after the war commander of the trans-Mississippi division of the United Confederate Veterans. Removed on August 18, 2017, and given to the Texas Civil War Museum in White Settlement, Texas, a Fort Worth suburb.^[448]
  • Granite marker remembering a violent east Texas Ku Klux Klansman, Confederate Colonel H.P. "Hinchie" Mabry. Removed on August 18, 2017, and given to the Texas Civil War Museum.
  • Southwest High School's sports logo changed from Rebels to Raiders "in the 1980s".^[442]
  • Richland High School (Texas) formerly had the Confederate flag painted on the floor of the gymnasium.^[442]

• Garland:
  • South Garland High School removed various Confederate symbols in 2015. A floor tile mosaic donated by the Class of 1968 and a granite sign in front of the school were replaced. Both had incorporated the Confederate flag, which was part of the school's original coat of arms. In addition, the district has dropped "Dixie" as the tune for the school fight song.^[449] The school changed its Colonel mascot's uniform from Confederate gray to red and blue in 1991.^[450]

• Houston:
  • Dowling Street. Named for Confederate commander Richard W. Dowling. Renamed Emancipation Avenue in 2017. The street leads to Emancipation Park. The site originally was the only municipal park available to blacks, who pooled their money in 1872 to buy the property to celebrate their freedom.^[451]
  • In 2016, Jackson Middle School was renamed for Hispanic community activist Yolanda Black Navarro.
  • Lee High School (1962). Originally known as Robert E. Lee High School, district leaders dropped the "Robert E." from the school's title to distance the school from the Confederate general.^[452] School officials changed the name to Margaret Long Wisdom High School in 2016.^[453]
  • Westbury High School changed the nickname of its athletic teams from the "Rebels" to the "Huskies."^[454]

• Lakeside, Tarrant County
  • The "smallest Confederate monument", two small Confederate flags, was removed from Confederate Park in August 2017.^[455]

• Midland: Prior to 2002, the Commemorative Air Force was the Confederate Air Force.^[456]
• San Antonio:
  • Confederate Soldiers' Monument, dedicated April 28, 1899, located in Travis Park next to The Alamo.^[457] Removed September 1, 2017.^{[458] [459] [460]}
  • Robert E. Lee High School renamed LEE (Legacy of Education Excellence) High School, reportedly to preserve the school's history and minimize the expense of renaming, in 2017.^[282]

Utah

• St. George
  • Dixie State University was renamed in 2022 to Utah Tech University.^[461]
    • Name of yearbook changed from "The Dixie" to "The Confederate" in 1966, then to "Dixie College Yearbook" in 1994.
    • University dropped the Confederate battle flag as a school symbol, 1995
    • Rodney the Rebel Mascot dropped in 2005
    • Rebels nickname dropped 2007 (Changed briefly to Red Storm, now Trailblazers)
    • Confederate statue The Rebels (1983; removed 2012.)^[462]
    • Dormitory buildings named after Confederate battle, "Shiloh Hall", Torn down in 2019.^[463]
  • Dixie Regional Medical Center renamed as Intermountain St. George Regional Hospital

Vermont

• Brattleboro:
  • Brattleboro Union High School. Until 2004, the school mascot was Colonel Reb, a Confederate plantation owner.^[464]
• South Burlington:
  • South Burlington High School Confederate themed Captain Rebel mascot (1961), use of the Confederate Battle Flag, and playing of Dixie almost immediately sparked controversy during the Civil Rights era and every decade since. The school board voted to retain the name in 2015 but to change it in 2017. "The Rebel Alliance", a community group opposed to changing the mascot has led two successful efforts to defeat the school budget in public votes as a protest.^{[465] [466]} The students choose the "Wolves" and rebranding is proceeding.^[467]

Virginia

• Statewide
  • Confederate History Month (April) last celebrated in 2000.^[468]
  • Lee-Jackson Day (January 17) was last celebrated in 2020. On February 6, 2020, Virginia passed legislation ending celebration of Lee-Jackson day: a state holiday commemorating Robert E Lee and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson.^[469] The holiday was replaced with Election Day and signed into law by Virginia Governor Ralph Northam.^[470]
• Alexandria
  • In 2017, a portrait of Robert E. Lee (born in Alexandria) that hung in the City Council chambers was moved to the Lyceum, a local history museum.^[471]
  • In 2017, the Vestry of Christ Church (Alexandria) voted unanimously to remove from the sanctuary plaques honoring Washington and Lee, placed there just after Lee's death in 1870, saying they "make some in our presence feel unsafe or unwelcome."^[472]
  • In 2017, "[a] hotel on King Street removed a plaque that had been bolted to the wall of the building for decades and gave an incomplete account of the first war-related deaths after the Union invaded Alexandria on May 24, 1861. The marker, posted in 1929 by the Sons and Daughters of Confederate Veterans, memorialized the first Southerner killed by the Union, belying the fact that he had first shot and killed a Northern colonel on the property."^[471]
  • In 2020, the Appomattox statue (1899) was removed. Dedicated to the Confederate dead and placed in the middle of the intersection of Washington and Prince Streets, in 2016 the mayor and city council voted unanimously for it to be moved to a museum.^[473] The statue was removed and put into storage in June 2020 by its owners, the United Daughters of the Confederacy.^[474]
• Arlington County
  • Jefferson Davis Highway (U.S. 1) was renamed Richmond Highway in 2019.^[475]
  • Arlington County announced in December 2020 that Robert E. Lee's former home, Arlington House, was being removed from its icon and seal, "primarily because it was built by enslaved people and later owned by Lee, who led the Confederate Army during the Civil War."^[476]
  • As of December 18, 2023, a Confederate monument in Arlington National Cemetery was scheduled to be removed by the end of the week. Governor Glenn Youngkin requested that the statue be preserved at a museum operated by the Virginia Military Institute.^[477]
• Bowling Green
  • Confederate Monument (1906). On August 25, 2020, the Caroline County Board of Supervisors voted unanimously to remove the monument.^[478]
• Charlottesville
  • Lee Park, the setting for an equestrian statue of Robert E. Lee, was renamed Emancipation Park on February 6, 2017. In July 2018 it was renamed again, to Market Street Park.
  • On February 6, 2017, the Charlottesville City Council also voted to remove the equestrian statue of Lee. In April, the City Council voted to sell the statue. In May a six-month court injunction staying the removal was issued as a result of legal action by the Sons of Confederate Veterans and others.^{[479] [480]} The prospect of removal, as well as the park renaming, brought numerous white supremacists, neo-Nazis, and other alt-right figures to the Unite the Right rally of August 2017, in which there were three fatalities. In June 2016 the pedestal had been spray painted with the words "Black Lives Matter",^[481] and overnight between July 7 and 8, 2017, it was vandalized by being daubed in red paint.^[482] On August 20, 2017, the City Council unanimously voted to shroud the statue, and that of Stonewall Jackson, in black. The Council "also decided to direct the city manager to take an administrative step that would make it easier to eventually remove the Jackson statue."^[483] The statues were covered in black shrouds on August 23, 2017.^[484] By order of a judge, the shrouds were removed in February 2018. After enabling legislation was signed by Governor Ralph Northam in April 2020,^[485] and following a 2021 Virginia Supreme Court ruling against opponents of removal,^[486] the Lee statue was removed on July 11, 2021.^[487] The statue was melted down in October 2023.^[488]
  • On September 6, 2017, the city council voted to remove a statue of Confederate Gen. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson from Emancipation Park.^[489] The statue was removed on July 11, 2021.^[487]
  • Jackson Park, named for Stonewall Jackson, was renamed Justice Park.^[490] In July 2018, it was renamed a second time, to Court Square Park.
  • The University of Virginia Board of Visitors (trustees) voted unanimously to remove two plaques from the university's Rotunda that honored students and alumni who fought and died for the Confederacy in the Civil War. The University also agreed "to acknowledge a $1,000 gift in 1921 from the Ku Klux Klan and contribute the amount, adjusted for inflation, to a suitable cause."^[491]
  • On September 12, 2020, At Ready, a statue of a Confederate soldier in front of the Albemarle County courthouse in Charlottesville, where it had stood since 1909, was taken down after a unanimous vote of the Albemarle County Board of Supervisors. A cannon and pyramid of cannonballs were also removed.^[492]
• Doswell
  • Major amusement park Kings Dominion operated the popular "Rebel Yell" roller coaster from the park's 1975 opening until 2017. The ride's name referenced the "Rebel yell", a battle cry used by Confederate soldiers during the Civil War. On February 2, 2018, the park announced that the attraction would be renamed to "Racer 75" beginning in the 2018 season, although Kings Dominion did not comment on the relationship between the name change and the previous name's Confederate roots in its press release.^[493]
• Fairfax County
  • Former J. E. B. Stuart High School reopened as Justice High School in September 2018. The school is near Munson Hill, Stuart's headquarters. It was given Stuart's name in 1958 as part of the county's "massive resistance" against the U.S. Supreme Court order to end racial segregation of public schools.^{[494] [495] [496]}
  • Former Robert E. Lee High School in Springfield was renamed John R. Lewis High School on July 23, 2020, effective for the 2020/2021 school year.^[497]
  • A statue dedicated to John Quincy Marr, the first Confederate officer killed in the Civil War during the Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1861), was removed after a vote by the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors in October 2020.^[498]
• Front Royal
  • The segregation academy John S. Mosby Academy, named for Confederate hero John S. Mosby, was founded in 1959 as an all-white school. It closed in 1969.
• Hampton
  • Robert E. Lee Elementary School, closed 2010.^[499]

• Isle of Wight
  • A generic "Johnny Reb" statue and its base, referring to "Confederate Dead", were removed from in front of the former Isle of Wight County Courthouse on May 8, 2021.^{[500] [501]}
• Leesburg
  • The statue of a Confederate private soldier, named the "Silent Sentinel", was removed from the grounds of the Loudoun County Courthouse on July 21, 2020, and returned to the United Daughters of the Confederacy.^{[502] [503]}
• Lexington
  • In 2011, the City Council passed an ordinance to ban the flying of flags other than the United States flag, the Virginia Flag, and an as-yet-undesigned city flag on city light poles. Various flags of the Confederacy had previously been flown on city light poles to commemorate the Virginia holiday Lee–Jackson Day, which was formerly observed on the Friday before Martin Luther King, Jr. Day.^[504] About 300 Confederate flag supporters, including members of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, rallied before the City Council meeting,^[505] and after the vote the Sons of Confederate Veterans vowed to challenge the new local ordinance in court. Court challenges have not been successful and the ordinance remains in effect. The city tried to prevent individuals from flying Confederate flags on their own property, but a 1993 federal injunction blocked effort.
  • On the campus of Washington and Lee University, a large Confederate battle flag and a number of related flags were removed from the Lee Chapel in 2014.^{[506] [507]}
  • Close to Lee Chapel is the older Grace Episcopal Church, where Lee attended. In 1903 the church was renamed the R. E. Lee Memorial Church. In 2017, the church changed its name back to Grace Episcopal Church.^{[508] [509]}
  • On September 3, 2020, the Lexington City Council voted to rename Stonewall Jackson Cemetery to Oak Grove Cemetery. Jackson is buried in the cemetery.^[510]
  • Virginia Military Institute (VMI) removed a statue of Confederate General Stonewall Jackson, a former VMI professor, on December 7, 2020. The statue is to be moved to a Civil War museum on a battlefield where VMI cadets and alumni were killed or wounded.^[511]
• Lynchburg
  • A statue of Confederate veteran George Morgan Jones was removed from the Randolph College grounds on August 25, 2017.^{[200] [512]}
• Manassas
  • Stonewall Middle School (1974) was renamed Unity Braxton Middle School in 2020.^[513]
  • Stonewall Jackson High School (1973) was renamed Unity Reed High School in 2020.
• Norfolk
  • In 2020, the city removed the statue atop the Norfolk Confederate Monument (1907) and put it into storage, pending the dismantling of the rest of the monument.^[514]
  • In June 2020 the City of Norfolk removed the long standing historical marker commemorating Father Abram Ryan "The Poet Priest of the Confederacy" which had stood on the corner of Tidewater and Lafayette Boulevard for 85 years.
• Petersburg: Three schools were renamed effective July 1, 2018.^[515] A $20,000 private donation covered the costs.^{[516] [517]}
  • A.P. Hill Elementary became Cool Spring Elementary
  • Robert E. Lee Elementary became Lakemont Elementary
  • J.E.B. Stuart Elementary became Pleasants Lane Elementary.
• Portsmouth
  • The Confederate Monument, located in the town square. Local politicians had been contemplating the fate of the monument since 2015, in 2017 the town's mayor announced that it would be moved to a cemetery, and in 2018 courts were involved to determine who owned it. In June 2020, protesters beheaded several of the statues and tore one down, injuring a man in the process. The city covered up the monument as they tried to figure out if, and when, they could move the remainder.^{[518] [519] [520]}

• Richmond
  • In February 2000, the City Council voted to change the names of the J. E. B. Stuart and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson bridges, which cross the James River, to the names of Samuel Tucker and Curtis Holt, two local notables in the civil rights movement.^[521]
  • In 2018, J.E.B. Stuart Elementary School (1922) was renamed Barack Obama Elementary School in 2018.^[522]
  • Monument Avenue
    • 2020
      • On June 10, 2020, protesters in the movement protesting the murder of George Floyd tore down the Jefferson Davis Memorial.^{[523] [524]} It had been marked with "Black Lives Matter" in 2015.^[525]
      • On July 1, 2020, the first day possible under a new statute, the city removed the Stonewall Jackson Monument (1919), by sculptor Frederick William Sievers.
      • On July 2, 2020, the statue of Matthew Fontaine Maury (1929), also by Sievers, was removed by the city.^[526]
      • On July 7, 2020, the city removed the J. E. B. Stuart Monument (1907) by Frederick Moynihan.^[527]
    • 2021
      • On September 8, 2021, the Robert E. Lee Monument (1890) by Antonin Mercié was removed at the direction of the state government.^[528]
  • On June 6, 2020, the Statue of Williams Carter Wickham (1891) in Monroe Park was toppled from its platform by Black Lives Matter protesters.^[529]
  • On June 16, 2020, the Howitzer Monument (1892) by sculptor Caspar Buberl was torn down by Black Lives Matter protesters.^[530]
  • On July 8, 2020, the statue on top of the Confederate Soldiers and Sailors memorial in the Libby Hill district was removed by the city.^[531]
  • Busts of Robert E. Lee and eight other Confederate leaders were removed from the Old House Chamber in the Virginia State Capitol building on July 23, 2020.
  • A statue of Lieutenant General A. P. Hill was taken down from the center of the Laburnum Avenue and Hermitage Road intersection on December 12, 2022, by the City of Richmond, completing the removal of statues of Confederate officers in the former capital of the Confederacy^[532]
• Roanoke
  • Stonewall Jackson Middle School was renamed John P. Fishwick Middle School in July 2018.^{[533] [534]}
• Staunton
  • Robert E. Lee High School (1967), was renamed Staunton High School in 2018/2019.^[535]

Washington (state)

• Bellingham:
  • Pickett Bridge, commemorating an earlier wooden bridge erected by US Army Capt. Pickett over Whatcom Creek. Sign erected in 1920, was removed August 18, 2017, along with signs leading to Pickett House.^[536] Signs leading to Pickett House were put back up September 2017.^[537]

• Blaine:
  • A stone marker at the northernmost end of the state designating Highway 99 the "Jeff Davis Highway" was erected in the 1930s by the Daughters of the Confederacy, with State approval. It was removed in 2002 through the efforts of State Representative Hans Dunshee and city officials, and after it was discovered that the highway was never officially designated to memorialize Davis by the State.^[538] The marker stone was moved to Jefferson Davis Park, a private park operated by the Sons of Confederate Veterans just outside Ridgefield right beside I-5.^[539]
• Everett:
  • In 2002, the Washington House of Representatives unanimously approved a bill proposed by Hans Dunshee to rename part of Washington State Route 99, which had been the Jefferson Davis Highway.^[540] The bill, however, was killed by a committee of the state's Senate.^{[541] [542]} In March 2016, the Washington State Legislature unanimously passed a joint memorial that asked the state's transportation commission to designate the road as the "William P. Stewart Memorial Highway" to honor an African-American volunteer during the Civil War who later settled in the nearby city of Snohomish.^[543] In May 2016, the transportation commission agreed to rename the road.^{[540] [544]}
• Vancouver:
  • In 1998, officials of the city of Vancouver, Washington, removed a marker of the Jefferson Davis Highway (formerly U.S. Route 99) and placed it in a cemetery shed. This action later became controversial when the issues surrounding the Blaine marker were being discussed in the state legislature in 2002.^[545] The marker was subsequently moved twice more, to eventually be placed alongside Interstate 5 on private land purchased for the purpose of giving this marker a permanent home in 2007.^{[546] [547]}
• Seattle:
  • The Robert E. Lee Tree was one of many trees in Seattle's Ravenna Park dedicated to persons of note. The tree and plaque were removed in 1926.^{[548] [549]}
  • The United Confederate Veterans Memorial was a Confederate monument in Seattle's privately-owned Lake View Cemetery. The monument was toppled by unknown persons, apparently on July 3, 2020, after weeks of protests in the city following the murder of George Floyd in Minnesota.^[550]
• East Wenatchee
  • Robert E. Lee Elementary School (1955). The school district rejected a name change in 2015,^[551] and again in 2017.^[552] In 2018 it voted to change the name to Lee Elementary School.^[553]

West Virginia

• Charles Town: It was in Charles Town, in the Jefferson County Courthouse, that abolitionist John Brown was tried; he was hanged nearby.^[554] In 1986, the UDC, who oppose memorials to John Brown, erected at the entrance to the Jefferson County Courthouse a bronze plaque "in honor and memory of the Confederate soldiers of Jefferson County, who served in the War Between the States". The local newspaper, Spirit of Jefferson, and a group of local African Americans called for its removal.^[555] On September 7, 2017, the Jefferson County Commission voted 5–0 to let the plaque be.^[556] The group Women's March West Virginia attended each County Commission meeting holding signs that say "Remove the plaque".^[557] After the 2018 elections, the composition of the County Commission changed; the plaque was the main issue in the election. On December 6, 2018, the Commission voted 3–2 to remove the plaque, and it was removed December 7,^[558] and returned to the UDC.^[559]

Wisconsin

• Madison
  • Confederate Rest section of Forest Hill Cemetery. This section of the cemetery contains the remains of more than 100 Confederate soldiers who died as prisoners of war at nearby Camp Randall.
    • In 2015, a flag pole was removed from the section. The pole had been used to fly the Confederate flag for one week around Memorial Day.^{[560] [561]}
    • In August 2017, Madison mayor Paul Soglin ordered the removal of a plaque and a larger stone monument, erected in 1906 with UDC funding.^[562] The plaque, which referred to the interred Confederates as "valiant Confederate soldiers" and "unsung heroes", was removed on August 17, 2017.^{[560] [563] [564] [565] [566]} Removal of the stone monument, which contains the names of the soldiers buried there, did not take place immediately because of legal challenges and logistical concerns. On October 2, 2018, the Madison City Council voted 16–2 for its removal, overruling a Landmark Commission's recommendation that it stay.^[562]
    • In January 2019, a stone cenotaph etched with the names of Confederate 140 prisoners of war was removed from the cemetery by the Madison Parks Department and transferred to storage at the Wisconsin Veterans Museum.^[567]

Brazil

• From 1975 to 1998, a version of the Confederate battle flag appeared in the shield and flag of Americana, Brazil, a city settled by Confederate expatriates.^[568]

Canada

• Montreal:
  • In 1957, the United Daughters of the Confederacy had a plaque installed on the outer wall of a Hudson's Bay Company store, commemorating Jefferson Davis's brief stay in the city; the plaque was removed following the Charlottesville Unite the Right rally of August 2017, in response to public complaints.^{[569] [570]}
• Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia:
  • When it was built in 1958, the Tallahassee Community School was named after the Confederate cruiser, which a local pilot had guided around nearby Lawlor Island in August 1864 to avoid Union warships rumored to be monitoring the main entrance to Halifax Harbour. Although nominally a reference to the pilot's navigational feat, the name grew controversial due to the Confederacy's support of slavery, and the school was renamed Horizon Elementary School in March 2021.^[571]

See also

• Confederate Memorial Day, also contested
• , documenting similar removals and name changes
• List of Confederate monuments and memorials
• List of monument and memorial controversies in the United States
• List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests
• List of monuments to African Americans
• List of U.S. Army installations named for Confederate soldiers
• Memorials to Abraham Lincoln
• Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.
• Modern display of the Confederate battle flag
• Neo-Confederates
• The Naming Commission

Further reading (arranged by date)

• News: We should treat Confederate monuments the way Moscow and Budapest have treated communist statues. Radley. Balko. June 26, 2017. The Washington Post.
• News: Horwitz . Tony . Is the Confederacy finally about to die for good? . . August 16, 2017 .
• News: Toppling Monuments, a Visual History . Jacey . Fortin . . August 17, 2017. October 10, 2017 . 0362-4331.
• News: Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States. Here's a List. The New York Times. August 16, 2017.
• News: Confederate Leaders' Descendants Say Statues Can Come Down . Astor . Maggie . August 17, 2017 . . October 10, 2017. Fandos. Nicholas . 0362-4331.
• News: Toppling Monuments, a Visual History. Jacey. Fortin. August 17, 2017. The New York Times.
• News: Growing Up in the Shadow of the Confederacy. August 22, 2017. Newkirk II . Vann R. . . October 10, 2017 .
• News: Ukraine has finally removed all 1,320 Lenin statues. Our turn.. August 25, 2017. Anne . Applebaum . . October 10, 2017.
• News: Empty pedestals: what should be done with civic monuments to the confederacy and its leaders?. Civil War Times. Civil War Times Magazine. 56. 5. October 1, 2017. March 5, 2018.
• Harper's Magazine. J.C.. Hallman. Monumental error. November 2017. Subscription required. front page, 27–30, 32–37.
• Absence of History. The spaces where bronze Confederates once stood. [Photographs.]. Matthew. Shain. Christopher. Bonanos. New York. August 5, 2018. 12–13.
• News: Charlottesville vs. the neo-Confederacy: How right-wingers in high places are keeping racist statues. Kali. Holloway. August 9, 2018. Salon.
• Web site: American Historical Association. Historians on the Confederate Monument Debate (collection of links). August 30, 2018. December 6, 2018. American Historical Association.
• News: The Costs of the Confederacy. In the last decade alone, American taxpayers have spent at least $40 million on Confederate monuments and groups that perpetuate racist ideology.. Brian. Palmer. Seth Freed. Wessler. December 2018. Smithsonian Magazine.
• News: Across America, racist and sexist monuments give way to a new future. Rebecca. Solnit. The Guardian. January 2, 2019.
• News: Fate of Confederate Monuments Is Stalled by Competing Legal Battles. Alan. Blinder. Audra D. S.. Burch. January 20, 2019. The New York Times.
• Confederate monuments and the problem of forgetting . Forest . Benjamin . Johnson . Juliet . 149807454. Cultural Geographies . 26 . 1 . 2019 . 127–131 . 10.1177/1474474018796653 . 2019CuGeo..26..127F .
• News: What Happened to All Those Racist Statues We Took Down? Sell it to a rich golf resort owner? Put it in the incinerator? Cities are grappling with what to do with scores of toppled Confederate statues.. Brooke Leigh. Howard. January 16, 2022. Daily Beast.

Videos

• News: A Moral Debt: The Legacy of Slavery in the USA. James. Gannon. Al Jazeera. October 25, 2018.
• Web site: Silence Sam. Ligaiya. Romero. November 2018.

External links

• , via the official YouTube channel of Vice News (4 minutes)
• Whose Heritage – Public Symbols of the Confederacy list, map, and resources via the Southern Poverty Law Center
• Web site: Social justice groups' monuments are a counternarrative to Confederate memorials. April 19, 2022. Morning Edition, NPR. Debbie. Elliott. NPR.

Notes and References

1. News: Jindal seeks to block illegal removal of Confederate monuments in New Orleans . Natalie . Schachar . August 15, 2015 . . August 17, 2017 .
2. News: Confederate Monuments Are Illegally Coming Down Across the United States . Chris . Kenning . . August 15, 2017.
3. News: U.S. cities step up removal of Confederate statues, despite Virginia . August 16, 2017 . .
4. Web site: Parks . Miles . August 20, 2017 . Why Were Confederate Monuments Built? : NPR . August 28, 2017 . NPR.
5. August 15, 2017 . Striking graphic reveals the construction of Confederate monuments peaked during the Jim Crow and civil rights eras . . August 28, 2017.
6. https://www.sah.org/publications-and-research/sah-blog/sah-blog/2017/09/13/confederate-monuments-and-civic-values-in-the-wake-of-charlottesville Confederate Monuments and Civic Values in the Wake of Charlottesville
7. December 1, 2020 . Statement on the Removal of Monuments to the Confederacy from Public Spaces . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians . en . 79 . 4 . 379–380 . 10.1525/jsah.2020.79.4.379 . 0037-9808. Sah Heritage Conservation Committee . 241554344 .
8. https://www.nytimes.com/1861/04/21/archives/the-law-of-treason.html The Law of Treason
9. https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2020/07/top-us-general-slams-confederacy-treason-signals-support-base-renaming/166778/ Top US General Slams Confederacy As ‘Treason’, Signals Support For Base Renaming
10. Web site: Why the U.S. Capitol Still Hosts Confederate Monuments . https://web.archive.org/web/20170817231502/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/charlottesville-confederate-memorials-civil-war-racism-history/ . dead . August 17, 2017 . August 17, 2017 . National Geographic . August 20, 2017.
11. News: What Confederate Monument Builders Were Thinking . August 20, 2017. . August 21, 2017.
12. Web site: Confederate Statues Were Built To Further A 'White Supremacist Future' . NPR . August 20, 2017 . August 21, 2017. Parks . Miles .
13. News: Drum . Kevin . The real story behind all those Confederate statues . August 27, 2017. . August 15, 2017.
14. News: In the South, Confederate monuments often protected, hard to remove thanks to state laws . Bliss . Jessica . Meyer . Holly . . August 17, 2017 . https://archive.today/20200731120540/https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2017/08/17/south-confederate-monuments-often-protected-hard-remove-state-laws/573226001/ . July 31, 2020 . live.
15. Web site: live . June 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230622064712/https://media.defense.gov/2022/Oct/06/2003092544/-1/-1/1/IMPLEMENTATION-OF-THE-NAMING-COMMISSIONS-RECOMMENDATIONS.PDF . Implementation of the Naming Commission's Recommendations . October 6, 2022 . . en . August 23, 2023 .
16. American Historical Association, AHA Statement on Confederate Monuments (August 2017)
17. Web site: October 2017. Empty Pedestals: What should be done with civic monuments to the Confederacy and its leaders?. June 22, 2020. HistoryNet – Civil War Times Magazine.
18. Web site: Parks . Miles . August 20, 2017 . Confederate Statues Were Built To Further A 'White Supremacist Future' . September 23, 2017 . NPR .
19. https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2017/0822/Confederate-monuments-What-to-do-with-them Confederate monuments: What to do with them?
20. News: Cox . Karen L. . August 16, 2017 . Analysis – The whole point of Confederate monuments is to celebrate white supremacy . The Washington Post . September 23, 2017.
21. Web site: Durham Confederate statue: tribute to dying veterans or political tool of Jim Crow South? . September 23, 2017 . The Herald Sun.
22. Web site: Regime Change in Charlottesville. Politico . August 16, 2017 . August 18, 2017.
23. News: Munshi . Neil . August 17, 2017 . Trump says it is 'foolish' to remove Confederate symbols . . August 17, 2017.
24. News: Stoilas . Helen. Stapley-Brown. Victoria . Charlottesville riot hastens removal of Confederate monuments throughout the US . August 17, 2017 . The Art Newspaper . August 17, 2017.
25. {{cite news Very respectfully, your obedient servant, R. E. Lee. (Charleston Courier, September 2, 1869)}}
26. Book: McKenney, Frank M.. The Standing Army: History of Georgia's County Confederate Monuments. WH Wolfe Associates. Alpharetta, Georgia. 1993. ix.
27. News: Team . ARCH International . March 29, 2018.
28. News: Benard . Cheryl . Destroying Confederate Monuments Hurts Us All—and Accomplishes Nothing . The National Interest . March 29, 2018.
29. Web site: Debate Over Confederate Monuments | C-SPAN.org . c-span.org.
30. Seigler, Robert S., A Guide to Confederate Monuments in South Carolina: Passing the Cup, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1997 p. 10
31. News: Times Are Changing As Tolerance Weakens For Confederate Monuments. NPR.org. June 22, 2020. NPR.
32. Web site: The history and future of Confederate monuments – 60 minutes. March 11, 2018 . June 22, 2020. CBS News.
33. News: Simon . Darran . New Orleans removes Gen. Robert E. Lee statue . CNN . May 19, 2017 . August 17, 2017.
34. News: Man Charged After White Nationalist Rally in Charlottesville Ends in Deadly Violence . Stolberg . Sheryl Gay . August 12, 2017 . . August 20, 2017. Rosenthal. Brian M. . 0362-4331.
35. News: Baltimore Removes Confederate Statues; Mayor Cites Public Safety . The New York Times. Nicholas. Fandos. Russell. Goldman . August 16, 2017 . August 16, 2017.
36. Web site: Confederate monuments taken down in Baltimore overnight . August 16, 2017. Colin. Campbell. Talia. Richman. Luke. Broadwater.
37. News: Here are the Confederate memorials that will be removed after Charlottesville. CNN . Jessica . Suerth . August 16, 2017 . August 16, 2017.
38. Web site: Deadly rally accelerates ongoing removal of Confederate statues across U.S. . . Jesse J. . Holland . August 15, 2017.
39. Web site: The state leading the way in removing Confederate monuments? Texas. June 5, 2018.
40. Web site: August 21, 2017 . A majority of Americans want to preserve Confederate monuments: Reuters/Ipsos poll . Reuters.
41. Web site: Reuters/Ipsos Data: Confederate Monuments . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171010165311/https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/reuters-ipsos-confederate-monuments-2017-08-22 . October 10, 2017 . October 10, 2017.
42. Web site: Edwards-Levy . Ariel . August 23, 2017 . Polls Find Little Support For Confederate Statue Removal – But How You Ask Matters . Huff Post.
43. Web site: HuffPost: Confederate Flag, August 15 – 16, 2017 – 1000 US Adults .
44. Web site: 2017 . Polling table . January 28, 2020 . maristpoll.marist.edu.
45. News: Bluestein . Greg . August 29, 2017 . Georgia lawmaker: Talk of ditching Confederate statues could cause Democrat to 'go missing' . .
46. News: Wootson . Cleve R. Jr. . August 30, 2017 . White lawmaker warns black attorney she may 'go missing' if Confederate statues are threatened . .
47. Web site: Take 'Em Down Jax . 2019 . Take Down All Symbols of White Supremacy . February 25, 2019.
48. Benjamin . Andrea . Block . Ray . Clemons . Jared . Laird . Chryl . Wamble . Julian . April 2020 . Set in Stone? Predicting Confederate Monument Removal . PS: Political Science & Politics . 53 . 2 . 237–242 . 10.1017/S1049096519002026 . 1049-0965 . free.
49. Web site: Klar . Rebecca . June 17, 2020 . Poll: Majority supports removing Confederate statues from public places . August 22, 2020 . The Hill.
50. Web site: QU Poll Release Detail . August 22, 2020 . QU Poll . Quinnipiac University.
51. Web site: Autry . Enoch . Screven County Confederate monument rededicated after original toppled . July 9, 2020 . The Augusta Chronicle.
52. News: Confederate monuments are falling, but hundreds still stand. Here's where. . . June 20, 2020 . Bonnie . Berkowitz . Adrian. Blanco.
53. Web site: Nearly 100 Confederate Monuments Removed In 2020, Report Says; More Than 700 Remain . . February 23, 2021 . Rachel . Treisman.
54. Web site: SPLC LAUNCHES THIRD EDITION OF ITS WHOSE HERITAGE? REPORT TRACKING CONFEDERATE MEMORIALS AND THEIR REMOVALS ACROSS THE U.S. . Southern Poverty Law Center . March 3, 2022.
55. Web site: SPLC Reports 48 Confederate Memorials Removed in 2022 . January 11, 2024 . Southern Poverty Law Center . en.
56. News: Reynolds . Jacob . August 17, 2017 . Georgia State Law Makes It Difficult to Completely Remove or Hide Confederate Monuments . WMAZ . November 10, 2017.
57. News: Historians: Civil War statues need context, should be moved. Martha. Waggoner. April 13, 2018. The Washington Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20180417030723/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/historians-civil-war-statues-need-context-should-be-moved/2018/04/13/69e07902-3f43-11e8-955b-7d2e19b79966_story.html. dead. April 17, 2018.
58. News: Hrynkiw . Ivana . April 13, 2018 . AG, Birmingham attorneys argue over Confederate memorial . .
59. News: NC governor has a new site in mind for 3 Confederate monuments on Capitol grounds. Lynn. Bonner. News & Observer. September 8, 2017a.
60. Web site: Piggott . Jim . November 10, 2023 . New legislation would punish lawmakers who vote to take down Confederate monuments . January 24, 2024 . News4JAX.
61. News: Why removing Confederate monuments in Tennessee is not an easy process . Holly . Meyer . August 17, 2017 . .
62. News: May 31, 2018. This Is Why Another Confederate Statue Won't Come Down In Tennessee. David. Lohr. HuffPost.
63. News: Renkl . Margaret . January 29, 2018 . A Monument the Old South Would Like to Ignore . The New York Times.
64. Web site: Tennessee Heritage Protection Act . TN.gov . January 11, 2022.
65. News: Confederate flag removed from South Carolina capitol in victory for activists . Holpuch . Amanda . July 10, 2015 . . October 10, 2017 . 0261-3077.
66. An act to ensure respectful treatment of the American flag and the North Carolina flag by state agencies and other political subdivisions of the state; to establish the Division of Veterans Affairs as the clearinghouse for the disposal of worn, tattered, and damaged flags; to provide for the protection of monuments and memorials commemorating events, persons, and military service in North Carolina history; and to transfer custody of certain historic documents in the possession of the Office of the Secretary of State to the Department of Cultural Resources and to facilitate public opportunity to view these documents . July 23, 2015 . 2015-170 . SL.
67. News: Fandos . Nicholas . Fausset . Richard . Blinder . Alan . August 16, 2017 . Charlottesville Violence Spurs New Resistance to Confederate Symbols . . October 10, 2017 . 0362-4331.
68. Kasi E. . Wahlers . North Carolina's Heritage Protection Act: Cementing Confederate Monuments in North Carolina's Landscape . 94 . . 2176 . 6–8 . 2016 .
69. Web site: Cooper . Governor Roy . August 15, 2017 . North Carolina Monuments . May 10, 2023 . Medium . en.
70. News: Jackson . Amanda . Durham, North Carolina: Seven arrested in toppling of Confederate statue . CNN . August 17, 2017.
71. News: Mayors taking swift action to avoid becoming the next Charlottesville . Ross . Janell . August 16, 2017 . . August 26, 2017. Berman . Mark . 0190-8286 . Achenbach . Joel.
72. News: November 5, 2018 . Silent Sam and Carolina Hall: The Board of quest for context . Preston . Lennon . .
73. News: N.C. ban on removal of Confederate monuments is challenged as local councils continue to bring down statues. Jordan. Green. November 29, 2019. The Washington Post.
74. News: Lawmakers pass bill allowing Confederate monument removals . Sarah. Rankin. March 8, 2020. ABC News.
75. News: Northam signs bills on Confederate monuments, LGBTQ protections. April 12, 2020. NBC29.com.
76. News: Richmond, the former capital of the Confederacy, seeks local control of its Civil War monuments. Anna. Sturla. Monica. Haider. CNN. January 6, 2020.
77. News: Alabama judge overturns law that prevents removal of Confederate monuments. Morgan. Gstalter. January 15, 2019. The Hill.
78. Web site: Judge Throws Out Alabama Law That Protects Confederate Monuments. NPR. January 15, 2019. Stewart. Ian.
79. Web site: Alabama Supreme Court upholds Confederate monument law. November 27, 2019. al.
80. Web site: Archived copy . December 3, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191129111321/https://acis.alabama.gov/displaydocs.cfm?no=985272&event=5MW0LKRVT . November 29, 2019 . dead .
81. Web site: H.R.7573 – To direct the Joint Committee on the Library to replace the bust of Roger Brooke Taney in the Old Supreme Court Chamber of the United States Capitol with a bust of Thurgood Marshall to be obtained by the Joint Committee on the Library and to remove certain statues from areas of the United States Capitol which are accessible to the public, to remove all statues of individuals who voluntarily served the Confederate States of America from display in the United States Capitol, and for other purposes.. July 22, 2020. congress.gov. November 2, 2020.
82. News: Walsh. Deirdre. House Passes Bill Removing Confederate Statues, Other Figures From Capitol. July 23, 2020. NPR. July 22, 2020.
83. Web site: S. 4382: A bill to direct the Joint Committee on the Library to replace the bust of Roger Brooke Taney in the Old Supreme Court Chamber of the Capitol with a bust of Thurgood Marshall to be obtained by the Joint Committee on the Library and to remove certain statues from areas of the Capitol which are accessible to the public, to remove all statues of individuals who voluntarily served the Confederate States of America from display in the Capitol, and for other purposes. July 30, 2020. govtrack.us. November 2, 2020.
84. Someone Toppled the 'Madre Luz' Sculpture that Briefly Replaced Baltimore's Lee-Jackson Monument. Ethan. McLeod. August 17, 2017. Baltimore Fishbowl. September 29, 2018.
85. News: Madre Luz. Steve. Harvey. Another Chicago Magazine. August 31, 2018.
86. News: Kytle . Ethan J. . Roberts . Blain . August 22, 2018 . Broken Tributes to a Morally Bankrupt Cause . .
87. News: The last stands: Richmond starts taking down Confederate statues' pedestals, too. Gregory S.. Schneider. MSN. February 1, 2022.
88. News: August 1, 2000 . Confederate general's name removed from Army's road . . Associated Press . February 23, 2018.
89. News: March 2, 2020 . Confederate items to be banned from all Marine bases . . Associated Press .
90. Web site: Report . February 10, 2023 . www.thenamingcommission.gov . en-US . February 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210014305/https://www.thenamingcommission.gov/report . dead .
91. News: Fort Lee renamed Fort Gregg-Adams to honor two pioneering Black officers . Matthew . Adams . . April 27, 2023.
92. News: VNG installation officially redesignated Fort Barfoot . Mike . Vrabel . March 24, 2023 . U.S. Army.
93. News: Washington Post Editorial Board . May 26, 2022 . Work to scrub the Confederate stain from military bases is off to a good start . .
94. News: Fort Rucker was named for a Confederate. The Army post will now be called Fort Novosel, for a Medal of Honor recipient who rescued thousands . Phil . Gast . . April 11, 2023.
95. Web site: Pentagon renames Georgia fort in final project to replace bases honoring Confederates . October 28, 2023 .
96. News: West Point will remove Confederate symbols from its campus . December 22, 2022 . Associated Press.
97. News: Alabama Gov. Bentley removes Confederate flags from Capitol grounds. Charles. Dean. June 24, 2015. The Birmingham News. June 24, 2015.
98. Anniston Star, March 27, 2022
99. News: September 28, 2020 . Alabama city removes Confederate monument following vote . Associated Press . live . December 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200930062221/https://apnews.com/article/alabama-anniston-archive-racial-injustice-0e474121273e52b1aacd6d4b53220dc2 . September 30, 2020.
100. News: Obituary for a racist symbol: Birmingham takes down Confederate monument after 115 years. June 2, 2020. al.com. Connor. Sheets.
101. News: Alabama attorney general sues Birmingham for removing Confederate monument. June 2, 2020. al.com.
102. News: Confederate monuments targeted by protests come down in Alabama, Virginia, Florida. Associated Press. Jay. Reeves. June 2, 2020. WPBI-LD.
103. News: Alabama police officer crashes into Confederate Monument while on patrol . Edgemon . Erin . July 16, 2016 . AL.com . August 16, 2017 .
104. News: A car crash topples a Confederate statue – and forces a Southern town to confront its past . Montgomery . David . August 6, 2017 . . August 16, 2017 .
105. News: Confederate monument in Huntsville removed overnight. AL.com. October 23, 2020. November 2, 2020.
106. News: 4 face felony charge for bringing down Robert E. Lee High statue. June 2, 2020. Cason. Mike. al.com.
107. Web site: Koplowitz, Howard . November 10, 2022 . Montgomery school board approves name changes for Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee high schools . August 16, 2023 . al.com.
108. Web site: University of Alabama trustees vote to rename hall honoring 'ardent white supremacist' . Montgomery Advertiser . September 17, 2020 . February 23, 2021.
109. News: Wade Hampton no more: Alaska census area named for confederate officer gets new moniker. July 2, 2015. July 2, 2015. Lisa. Demer. Alaska Dispatch News.
110. Web site: At least 3 Confederate monuments believed to be standing in Arizona . The Arizona Republic . July 25, 2020 . February 23, 2021.
111. Web site: 2 Arizona Confederate monuments on state land relocated to private property . Fox10phoenix.com . July 22, 2020 . February 23, 2021.
112. Web site: Fischer . Howard . Confederate marker stolen from Picacho Peak . Arizona Capitol Times . July 24, 2020 . February 23, 2021.
113. News: Arkansas legislators rejected a proposal to change the meaning of a star on the state flag that honors the Confederacy. Ryan. Prior. CNN. February 28, 2019.
114. Encyclopedia: County Judge, Office of. Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Kay C.. Goss. 2018. Central Arkansas Library System. April 15, 2019.
115. News: A new statue to represent Arkansas in D.C. . Clarke. Tucker. October 11, 2018. Arkansas Times.
116. News: Johnny Cash to replace Confederate statue on Capitol Hill. Colby. Itkowitz. April 17, 2019. The Washington Post.
117. News: Fort Smith Educators Target 'Dixie,' Rebel Mascot . . August 31, 2017 . August 31, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170831042957/http://www.swtimes.com/news/fort-smith-educators-target-dixie-rebel-mascot . dead .
118. Web site: Mathis . Kevan . Icon gone – General Jubilation T. Cornpone of Dogpatch fame charges into Branson for repairs . Harrison Daily Times . August 13, 2003 . July 9, 2020.
119. News: Arkansas capital renames street long known as Confederate Boulevard . Barnes . Steve . October 20, 2015 . . August 31, 2017 .
120. News: Simpson. Stephen. Arkansas statues fall, raising fresh debate. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. June 21, 2020. April 28, 2021.
121. News: Salinas' Confederate Corners renamed Springtown. The Salinas Californian. May 21, 2018.
122. News: Epstein . Jennifer Rice . Long Beach to Rename Three Schools . August 16, 2017 . The Grunion . Long Beach, California . July 19, 2016.
123. News: Harvey . Steve . Southern California does indeed have a Civil War history . July 11, 2017 . . May 29, 2010. So will Hollywood Forever Cemetery, where the Long Beach chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy maintains a Confederate monument..
124. News: Battle Over Confederate Monuments Moves to the Cemeteries . Julie . Bosman . September 21, 2017 . .
125. News: Confederate monument at Hollywood Forever Cemetery to be removed . FOX . . August 16, 2017 . August 16, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170816061359/http://www.foxla.com/news/local-news/274054184-story . dead .
126. News: My California high school had a Confederate mascot . McCormick . Chris . August 24, 2017 . . August 31, 2017 . 0458-3035.
127. News: Magee . Maureen . Robert E. Lee school name changed . August 16, 2017 . . May 23, 2016.
128. Web site: J. D. Highway . August 16, 2017 . Rootsweb.ancestry.com . August 19, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170816163806/https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~caudc/jdhway.htm . August 16, 2017 .
129. Web site: Christopher . Ward . Christopher Ward on Twitter: "This morning we removed plaque in @HortonPlazaPark honoring Jefferson Davis. Monuments to bigotry have no place in #SanDiego – or anywhere!" . Twitter . August 16, 2017 . August 17, 2017.
130. News: Bay Area isn't above the Confederacy fray: High school scrubs Rebel mascot . Taylor . Otis R. Jr. . August 18, 2017 . . August 31, 2017 .
131. News: Why Are Confederate Statues Still Displayed in the Capitol? . Ford . Matt. . October 10, 2017 .
132. News: Kennedy. Merrit. December 21, 2020. Virginia Removes Its Robert E. Lee Statue From U.S. Capitol. NPR. live. December 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201221163057/https://www.npr.org/2020/12/21/948736896/virginia-removes-its-robert-e-lee-statue-from-u-s-capitol. December 21, 2020.
133. News: Court Action Forces Confederate Museum to Close. September 12, 1997. April 15, 2019. John Edward Hurley?. Confederate Memorial Association. This is apparently an imitation news article..
134. News: Texas Built a Confederate Memorial on a Street Named for Martin Luther King Jr.. Kriston. Capps. June 19, 2015. CityLab.
135. News: Traces of the Confederacy in Washington, not all gone with the wind. David. Montgomery. April 11, 2011. The Washington Post.
136. News: Washington National Cathedral to remove stained glass windows honoring Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson . Boorstein . Michelle . September 6, 2017 . The Washington Post . September 11, 2017.
137. Web site: Associated Press . June 20, 2020 . D.C. protesters pull down, burn statue of Confederate general . POLITICO.
138. News: Protesters topple only Confederate statue in the nation's capital . Stein . Perry . June 20, 2020 . The Washington Post . July 10, 2020.
139. News: Who was Confederate General Albert Pike, and why was his statue in DC in the first place? . WUSA . June 20, 2020 . July 10, 2020 . Schultz . Kyley.
140. News: Fort Myers mayor considering options for removing Civil War pieces . October 19, 2017 . . Dave . Elias . August 18, 2017 . October 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171023230820/http://www.nbc-2.com/story/36170127/fort-myers-mayor-considering-options-for-removing-civil-war-pieces . dead .
141. [Associated Press]
142. Web site: Flsenate Archive: Information Center > About the Legislature. archive.flsenate.gov. August 28, 2017. March 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210320010103/https://archive.flsenate.gov/cgi-bin/View_Page.pl?Mode=Archives&Tab=info_center&submenu=7&File=index.cfm&Directory=Info_Center%2FArchive%2F&Location=app. dead.
143. News: Morse . Hannah . Commission votes to move Confederate monument from courthouse . Bradenton Herald . August 22, 2017. August 23, 2017.
144. Web site: In Memory of Our Confederate Soldiers. Florida Public Archaeology Network. University of West Florida. August 22, 2017. September 3, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170903123514/http://www.flpublicarchaeology.org/civilwar/monuments/in-memory-of-our-confederate-soldiers-bradenton. dead.
145. News: While moving it in the middle of the night, crews break Confederate monument . Bradenton Herald . October 10, 2017 .
146. Book: Widener, Ralph W.. Confederate monuments: Enduring symbols of the South and the War Between the States. Andromeda Associates. 1982. 8697924.
147. News: Confederate monument activists say Manatee government is being shady. Records say otherwise. Ryan. Callihan. Bradenton Herald. September 29, 2018.
148. News: Crestview's Confederate battle flag comes down Saturday. Hughes. Brian. November 3, 2015. Northwest Florida Daily News. August 16, 2017.
149. News: Civil War historian questions Lundy's legend. Hughes. Brian. January 27, 2016. Northwest Florida Daily News. August 16, 2017.
150. Web site: Daytona Beach: Confederate plaques removed from Riverfront Park . Spring . Mike . August 18, 2017 . WFTV 9 ABC . September 13, 2017 .
151. Web site: Scott . Brian . August 18, 2017 . Daytona Beach removes Confederate monuments – Story | WOFL . Fox35Orlando.com . October 12, 2017 . Three Confederate monuments were removed from a city park in Daytona Beach Friday morning..
152. News: Most Confederate statues in Central Florida have been relocated. Crystal. Moyer. WKMG-TV (clickorlando.com).
153. News: Robert E. Lee bust toppled in Fort Myers; police call it apparent act of vandalism. Bill. Smith. Dan. DeLuca. Fort Myers News-Press. March 12, 2019.
154. Web site: Robert E. Lee Bust. Artswfl.com.
155. Web site: FPAN – Destination: Civil War – Photo Gallery – Robert e. Lee Monument | Dedication of monument . May 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110604120947/http://flpublicarchaeology.org/civilwar/monuments/ft.-myers/robert-e.-lee-monument/dedication.jpg.php . June 4, 2011 . dead .
156. News: Fort Myers City Council takes no action on Robert E. Lee monuments. Bill. Smith. Fort Myers News-Press. May 21, 2018.
157. News: Supporters, foes of Robert E. Lee monument clash in downtown Fort Myers. Bill. Smith. Fort Myers News-Press. May 15, 2018.
158. News: National Battle Over Confederate Monuments Renewed After Charlottesville Violence. Daniella. Silva. August 15, 2017. NBC News.
159. News: County votes to offer 'Old Joe' to United Daughters of Confederacy . Tinker . Cleveland . Gainesville Sun . August 20, 2017 .
160. Web site: Confederate statue removed from downtown Gainesville . Andrew. Caplan. Gainesville Sun.
161. News: Hollywood's Confederate street signs finally coming down. Bryan. Susannah. Sun-Sentinel. April 3, 2018.
162. News: Confederacy in the 'hood. Why did a predominantly black district have streets named after Southern generals? In Hollywood, Florida, one man thought it was time for change. Deidre. Mask. April 2, 2020. 1843 Magazine.
163. Web site: Florida high school at last breaks ties with Confederate past. December 17, 2013. Tampa Bay Times. August 19, 2017.
164. News: School named after KKK grand wizard to be renamed — finally. Valerie. Strauss. December 16, 2013. February 22, 2018. The Washington Post.
165. News: CNN. February 22, 2018. Florida school will drop Confederate Nathan B. Forrest's name. Michael. Pearson. December 17, 2013.
166. Web site: Pierce . Tracy . Six schools to be renamed following School Board approval . Team Duval news . Duval County Public Schools . March 19, 2023 . June 4, 2021.
167. News: Jacksonille mayor removes Confederate monument while GOP official decries 'cancel culture' . December 27, 2023 . Bauerlein . David . Nguyen . Thao . . December 27, 2023.
168. News: US District judge dismisses lawsuit filed by Confederate rights groups over moving Munn Park monument in Lakeland. Moore. Kimberly C.. January 29, 2019. The Ledger (Lakeland, Florida).
169. News: Lakeland commissioners OK move of Munn Park Confederate statue. Elmhorst. Rick. May 7, 2018. Bay News 9. May 26, 2018.
170. News: Monument supporters, including former Mayor Howard Wiggs, chastise Lakeland commission over plan to use red-light camera ticket money to pay for move. Moore. Kimberly C.. The Ledger. March 22, 2019.
171. News: Commission gives go-ahead on Confederate monument move. Allison. Guinn. February 4, 2019. The Ledger (Lakeland, Florida).
172. Web site: Crews move Lakeland Confederate monument. Corey. Davis. March 22, 2019. WFLA-TV. March 22, 2019. March 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190322145007/https://www.wfla.com/news/polk-county/crane-installed-to-relocate-century-old-confederate-monument-in-lakeland/1868394011. dead.
173. Web site: Watch: Crews remove Confederate statue from Lake Eola Park . Jason . Kelly . July 4, 2017 . WFTV . August 20, 2017.
174. Web site: June 15, 2017. Crews begin preps to remove Confederate statue from Lake Eola Park. WESH. October 2, 2017. When the statue is moved, it will be placed in the Confederate section of Greenwood Cemetery..
175. News: Putnam County Confederate Memorial. August 16, 2017.
176. News: Putnam's Confederate monument to get a new home. But where?. Jim. Abbott. The Daytona Beach News-Journal. August 26, 2020.
177. News: Spencer . Brandon . Gadsden County removes Confederate statue in Quincy . WCTV . June 11, 2020 . June 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200613113745/https://www.wctv.tv/content/news/Gadsden-County-removes-confederate-statue--571205051.html . June 13, 2020 . live .
178. Web site: William Wing Loring Monument. Florida Public Archaeology Network. August 25, 2020. December 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181215121340/http://www.flpublicarchaeology.org/civilwar/monuments/st.-augustine/william-wing-loring-monument. dead.
179. News: University of Florida removes confederate monument in St. Augustine. August 24, 2020. WCJB.
180. Web site: Kriseman removes Confederate marker from St. Pete's waterfront . Frago . Charlie . August 15, 2017 . Tampa Bay Times . dead . August 16, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170816020611/https://www.tampabay.com/blogs/baybuzz/st-pete-confederate-marker-on-waterfront-remains-mystery/2333756 . August 16, 2017 .
181. News: St. Pete Mayor Orders Removal Of Confederate Marker . August 16, 2017 . WUSF . August 16, 2017 .
182. News: Florida Senate jettisons Confederate battle flag from seal . Clark . Kristen M. . October 19, 2015 . . August 19, 2017.
183. Web site: Flsenate Archive: Information Center > About the Legislature . August 23, 2017 . August 11, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170811135906/http://archive.flsenate.gov/cgi-bin/View_Page.pl?Mode=Archives&Tab=info_center&submenu=7&File=index.cfm&Directory=Info_Center%2FArchive%2F&Location=app . dead .
184. News: These 5 states still use Confederate symbols in their flags . . October 10, 2017.
185. News: Electrical fire, [Hurricane] Irma blamed for Lee Elementary fire]. Tampa Bay Times. newspapers.com. October 5, 2017. T5.
186. News: White . D'Ann Lawrence . March 22, 2018 . Confederate Statue Gets New Home In Brandon Family Cemetery . Brandon Patch.
187. News: How to move a 14-ton, century old Confederate monument. Tony. Marrero. September 4, 2017. March 20, 2018. Tampa Bay Times.
188. News: For Tampa's Confederate monument, racist history clouds claims of heritage. Contorno. Steve. June 17, 2017. Tampa Bay Times. August 15, 2017. August 15, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170815181920/http://www.tbo.com/news/humaninterest/for-tampas-confederate-monument-racist-history-clouds-claims-of-heritage/2327512. dead.
189. News: Southern heritage groups sue to keep Confederate monument at old Tampa courthouse. Sara. DiNatale. Tampa Bay Times. August 19, 2017. August 22, 2017.
190. News: Hillsborough judge denies request for injunction to halt removal of Confederate monument in Tampa. September 5, 2017. Tony. Marrero . Tampa Bay Times. October 4, 2017.
191. Web site: Hillsborough judge denies request for injunction to halt removal of Confederate monument in Tampa. Tampa Bay Times. October 4, 2017.
192. News: Giant Confederate flag lowered after threats to set it on fire. Anastasia. Dawson. June 2, 2020. Tampa Bay Times.
193. News: West Palm removes Confederate monument from city cemetery . Eliot . Kleinberg . The Palm Beach Post . August 23, 2017 . July 21, 2018 . July 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180721162124/https://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/local/west-palm-removes-confederate-monument-from-city-cemetery/hoxK1t4fjh5dbQ0hxFuP1O/ . dead .
194. News: Maxine. Bentzai. Confederate Monument Removed from Cemetery in West Palm Beach. Sun-Sentinel. August 22, 2017.
195. News: Lisa J.. Hunash. Confederate statue to be removed from West Palm Beach cemetery. Sun-Sentinel. August 21, 2017.
196. News: Confederate monument removal begins in West Palm Beach . August 22, 2017 . . October 10, 2017 .
197. News: PBC board dropped Jeff Davis' name from school 10 years ago this week Extra Credit. Isger. Sonja. June 30, 2015. The Palm Beach Post. October 7, 2017. August 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181746/http://extracredit.blog.palmbeachpost.com/2015/06/30/10640/. dead.
198. News: Confederate holidays booted from state calendar. September 23, 2016. Greg. Bluestein. Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
199. News: Confederate Memorial Day is still celebrated in these states . . October 10, 2017 .
200. News: Roll . Nick . Confederate Round-Up . August 28, 2017 . . August 28, 2017.
201. News: Shearer . Lee . August 10, 2020 . Removal of downtown Athens Confederate monument begins Monday . . July 16, 2022.
202. News: Allen . Stephanie . June 25, 2021 . Athens Confederate monument being reassembled in its new location . . July 16, 2022.
203. News: These Atlanta neighbors no longer wanted to live on Confederate Avenue. Here's what they did about it. CNN.
204. Web site: The Tide: Brunswick's Confederate monument finally comes down. The Current. May 17, 2022 .
205. News: Confederate obelisk removed from Georgia square amid cheers . June 19, 2020. Associated Press.
206. Web site: Silverman . Hollie . 2 Confederate statues were removed in Georgia within 3 days . CNN . February 7, 2021 . February 23, 2021.
207. Web site: July 21, 2020 . Macon-Bibb Commission approves moving two Confederate monuments for downtown improvements . June 23, 2022 . WMAZ . en-US.
208. Web site: Johnston . Micah . Slinkard . Caleb . June 22, 2022 . Crews begin moving two Macon Confederate monuments after years of legal battles . The Telegraph.
209. News: SCV reward grows to $10,000 for vandalized Confederate statue. Columbia Daily Herald. Mike. Christen. September 18, 2018. September 20, 2018. September 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180920145923/http://www.columbiadailyherald.com/news/20180918/scv-reward-grows-to-10000-for-vandalized-confederate-statue. dead.
210. News: Confederate monument destroyed in Sylvania; reward offered. Enoch. Autry. August 31, 2018. Augusta Chronicle.
211. Web site: Confederate flag permanently out of Veterans Memorial Park . The Wichita Eagle . August 17, 2017.
212. News: Confederate flag permanently out of Veterans Memorial Park. Tanner. Beccy. November 9, 2015. The Wichita Eagle. August 17, 2017.
213. News: Concerns spur officials to remove Confederate marker in Kentucky. Associated Press. August 26, 2020. WKRN.
214. News: New 'Rebels' logo replaces Confederate mascot at Boone Co. High School . Reinert . Melissa . August 21, 2017 . Cincinnati Enquirer . August 31, 2017 .
215. News: 10 confederate memorials that are somehow still standing. Kali. Holloway. October 31, 2015. Salon.
216. News: Panel votes to keep statue of Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Kentucky Capitol. Brammer. Jack. August 5, 2015. August 23, 2017. Lexington Herald Leader.
217. News: Some leading Republicans call for removal of Davis statue. Loftus. Tom. August 16, 2017. The Courier Journal. October 29, 2017.
218. Web site: Crews remove Jefferson Davis statue from Kentucky Capitol. Sara. Sidery. WDRB. June 13, 2020.
219. News: New Orleans relocated its Confederate monuments. What will Lexington do?. May 26, 2017. Beth. Musgrave. Lexington Herald Leader.
220. News: Lexington, Ky. approves plan to move Confederate monuments . CBS News . August 20, 2017 .
221. News: Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States. Here's a List. . October 28, 2017 . . August 28, 2017.
222. Web site: In a surprise move, Lexington removes controversial Confederate statues . Lexington Herald Leader . October 17, 2017.
223. Web site: . City relocates Confederate statues to Lexington Cemetery. July 24, 2018 . June 4, 2020. WKYT.
224. Web site: Confederate statue removed from University of Louisville campus rededicated in Kentucky. May 30, 2017 . Fox News . August 18, 2017.
225. News: Lexington mayor says Confederate statues at courthouse will be moved. Beth. Musgrave. August 12, 2017. Lexington Herald-Leader. March 5, 2018.
226. Web site: Ratterman. Lexie. Castleman statue removed from Cherokee Triangle. June 8, 2020 . June 16, 2020. WDRB.
227. News: Will Confederate Landmarks in Baton Rouge Become the Subject of Controversy?. David. Jacobs. October 3, 2017. 225 Magazine.
228. News: New Orleans Begins Removing Confederate Monuments, Under Police Guard . Mele . Christopher . April 24, 2017 . . August 15, 2017 . 0362-4331.
229. News: From Lofty Perch, New Orleans Monument to Confederacy Comes Down . Robertson . Campbell . May 19, 2017 . . August 15, 2017 . 0362-4331.
230. News: Confederate statue moved from Rockville courthouse over the weekend . Turque . Bill . July 24, 2017 . . August 15, 2017. 0190-8286.
231. News: What I learned from my fight to remove Confederate monuments. Mitch. Landrieu. The Guardian. March 24, 2018.
232. News: A monumental challenge: What to do about statues of the heroes of Dixie – and defenders of slavery [unsigned editorial] ]. May 4, 2017. . May 28, 2017 . 0458-3035.
233. Web site: Monumental Task Committee . monumentaltask.org . May 28, 2017 . July 29, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170729232805/http://monumentaltask.org/general.php?id=4 . dead .
234. News: New Orleans Mayor's Message on Race . Applebome . Peter . May 24, 2017 . . August 15, 2017 . 0362-4331.
235. News: 2 Confederate monuments should stay in New Orleans, committee recommends to Mayor Cantrell. May 12, 2018. The Times-Picayune. Kevin. Litten.
236. News: 2 Confederate monuments should stay in New Orleans, committee recommends to Mayor Cantrell. May 12, 2018. Litten. Kevin. Times-Picayune.
237. News: New Orleans Begins Removing Confederate Monuments, Under Police Guard . Mele . Christopher . April 24, 2017 . . August 15, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170425010502/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/us/new-orleans-confederate-statue.html . April 25, 2017. 0362-4331.
238. News: Who Are the other Confederate Soldiers Honored with Statues on Jefferson Davis Parkway in Mid-City?. Midcity Messenger. June 29, 2015. March 22, 2018. Alicia. Serrano.
239. Web site: Jefferson Davis statue coming down overnight, parents at nearby school told. NOLA.com.
240. News: Edward Douglass White statue removed from steps of Louisiana Supreme Court. Stole. Bryn. December 23, 2020. The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate. December 24, 2020.
241. News: E.D. White statue moved inside Louisiana Supreme Court building. LaRose. Greg. December 23, 2020. WDSU.
242. News: Before Lee Circle, New Orleans schools soul-searched their own ties to slavery. June 29, 2015. Richard. Rainey. Times-Picayune. March 22, 2018.
243. News: Jaschik . Scott . Off the Pedestal . August 21, 2017 . Inside Higher Ed . August 21, 2017.
244. Web site: Maryland Repeals State Song That Called Lincoln A Tyrant . NPR . May 20, 2021 . Neuman . Scott .
245. Web site: US: Maryland repeals Confederate call to arms as state song. July 11, 2021. www.aljazeera.com. en.
246. News: Plaque honoring Confederate soldiers to be removed from Maryland State House. Erin. Cox. Ovetta. Wiggins . The Washington Post. June 15, 2020.
247. Web site: With injunction lifted, Maryland to recall Confederate license plates. Colin. Campbell. The Baltimore Sun. October 15, 2015.
248. News: Confederate monument in Baltimore drenched with red paint . Prudente . Tim . August 14, 2017 . . August 16, 2017 . August 16, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170816011820/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-monument-vandalized-20170814-story.html . dead .
249. News: Baltimore takes down Confederate statues in middle of night . Grierson . Jamie . August 16, 2017 . . August 16, 2017 . 0261-3077.
250. Web site: Baltimore County renaming Robert E. Lee Park as Lake Roland. Larry. Perl. The Baltimore Sun. September 28, 2015.
251. News: Singman. Brooke. Nancy Pelosi's dad helped dedicate Confederate statue. The New York Post. August 24, 2017. October 16, 2017. It was May 2, 1948, when, according to a Baltimore Sun article from that day, "3,000" looked on as then-Gov. William Preston Lane Jr. and Pelosi's father, the late Thomas D'Alesandro Jr., spoke at the dedication of a monument to honor Confederate Gens. Robert E. Lee and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson..
252. Web site: Campbell . Colin . Broadwater . Luke . August 16, 2017 . Citing 'safety and security,' Pugh has Baltimore Confederate monuments taken down . The Baltimore Sun . October 16, 2017 . A group of protesters had pledged to tear down a monument to Lee and fellow Confederate Gen. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson at Wyman Park Dell near the Johns Hopkins University themselves on Wednesday if the city did not. . https://web.archive.org/web/20170411011830/http://touch.baltimoresun.com/#section/-1/article/p2p-94349787/ . April 11, 2017 . dead .
253. News: The Washington Post. October 17, 2020. Post office mural depicting slavery is covered. Taylor. DeVille. Craig. Clary.
254. News: He's on a one-man quest to take down Confederate monuments in Maryland. Julie. Zauzmer . October 26, 2019. The Washington Post.
255. News: Maryland removes its last courthouse Confederate statue. March 14, 2022. March 15, 2022. Waldrop. Theresa. CNN.
256. News: Confederate memorial outside Howard County courthouse removed . Khan . Saliqa A. . August 22, 2017 . . October 10, 2017 .
257. News: Confederate statue at Lothian church torn down, vandalized, Anne Arundel police say. Alex. Mann. Selene. San Felice. Capital Gazette. July 3, 2020.
258. Web site: The Confederate Monument in Rockville. March 26, 2017. Allen. Browne.
259. News: Montgomery County decides to hide, instead of confront, its ugly history . The Washington Post. Eugene L.. Meyer. March 17, 2017.
260. News: Confederate statue moved from Rockville courthouse over the weekend . Turque . Bill . July 24, 2017 . . August 15, 2017. 0190-8286.
261. Web site: The History and Future of the Rockville Confederate Soldier Statue. July 16, 2015. Miriam. Bunow. Peerless Rockville Historic Preservation Ltd..
262. Web site: Historic District Commission Staff Report: Certificate of Approval HDC2016-00756, 29 Courthouse Square. City of Rockville. September 10, 2015. October 2, 2018. October 2, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215302/http://rockvillemd.gov/DocumentCenter/View/12674/9-15_Item_IV-A_HDC2016-00756-Updaed. dead.
263. News: Montgomery boxes Confederate statue to protect it from vandalism. Bill. Turque. August 3, 2015. The Washington Post.
264. News: New spot for Confederate statue: site of historic ferry. Bill. Turque. February 28, 2017. The Washington Post.
265. News: March 22, 2017. James W.. Loewen. ROCKVILLE'S CONFEDERATE MONUMENT BELONGS AT WHITE'S FERRY. History News Network.
266. Book: Campbell . Douglas E.. Sherman . Thomas B. . On the Potomac River . Lulu . 2014 . 978-1-304-69872-8. 48.
267. News: Massachusetts Is Finally Removing Its Confederate Monument . . October 5, 2017 . October 4, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171004164805/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/blog/2017/10/02/massachusetts-removing-confederate-monument/ . dead .
268. Web site: Civil War plaques are on display . Mvtimes.com . July 15, 2019 . July 9, 2020.
269. Web site: Robert E. Lee show boat. Lowell Chamber of Commerce. January 4, 2017. June 23, 2020. June 26, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200626100341/https://www.discoverlowell.org/lowell-showboat/. dead.
270. News: State Representative Dave Hildenbrand Acquires Funding for Lowell Confederate Show Boat. WZZM. June 20, 2017.
271. Web site: Michigan Tax Payer's Fund Confederate Boat. Great Lakes Beacon. June 28, 2017.
272. News: Council Man Resigns After Comments. MLive. August 9, 2017. Tunison. John.
273. News: Demolition of Robert E. Lee show boat. Detroit Free Press. August 17, 2017. Bailey. David.
274. News: Demolition of Robert E. Lee show boat. Detroit Free Press. February 28, 2019. Booth. DeJanay.
275. News: These 5 states still use Confederate symbols in their flags . . June 23, 2015 . August 19, 2017.
276. News: Pettus . Emily Wagster . With a pen stroke, Mississippi drops Confederate-themed flag . Associated Press . June 30, 2020 . June 30, 2020.
277. News: Avery . Dan . Mississippi voters decide to replace Confederate-themed state flag . December 21, 2020 . NBC News . November 3, 2020 . en.
278. News: Protesters burn Mississippi flag, say it symbolizes racism . Associated Press . June 18, 2018 . Jeff . Amy . June 30, 2020.
279. News: Ole Miss takes down its state flag with Confederate emblem . Susan . Svrluga . October 26, 2015 . . June 30, 2020.
280. News: Willingham. Leah. August 8, 2021. What Follows Confederate Statues? 1 Mississippi City's Fight. Yahoo! News . Associated Press. December 30, 2021.
281. News: This Mississippi school named for Jefferson Davis is being renamed after Obama . . October 18, 2017 .
282. News: November 7, 2017 . . Attending a School Named for a Confederate General . November 14, 2017 . Melinda D. . Anderson.
283. News: Rowe . Keisha . Two Jackson schools now named for civil rights leaders instead of Confederate soldiers . December 21, 2020 . The Clarion-Ledger . Mississippi Clarion Ledger . December 16, 2020.
284. News: Removing Confederate Symbols Is a Step, but Changing a Campus Culture Can Take Years . Katherine . Mangan . June 25, 2015 . .
285. News: . Protect the values we hold dear': A closer look inside the Ed Meek, Ole Miss race controversy . Adam . Ganucheau . October 18, 2018.
286. News: Columbia Board of Education renames Lee Elementary. Roger. McKinney . May 14, 2018. Columbia Tribune.
287. News: Watch: City crews remove Confederate monument on Ward Parkway . Benson. 41 Action News Staff. Charlie. Keegan. Lisa. August 25, 2017. . October 10, 2017 .
288. News: Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States. Here's a List. The New York Times . August 28, 2017 . October 29, 2017 .
289. News: Remaining pieces of Confederate Monument removed from Forest Park . Bott . Celeste . June 28, 2017 . . August 13, 2017.
290. News: City of St. Louis Plows Over Confederate Drive. Fenske. Sarah. August 22, 2017. Riverfront Times. June 13, 2018. June 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180613040753/https://www.riverfronttimes.com/newsblog/2017/08/22/city-of-st-louis-plows-over-confederate-drive. dead.
291. News: Protesters arrested as city of Helena removes Confederate fountain . . . . August 20, 2017.
292. News: Statue defaced as U.S. Confederate monument protests grow . August 18, 2017 . . August 20, 2017.
293. Web site: Kuglin . Tom . Equity Fountain installed where Helena's Confederate monument once stood . Helena Independent Record . April 27, 2020 . en.
294. Web site: University of Nevada Las Vegas Official Athletic Site . unlvrebels.com . August 31, 2017 . August 31, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170831221337/http://www.unlvrebels.com/trads/unlv-trads-mascot.html . dead .
295. Web site: Hey Reb! and "Rebels" Nickname Campus Life . June 21, 2017 . University of Nevada, Las Vegas . August 31, 2017.
296. News: Confederate monuments removed from New Mexico highways. Andrew. Oxford. Santa Fe New Mexican. June 11, 2018.
297. November 1, 2017. [Essay] Monumental Error, by J. C. Hallman]. September 2, 2020. Harper's Magazine. November 2017. Hallman. J. C..
298. Web site: November 11, 2019. The Cry of Alice J.C. Hallman. September 2, 2020. The Baffler.
299. News: April 21, 2018. Nadja. Sayej. J Marion Sims: controversial statue taken down but debate still rages. The Guardian. September 2, 2020.
300. News: Religious leaders remove Brooklyn plaques honoring Robert E. Lee . Daily News. New York . August 21, 2017 .
301. News: Jaeger . Max . Cuomo orders Confederate busts removed from CUNY Hall of Fame . . August 27, 2017.
302. News: Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States. Here's a List. . August 28, 2017 . . October 5, 2017 .
303. News: Asmelash . Leah . Sutton . Joe . North Carolina discontinues license plates with Confederate battle flag . February 2, 2021 . CNN . February 2, 2021.
304. News: Kepley-Steward . Kristy . Santostasi . Stephanie . July 10, 2020 . Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered . . Asheville, NC . July 16, 2020.
305. News: Le . John . July 14, 2020 . Buncombe County Confederate marker removed, remnants of resentment left behind . WLOS . Asheville, NC . July 16, 2020.
306. News: Wicker . Mackenzie . July 14, 2020 . Confederate monument removed from Buncombe Courthouse property . . July 16, 2020.
307. Web site: March 19, 2010 . Zebulon Vance Monument, Asheville . February 23, 2022 . Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina . University of North Carolina Libraries / North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources . en . Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
308. Web site: William L. Saunders (1835–1891) and Carolina Hall . . February 20, 2018.
309. News: Protesters topple Silent Sam Confederate statue at UNC . . August 20, 2018 . Jane . Stancill .
310. News: Drew . Johnathan . Confederate statue on UNC campus toppled by protesters . Associated Press . August 20, 2018 . August 21, 2018.
311. News: Is Silent Sam going back up within 90 days? This law might hold the answer.. The Daily Tarheel. Casey. Quam. August 28, 2018. August 28, 2018.
312. News: Chancellor Folt announces resignation, orders Confederate Monument pedestal to be removed intact . Carol . Folt . . January 14, 2019.
313. News: A Chapel Hill highway no longer honors a Confederate leader. But what about the sign? . Tammy . Grubb . . October 16, 2018 .
314. News: Charlotte uses technicality to move Confederate monument . . Harrison . Steve . November 24, 2015 . February 20, 2018.
315. News: Charlotte police are keeping an eye on the city's Confederate monuments . The Charlotte Observer . Smith . LaVendrick . August 16, 2017 . February 20, 2018.
316. Web site: Dunn . Andrew . Could Charlotte move its Confederate monuments? . Charlotte Agenda . August 16, 2017 . June 27, 2020.
317. News: Canal . Nick de la . July 10, 2020 . Confederate Marker Removed From Charlotte's Grady Cole Center . . Charlotte, NC . August 15, 2020.
318. News: Bonner . Lynn . July 12, 2020 . Clinton, NC, removes Confederate statue after it was toppled overnight . The News & Observer . Raleigh, NC . August 15, 2020.
319. News: 8 now charged in destruction of Confederate statue. talent. gloria rodriguez, abc11 anchors, wtvd anchors, abc11 reporters, wtvd reporters, wtvd. August 17, 2017. abc11.com. August 23, 2017.
320. News: Arrests Begin Following Durham Confederate Statue Toppling. David A.. Graham. The Atlantic. October 4, 2017. limited.
321. News: . All Charges Dropped in Case of Toppled Confederate Monument . Associated Press . February 20, 2018 .
322. News: 4 Surrender in Toppling of Confederate Statue in North Carolina . Jonathan M. . Katz . August 17, 2017 . August 20, 2017 . The New York Times.
323. News: N.C. county: Put crumpled Confederate statue in indoor display . Jonathan . Drew . January 8, 2019 . .
324. News: Bonner . Lynn . August 11, 2020 . 3 years after protesters took down a Durham Confederate statue, its base is hauled away . The News & Observer . Raleigh, NC . August 12, 2020.
325. News: Tracing the history of Duke Chapel's Robert E. Lee statue. Ballentine. Claire. August 15, 2017. The Duke Chronicle. August 18, 2017. Moorthy. Neelesh.
326. News: Statue defaced as U.S. Confederate monument protests grow. Simpson. Ian. August 18, 2017. Reuters. August 26, 2017.
327. News: Robert E. Lee Statue Vandalized at Duke. Roll. Nick. August 18, 2017. Inside Higher Ed. August 18, 2017.
328. News: Robert E. Lee statue removed from campus. Staff Reports. August 19, 2017. August 19, 2017. Duke Chronicle.
329. News: Duke University removes Robert E. Lee statue from chapel . Drew . Jonathan. Associated Press. . August 19, 2017 . August 19, 2017.
330. Web site: CENTRAL JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL / JULIAN S. CARR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL . Open Durham . 2013 . Gary . Kueber . November 11, 2018.
331. News: North Carolina public school system bans Confederate flag, Ku Klux Klan symbols and swastikas . Associated Press . . August 25, 2017 . November 17, 2018 .
332. News: . June 27, 2020 . Crews remove Confederate monument in Fayetteville . . Raleigh, NC . June 27, 2020.
333. Web site: 1902 Confederate Monument, Fayetteville . March 19, 2010 . . June 27, 2020.
334. News: Escobar . Estephany . Gaston Co. Commissioners Support Relocation of Confederate Monument . . Raleigh, NC . August 4, 2020 . August 4, 2020.
335. News: Hodgin . Carrie . July 7, 2020 . Greensboro Confederate statue vandalized, removed from Green Hills Cemetery . . Greensboro, NC . July 8, 2020.
336. Web site: Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina – Pitt County Confederate Soldiers Monument, Greenville . March 19, 2010 . August 4, 2020.
337. News: . Pitt County Board of Commissioners vote to remove Confederate statue . June 16, 2020 . June 16, 2020 . . Washington, NC.
338. News: . Pitt County Board of Commissioners vote to remove Confederate statue . June 23, 2020 . WITN-TV . Washington, NC . August 15, 2020.
339. News: Gronberg . Ray . Vance County's Confederate monument is down . . July 6, 2020 . August 15, 2020 .
340. News: Williams . Chris . Time Capsule Found Underneath Removed Confederate Statue . Spectrum News . Raleigh, NC . July 20, 2020 . August 15, 2020.
341. News: Hillsborough board supports removing museum's 'Confederate' marker . Tammy . Grubb . . July 14, 2015 .
342. News: Lexington Confederate monument removed overnight into Friday. WXII 12. October 17, 2020. October 21, 2020.
343. News: Quillin . Martha . June 23, 2020 . Confederate statue has literally divided NC town's Main Street for years. But no more. . The News & Observer . Raleigh, NC . June 24, 2020.
344. News: Quillin . Martha . June 30, 2020 . NC town takes first step in relocating Confederate monument, removing soldier from top . The News & Observer . Raleigh, NC . August 15, 2020.
345. News: . June 24, 2020 . Granville County Confederate monument removed following 'credible threat' . . Raleigh, NC . June 24, 2020.
346. Web site: Confederate Monument, Pittsboro NCpedia. Ncpedia.org. August 17, 2017.
347. News: UDC: Confederate statue 'should not be illegally moved or altered'. August 5, 2019. Zachary. Horner. Chatham News + Record.
348. News: Daughters of Confederacy rejects Chatham County monument talks. What's next for statue. Tammy. Grubb. August 14, 2019. News & Observer.
349. News: Confederate statue removed from historic North Carolina courthouse. Associated Press. The Guardian. November 20, 2019.
350. News: North Carolina takes down Confederate Civil War battle flag after protest . March 30, 2013 . Paul . Harris . .
351. News: Brosseau . Carli . Leiker . Emily . Sessoms . Ben . Kasakove . Sophie . Wagner . Adam . Hajela . Ashad . June 19, 2020 . Protesters remove 2 Confederate statues from Capitol, hanging 1 from Raleigh lightpost . . Raleigh, NC . June 20, 2020.
352. News: Bridges . Virginia . Shaffer . Josh . Doran . Will . Johnson . Anna . June 20, 2020 . NC governor orders Confederate monuments removed at Capitol after statues toppled . The News & Observer . Raleigh, NC . June 20, 2020.
353. News: . June 20, 2020 . Governor Cooper orders crews remove two Confederate monuments at Capitol building . WRAL-TV . Raleigh, NC . June 20, 2020.
354. News: Bridges . Virginia . Shaffer . Josh . June 21, 2020 . Workers dismantling 75-foot Confederate monument at NC Capitol . The News & Observer . Raleigh, NC . June 21, 2020.
355. News: Carter . Andrew . June 23, 2020 . Witnessing 'a new history.' Confederate statue comes down in NC after 125 years . The News & Observer . Raleigh, NC . June 24, 2020.
356. News: Ingram . Hunter . June 29, 2020 . Confederate cannons removed from Raleigh now at Fort Fisher . . Wilmington, NC . June 29, 2020.
357. Web site: New Confederate statue goes up in Reidsville. December 12, 2013 . myfox8.com . August 18, 2017.
358. News: . Rocky Mount mayor says city council votes to remove Confederate monument at local park . June 2, 2020 . WRAL-TV . Raleigh, NC . June 24, 2020.
359. News: . June 22, 2020 . United Daughters of the Confederacy sign agreement to move 'Fame' monument in Salisbury . . Charlotte, NC . June 24, 2020.
360. News: 111 years after its dedication, 'Fame' hoisted away from West Innes Street. Bergeron. Josh. Salisbury Post. July 7, 2020. October 21, 2020.
361. News: Wood . Charles . July 8, 2020 . Confederate statue removed from Anson courthouse . . Rockingham, NC . August 15, 2020.
362. News: Band . Gary . June 24, 2020 . Confederate statue removed from Anson courthouse . . Warrenton, NC . August 15, 2020.
363. CityofWilm . 1276084729595510784 . June 25, 2020 . In accordance with NC law... . June 25, 2020 .
364. News: Jasper . Simone . June 25, 2020 . Confederate statues removed from NC city after officers were fired for racist remarks . The News & Observer . Raleigh, NC . June 25, 2020.
365. News: John . Staton . June 25, 2020 . Wilmington removes Confederate monuments overnight . Star-News . Wilmington, NC . June 25, 2020.
366. Web site: Confederate Soldiers Monument, Winston-Salem. Documenting the American South. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. March 19, 2010. August 18, 2017.
367. News: Foreman . Tom Jr. . Drew . Jonathan . Confederate statue removed from historic N Carolina court . Associated Press . March 13, 2019 . March 12, 2019.
368. News: Downtown Winston-Salem Confederate Soldiers Monument vandalized . Fran . Daniel . . December 26, 2018 .
369. News: County leaders, NAACP address Confederate statue at Alamance County Courthouse . August 22, 2017 . Carly . Hildyard . WGHP (MyFox8) .
370. News: Remove Confederate statue or face possible legal action, Winston-Salem tells United Daughters of the Confederacy . Lisa . O’Donnell . January 1, 2019 . News and Record.
371. News: Courthouse property owner asks UDC to remove Confederate monument . Jordan . Green . January 9, 2019 . Triad City Beat.
372. News: UDC files new lawsuit over Confederate statue removed from downtown Winston-Salem. Young. Wesley. Winston-Salem Journal. June 20, 2020.
373. News: UDC appeals Winston-Salem Confederate statue ruling to state supreme court. Young. Wesley. Winston-Salem Journal. January 1, 2021.
374. Web site: Mark . Ferenchik . Repaired statue of Confederate soldier reinstalled at Camp Chase cemetery . The Columbus Dispatch . July 9, 2020.
375. News: Little Ohio city swept into national battle over monuments . Sewell . Dan . August 26, 2017 . APNews.com. Associated Press . August 27, 2017. It brought sudden attention to Franklin's 90-year-old rock marker, depicting Lee astride his horse, Traveller, and situated aside the "Dixie Highway", a roads network running from Miami to Michigan..
376. Web site: Passer-by snags makeshift sign placed at former Franklin Confederate monument . Daytondailynews.com . August 20, 2017 . August 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170817171631/http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/sign-placed-where-controversial-confederate-monument-removed-franklin/puNYWUe6Cl9gJNuZWCINlM/ . dead .
377. News: Ohio high school getting rid of Confederate mascot . August 18, 2017 . Cincinnati.com . August 31, 2017 .
378. Gearino, Dan. Confederate general's historic marker removed in Worthington. Columbus Dispatch August 19, 2017. https://www.dispatch.com/news/20170819/confederate-generals-historic-marker-removed-in-worthington Accessed August 24, 2017.
379. Web site: Confederate Memorial Museum and Cemetery. November 15, 2018. Civil War Album.
380. Web site: Atoka Museum and Civil War Cemetery. Oklahoma Historical Society. November 15, 2018.
381. News: Tulsa World. Lee School renamed Council Oak Elementary School just in time for start of semester. Hardiman. Samuel. August 20, 2018.
382. News: Pennsylvania revises Confederate markers, recasts forces as 'enemy' soldiers. Colin. Deppen. December 15, 2021. Yahoo News. https://web.archive.org/web/20211215160131/https://news.yahoo.com/pennsylvania-revises-confederate-markers-recasts-100000694.html . December 26, 2022 . December 15, 2021 . live.
383. News: South Carolina Votes to Remove Confederate Flag From Dome . Firestone . David . May 19, 2000 . . October 10, 2017 . 0362-4331.
384. News: South Carolina judge dismisses case to keep Confederate flag in courtroom . Garnier . Terace . August 24, 2017 . . October 10, 2017 .
385. News: NAACP begins effort to remove Confederate statue from Hamilton County Courthouse. Hughes. Rosana. July 13, 2017. Times Free Press. August 22, 2017.
386. News: A school's Confederate flag gym mural appeared to depict a lynching, until it got painted over . Eli . Rosenberg . March 7, 2018 . . March 7, 2018 .
387. News: Sauber. Elaina. Franklin golf course drops Confederate general from name. December 1, 2017. The Tennessean. October 4, 2017. W2. Newspapers.com. registration .
388. Web site: SB2138 – Tennessee 2015–2016 – Historical Sites and Preservation – As enacted, enacts the "Tennessee Heritage Protection Act of 2016." – Amends TCA Title 4, Chapter 1, Part 4. – TrackBill. trackbill.com.
389. Johnson, Eugene J. and Robert D. Russell, Jr., Memphis: An Architectural Guide, The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1990 pp. 50–51
390. News: Stanglin. Doug. February 6, 2013. Memphis Changes Names of 3 Confederate-Themed Parks. USA Today.
391. News: Memphis renames 3 parks that honored Confederacy . Associated Press . Yahoo! News . Adrian . Sainz . February 5, 2013 . January 2, 2018 . October 13, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171013093150/https://www.yahoo.com/news/memphis-renames-3-parks-honored-confederacy-010653790.html . dead .
392. News: Memphis City Council votes on ordinance to remove Confederate statues . September 5, 2017 . WREG . WREG .
393. News: Nathan Bedford Forrest statue in Memphis draws protesters overnight . October 19, 2017 . The Tennessean . Yolanda . Jones . August 15, 2017.
394. News: Memphis to remove Confederate statues overnight following sale of public parks. Poe. Ryan. December 20, 2017. USA Today. December 21, 2017.
395. Book: Allison. John. Notable Men of Tennessee. Personal and Genealogical With Portraits. 1905. Southern Historical Association. Atlanta, Georgia. 45–51. 2. January 13, 2016. Her efficiency activity [on] behalf of the Forrest monument, now erecting at Memphis, gave her a wide and highly favorable reputation with the Southern soldiers of the war between the states..
396. News: Strickland: 'No place' for hate groups in Memphis; city expects to sue state over Confederate monuments . October 19, 2017 . The Tennessean . Ryan . Poe . August 14, 2017.
397. News: Memphis to Jefferson Davis: 'Na na na na, hey, hey, goodbye' . Fred . Barbash . December 21, 2017 . December 21, 2017 . .
398. News: Removing Confederate statues 'only the beginning' for Memphis Greenspace . Ryan . Poe . . December 21, 2017 . December 21, 2017 .
399. News: Judge rules Confederate statues removal by Memphis is legal . May 16, 2018 . . June 21, 2018 . June 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180622032703/https://www.myajc.com/news/national/judge-rules-confederate-statues-removal-memphis-legal/78sUqS1Uwl2dSQratByJAK/ . dead .
400. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/01/us/nathan-bedford-forrest-body-bring-moved-trnd/index.html The remains of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest and his wife are being removed from a Memphis park
401. News: Family With Memphis Ties Wants Bust Of Captain J. Harvey Mathes, Confederate Soldier, Returned . Annette . Peagler . December 27, 2017 . . June 21, 2018 . June 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180622042840/https://www.localmemphis.com/news/local-news/family-with-memphis-ties-wants-bust-of-captain-j-harvey-mathes-confederate-soldier-returned/889172658 . dead .
402. News: Court . Carney . The Contested Image of Nathan Bedford Forrest . Journal of Southern History . 67 . 3 . August 2001 . March 9, 2018 .
403. News: Daughters of the Confederacy reluctantly accepts Vanderbilt deal . Tamburin . Adam . August 16, 2016 . . August 17, 2017 .
404. Web site: Colleges suffer identity crisis. Cameron. McWhirter. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. February 12, 2005. December 12, 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060228062721/https://www.leonidaspolk.org/Colleges%20suffer%20identity%20crisis%20%20ajc_com.htm. February 28, 2006.
405. News: Bliss . Jessica . June 5, 2020 . Nashville school pledges to remove statue of confederate soldier from its campus . The Tennessean . Nashville, TN . June 26, 2020.
406. News: Jorge . Kaylin . June 5, 2020 . Nashville school to remove Confederate soldier Sam Davis statue . . Nashville, TN . June 26, 2020.
407. Web site: December 7, 2021. Crews remove Forrest statue from along I-65. December 7, 2021. WKRN News 2. en-US.
408. Web site: Confederate flag's history is 'sick' and 'twisted'. Danaher. William. June 27, 2015. September 5, 2017.
409. News: Sewanee, Polk, and the Old South . March 22, 2016 . Fleming . Smith . January 1, 2017 . The Sewanee Purple.
410. News: NEW MONUMENT TO BE ERECTED IN PLACE OF KIRBY-SMITH MEMORIAL . September 11, 2018 . The Sewanee Purple . Jasmine . Huang.
411. Web site: How Six Flags Over Texas overreacted to the Confederate controversy . August 23, 2017 . The Dallas Morning News . August 24, 2017.
412. News: Texas set to remove Confederate plaque from state Capitol . Paul J. . Weber . . January 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190111210428/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/path-cleared-for-confederate-plaque-removal-in-texas-capitol/2019/01/11/97afb6f8-15c2-11e9-ab79-30cd4f7926f2_story.html. dead. January 11, 2019.
413. News: Lawmaker: Confederate plaque removed from Texas Capitol . Associated Press . January 13, 2019 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190114040835/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/lawmaker-confederate-plaque-removed-from-texas-capitol/2019/01/13/91712bb2-1786-11e9-b8e6-567190c2fd08_story.html. dead. January 14, 2019.
414. News: Flynn . Meagan . September 20, 2017 . Speaker Joe Straus Calls for Removal of Confederate Plaque on Capitol Grounds . Houston Press.
415. News: Texas House Speaker Joe Straus Calls For Removal Of 'Inaccurate' Confederate Plaque . Alex . Samuels . . September 19, 2017 . June 2, 2018 .
416. News: 40 Texas lawmakers in favor of removing Confederate plaque; Abbott mum . July 20, 2018 . Johnathan . Silver . . January 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180921120203/https://www.mystatesman.com/news/state--regional-govt--politics/texas-lawmakers-favor-removing-confederate-plaque-abbott-mum/FGBg5O2kZGbPJqfzc5vQNL/amp.html . September 21, 2018 . dead.
417. News: A Guide to Confederate Monuments in Austin. Austin Chronicle. August 18, 2017. November 24, 2017.
418. News: Guide to Confederate Monuments in Austin. Austin Chronicle. August 18, 2017. November 10, 2017.
419. News: Equity Office proposes renaming 7 Confederate streets – and even the city itself. July 27, 2018. Andrew. Weber. Austin Monitor.
420. Web site: UT student government votes to remove Jefferson Davis statue. KXAN.com. March 26, 2015.
421. Tom McCarthy, "Drive to call time on Confederate flag sweeps south – 150 years after civil war", The Guardian, June 23, 2015.
422. Associated Press, "'Emancipate UT': Confederate statue defaced at University of Texas", The Guardian, May 9, 2015.
423. Web site: Jefferson Davis Statue to be Relocated to Educational Exhibit at History Center. UT News – The University of Texas at Austin. August 13, 2015.
424. Web site: Sons of Confederate Veterans take UT statue case to Texas high court . July 21, 2018 . July 3, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180703075823/https://www.statesman.com/news/local/sons-confederate-veterans-take-statue-case-texas-high-court/d2Shq9xxuyiN9KglOkTbYO/ . dead .
425. Associated Press, "Texas university removes Confederate president statue from campus", The Guardian, August 30, 2015.
426. News: UT removing Confederate statues from South Mall . Haurwitz . Ralph K.M. . August 17, 2017 . . August 21, 2017 . August 21, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170821042619/http://www.statesman.com/news/local/removing-confederate-statues-from-south-mall/g4yylLQXmHni95DraX1vGM/ . dead .
427. News: The Long, Controversial History of UT's Confederate Statues . Weber . Andrew . August 12, 2015 . KUT 90.5 . August 21, 2017 . . August 21, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170821085452/http://kut.org/post/long-controversial-history-uts-confederate-statues . dead .
428. News: University of Texas at Austin Removes Confederate Statues in Overnight Operation . Bromwich . Jonah Engel . August 21, 2017 . . August 25, 2017.
429. News: Former Texas Gov. James Hogg statue to have new home on UT Austin campus . Chelsea . Cunningham . December 7, 2018 . .
430. News: IDEA Allan school sheds name after learning of Confederate origin . Andy . Jechow . July 2, 2018 . KXAN .
431. News: Review of Brother Sid: A Novel of Sidney Lanier. NPR. August 23, 2018. May 5, 2014. Don. Noble.
432. Web site: Austin School Board Votes To Change Lanier High School's Name To Juan Navarro High School. Claire McInerny . KUT. kut.org. March 26, 2019.
433. News: Smith . Corbett . February 13, 2019 . Dallas City Council votes to take down Confederate War Memorial . limited . . Dallas, Texas . June 11, 2020 .
434. News: Wilonsky . Robert . July 2, 2019 . Appeals court rules Dallas can't remove Confederate War Memorial 'until further notice' . limited . . Dallas, Texas . June 11, 2020 .
435. News: Norimie . Hayat . June 11, 2020 . Dallas asks Court of Appeals for permission to remove Pioneer Park's Confederate War Memorial . limited . . Dallas, Texas . June 11, 2020 .
436. News: Hoyt . Joseph . Marfin . Catherine . June 24, 2020 . Workers remove last of Confederate monument in downtown Dallas . limited . . Dallas, Texas . June 24, 2020 .
437. Web site: Robert E. Lee Park – TX The Cultural Landscape Foundation . tclf.org . August 17, 2017.
438. News: Court halts Robert E. Lee statue's removal in Dallas after near-unanimous City Council vote . September 6, 2017 . . October 10, 2017 .
439. Web site: WATCH: Statue of Robert E. Lee comes down in Dallas, Texas. . NBC News . Twitter . September 14, 2017 . September 15, 2017.
440. News: Trip to Texas Civil War Museum shows why Dallas should never send its Robert E. Lee statue there. Dallas News. Robert. Wilonsky. April 24, 2018.
441. News: What Should Happen to Confederate Statues? A City Auctions One for $1.4 Million. Sarah. Mervosh. June 22, 2019. The New York Times.
442. News: Is this North Texas school district finally ready to shed its Confederate imagery?. June 18, 2020. Dallas News. Eva-Marie. Ayala.
443. Web site: New sign goes up at former Stonewall Jackson Elementary in Dallas. WFAA. June 13, 2018. November 21, 2019.
444. Web site: Dallas ISD Begins Stripping Confederate Names From Three Schools. June 12, 2018.
445. News: Dallas Can Remove Robert E. Lee Statue, Judge Rules . Haag . Matthew . September 7, 2017 . . September 8, 2017.
446. News: Dallas Task Force Votes to Keep Fair Park Confederate Images . NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth . September 22, 2017 .
447. News: Lee Park Renamed, Task Force Recommends Same for Streets. NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth. September 22, 2017.
448. News: Look away: Fort Worth has removed and disposed of two Confederate historical markers, one for a Klansman. Bud. Kennedy. Star-Telegram. June 7, 2018.
449. News: Superintendent removes Confederate symbols from South Garland High . Leszcynski . Ray . August 11, 2015 . The Dallas Morning News . August 31, 2017 .
450. Web site: High school mascots are a point of pride . Smith . Corbett . The Dallas Morning News . August 31, 2017 . August 31, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170831220914/http://res.dallasnews.com/interactives/mascots/ . dead .
451. News: Houston's Dowling Street To Be Renamed Emancipation Avenue . Associated Press . January 12, 2017 . Houston Public Media . May 31, 2017 .
452. News: At Majority-Minority Schools, Confederate Names Remain . Watkins . Matthew . July 1, 2015 . Big Country Homepage . August 31, 2017 . Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc.. Busch. Mallory . Daniel. Annie.
453. News: District renames seven schools. Austin American-Statesman. May 14, 2016. B5.
454. News: Four Houston schools get new, non-offensive mascots . Mellon . Ericka . April 15, 2014 . . August 31, 2017 .
455. News: A Confederate flag display comes down. But it was a tiny one, and the mayor wonders — why now?. Bud. Kennedy. Star-Telegram. August 17, 2017.
456. News: Our History and Mission. May 10, 2019. Commemorative Air Force. Commemorative Air Force.
457. News: Who paid to have the Confederate statue in Travis Park made and then placed in the park? . Allen . Paula . August 14, 2017 . . August 16, 2017.
458. News: Confederate statue removed from Travis Park . September 1, 2017 . KSAT . September 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170901200650/https://www.ksat.com/news/confederate-statue-removed-from-travis-park . September 1, 2017 . dead .
459. News: San Antonio removes Confederate statue in Travis Park . . Bradshaw . Kelsey . September 1, 2017 . September 6, 2017.
460. News: Ravani . Sarah . September 1, 2017 . San Antonio removes Confederate statue in Travis Park . Mysa . San Antonio Express-News . September 7, 2017.
461. News: Knox . Annie . January 13, 2015 . Dixie State University Returning Controversial 'Rebels' Statue to Artist . The Salt Lake Tribune.
462. Web site: Wilkins . Terell . The argument returns: How St. George kept its 'Dixie' name and what happens now . June 9, 2022 . The Spectrum . en-US.
463. Web site: November 2, 2019 . Shiloh Hall residents moving out sooner than expected . June 9, 2022 . Dixie Sun News . en-US.
464. News: The Ugly, Racially Charged Fight Over A Confederate Mascot. In Vermont . Carmichael . Emma . October 25, 2010 . Deadspin . August 31, 2017 .
465. Web site: South Burlington's Rebel debate goes back decades . burlingtonfreepress.com . August 31, 2017.
466. Web site: South Burlington school budget fails, again . burlingtonfreepress.com . August 31, 2017.
467. Web site: Wolves Logo, Name Unleashed at SBHS Athletic Facilities . Alexandra . Leslie . August 14, 2017 . mychamplainvalley.com . September 5, 2017.
468. News: From the archives: State Lives With a Legacy of Terror as Nation Pays Tribute to Victims' Descendants. Avis. Thomas-Lester. July 7, 2005. The Washington Post. April 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180426205632/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/from-the-archives-state-lives-with-a-legacy-of-terror-as-nation-pays-tribute-to-victims-descendants/2015/07/07/e1e531be-24bf-11e5-b72c-2b7d516e1e0e_story.html. April 26, 2018. live.
469. News: Va. lawmakers pass bills to end Lee-Jackson Day and make Election Day a holiday. Caleb. Stewart. WHSV. Associated Press. February 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200304133414/https://www.nbc12.com/2020/02/07/va-lawmakers-pass-bills-end-lee-jackson-day-make-election-day-holiday/. March 4, 2020. live.
470. Web site: SB 601 Legal holidays; Election Day, removes Lee-Jackson Day as state holiday. Virginia's Legislative Information System. March 23, 2020. June 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200616084454/https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+SB601. June 16, 2020. live.
471. News: Robert E. Lee portrait is moved from hometown City Hall to a museum. Patricia. Sullivan. The Washington Post. November 20, 2017. June 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20190407110956/https://www.ocala.com/zz/shareable/20171120/robert-e-lee-portrait-is-moved-from-hometown-city-hall-to-museum. April 7, 2019. live.
472. Web site: Statement from the Senior Warden on Memorial Plaques. Emily. Bryan. Christ Church Alexandria. October 29, 2017. April 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190407122522/https://www.historicchristchurch.org/news/statement-from-the-senior-warden-on-memorial-plaques. April 7, 2019. live.
473. News: Alexandria Confederate statue still stands after vote to take it down. WUSA. August 17, 2017. November 24, 2017. Peggy. Fox. https://web.archive.org/web/20190205044356/https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/alexandria/alexandria-confederate-statue-still-stands-after-vote-to-take-it-down/465202851. February 5, 2019. live.
474. News: 131-year-old Confederate statue removed from Alexandria intersection. The Washington Post. June 2, 2020. June 2, 2020. Patricia. Sullivan. https://web.archive.org/web/20200602205645/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/decades-old-confederate-statue-removed-from-alexandria-intersection/2020/06/02/778369a0-a4d3-11ea-bb20-ebf0921f3bbd_story.html. June 2, 2020. live.
475. News: When a county changed a Confederate highway name, some navigation apps were slow to change it. The Washington Post. Andrew. Zaleski. February 18, 2020. June 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200317024448/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/when-a-county-changed-a-confederate-highway-name-some-navigation-apps-were-slow-to-change-it/2020/02/13/101df74a-42cb-11ea-b503-2b077c436617_story.html. March 17, 2020. live.
476. News: Arlington House, Gen. Robert E. Lee's former home, won't be a symbol of the county for long. Patricia. Sullivan. December 16, 2020. The Washington Post.
477. News: McCammon . Sarah . December 18, 2023 . The Confederate Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery will be dismantled this week . .
478. News: Caroline supervisors must now decide where to relocate Confederate monument. Taft Jr.. Coghill. Culpeper Star-Exponent. First published in The Free Lance–Star. August 26, 2020.
479. News: White nationalist Richard Spencer leads torch-bearing protesters defending Lee statue. Vozzella. Laura. The Washington Post. May 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170528041807/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/alt-rights-richard-spencer-leads-torch-bearing-protesters-defending-lee-statue/2017/05/14/766aaa56-38ac-11e7-9e48-c4f199710b69_story.html. May 28, 2017. live.
480. News: As Confederate monuments come down elsewhere, can Richmond 'offer something else?'. Zullo. Robert. Richmond Times-Dispatch. May 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170521033536/http://www.richmond.com/news/as-confederate-monuments-come-down-elsewhere-can-richmond-offer-something/article_e2f6dd70-a1d4-50b1-9f50-19abf1974077.html. May 21, 2017. live.
481. News: The Statue at the Center of Charlottesville's Storm . Jacey . Fortin . August 13, 2017 . The New York Times . August 20, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170814063658/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/us/charlottesville-rally-protest-statue.html . August 14, 2017 . live .
482. Web site: Lee Statue Vandalized Ahead of KKK Rally in Charlottesville . Nbc29.com . August 20, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170819100345/http://www.nbc29.com/story/35838941/lee-statue-vandalized-ahead-of-kkk-rally-in-charlottesville . August 19, 2017 . dead .
483. Web site: Charlottesville City Council votes to shroud Confederate statues in black . Emma . Brown . . August 22, 2017 . August 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170822175604/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2017/08/22/charlottesville-city-council-votes-to-shroud-confederate-statues-in-black/ . August 22, 2017 . live .
484. Web site: Charlottesville's Confederate statues shrouded in black . FOX . fox5ny.com . August 24, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170824002701/http://www.fox5ny.com/news/275601305-story . August 24, 2017 . live .
485. Web site: Northam signs bills on Confederate monuments, LGBTQ protections. April 12, 2020 .
486. Web site: Virginia highest court rules city can remove two Confederate statues. April 5, 2021 .
487. Web site: Charlottesville, Virginia, removes 3rd monument hours after Lee, Jackson statues come down. NBC News. July 10, 2021 .
488. Web site: Confederate statue in Charlottesville has been melted down . . October 27, 2023 .
489. News: Charlottesville Council votes to remove Confederate statue after tense hearing . . September 6, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170905235527/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/charlottesville-city-council-vote-removal-stonewall-jackson-statue-n798821 . September 5, 2017 . live .
490. Web site: Why Charlottesville, Liberal College Town, Became Ground Zero for White Supremacy . Sarah . Ellison . . August 15, 2017 . August 20, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170818181146/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/08/charlottesville-liberal-college-town-ground-zero-for-white-supremacy . August 18, 2017 . live .
491. News: U-Va. board votes to remove Confederate plaques, ban open flames . Heim . Joe . . September 15, 2017.
492. Web site: Charlottesville: Confederate soldier statue removed . BBC . September 12, 2020 . February 23, 2021.
493. News: Kings Dominion changes name to beloved roller coaster. Woo. Megan. February 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191312/http://www.nbc12.com/story/37419421/kings-dominion-changes-name-to-beloved-roller-coaster. February 3, 2018. live.
494. News: A Confederate general makes last stand with high school teams. Erik. Brady. USA Today. April 27, 2018. June 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20180624035830/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/highschool/2018/04/27/confederate-general-makes-last-stand-high-school-teams/545015002/. June 24, 2018. live.
495. News: A school named after a Confederate may be three letters away from compromise. Shapiro. T. Rees. July 28, 2017. The Washington Post. September 5, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170908155358/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/a-school-named-after-a-confederate-may-be-three-letters-away-from-compromise/2017/07/26/efaf6e96-7232-11e7-8839-ec48ec4cae25_story.html. September 8, 2017. live.
496. News: With Confederate name stripped, classes start at renamed school in Fairfax County. Debbie. Truong. August 28, 2018. The Washington Post. June 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200226051738/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/with-confederate-name-stripped-classes-start-at-renamed-school-in-fairfax-county/2018/08/28/3319fdb0-aad4-11e8-b1da-ff7faa680710_story.html. February 26, 2020. live.
497. News: Robert E. Lee removed from Virginia state house and a school name as courts weigh future of Richmond statue . Pereira . Ivan . July 24, 2020 . . July 24, 2020.
498. News: Fairfax County to donate Civil War monument to preservation group. Olivo. Antonio. June 5, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20201031160443/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/fairfax-county-to-donate-civil-war-monument-to-preservation-group/2020/10/20/9c63bc04-12e5-11eb-bc10-40b25382f1be_story.html. October 31, 2020. live.
499. Web site: Renaming of The Campus at Lee (press release). Hampton City Schools. December 2017. July 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155910/http://www.hampton.k12.va.us/news/2017December/campuslee.html. July 22, 2018. live.
500. News: The Confederacy's final resting place. Marc. Fisher. May 30, 2021. Washington Post.
501. News: Confederate Monument Removed from County Land. Faleski. Stephen. Smithfield Times. May 8, 2021.
502. News: Rosenzweig-Ziff . Dan . July 21, 2020 . 'Silent Sentinel' Confederate statue removed from outside Loudoun County courthouse . January 23, 2024 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286.
503. Web site: July 21, 2020 . Loudoun's Confederate Statue Removed Overnight . January 23, 2024 . LoudounNow.com . en.
504. News: Associated Press . Va. city bans public Confederate flag displays . . June 14, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029233631/http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-201_162-20100808.html . October 29, 2013 . live .
505. Web site: Adams . Duncan . Rebel flags barred from Lexington poles . https://archive.today/20130201143614/http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/297591 . dead . February 1, 2013 . . June 14, 2012 .
506. News: Virginia university to remove Confederate flags from chapel . CNN Wire . July 9, 2014 . September 6, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170906183304/http://wtvr.com/2014/07/09/virginia-university-to-remove-confederate-flags-from-chapel/ . September 6, 2017 . live .
507. News: Washington and Lee University to remove Confederate flags following protests . Shapiro . T. Rees . July 8, 2014 . .
508. News: The day white Virginia stopped admiring Gen. Robert E. Lee and started worshipping him. Hendrix. Steve. August 22, 2017. The Washington Post. August 23, 2017. Hendrix. Steve. 0190-8286. https://web.archive.org/web/20170906191320/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/22/the-day-white-virginia-stopped-admiring-gen-robert-e-lee-and-started-worshipping-him/?hpid=hp_hp-more-top-stories-2_retropolis-lee-8pm%3Ahomepage%2Fstory. September 6, 2017. live.
509. News: This is the church where Robert E. Lee declared himself a sinner. Should it keep his name?. Boorstein. Michelle. August 22, 2017. The Washington Post. August 23, 2017. Boorstein. Michelle. 0190-8286. https://web.archive.org/web/20170822204612/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/08/22/this-is-the-church-where-robert-e-lee-declared-himself-a-sinner-should-it-keep-his-name/. August 22, 2017. live.
510. Web site: Dwyer. McKinley Strother, Shayne. September 4, 2020. Lexington's Stonewall Jackson Cemetery officially renamed 'Oak Grove Cemetery'. July 12, 2021. WSLS. en.
511. News: Virginia Military Institute removing Confederate statue . December 7, 2020 . Politico . Associated Press . December 7, 2020 .
512. News: Randolph College removes statue of Confederate }} ]. August 25, 2017 . . October 10, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171010104542/https://www.wsls.com/news/virginia/lynchburg/randolph-college-removes-statue-of-confederate-solider . October 10, 2017 . dead .
513. Web site: Unity Braxton MS & Unity Reed HS – Prince William County Public Schools . Pwcs.edu . June 29, 2020 . July 9, 2020 . July 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200714114943/http://www.pwcs.edu/news/what_s_new/unity_braxton_m_s___unity_reed_h_s . dead .
514. News: Norfolk removes Confederate soldier statue from downtown monument. Gordon. Rago. The Virginian-Pilot. June 12, 2020. June 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200612222636/https://www.pilotonline.com/government/local/vp-nw-norfolk-confederate-monument-20200612-xorrkgegmrg2bcewck3xvuosyu-story.html. June 12, 2020. live.
515. News: Petersburg School Board votes to remove Confederate names from three schools. Vanessa. Remmers. Richmond Times-Dispatch. February 7, 2018. June 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20191225054224/https://www.richmond.com/news/local/central-virginia/tri-cities/petersburg/petersburg-school-board-votes-to-remove-confederate-names-from-three/article_d2354075-3917-588c-878e-91793a0bd0dd.html. December 25, 2019. live.
516. News: After $20K donation, 3 schools change Confederate names. WSLS. July 11, 2018. July 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180711123230/https://www.wsls.com/news/virginia/after-20k-donation-3-schools-change-confederate-names. July 11, 2018. live.
517. News: June 19, 2018 . School honoring Confederate general renamed Barack Obama Elementary . . live . June 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200625010811/https://wtvr.com/2018/06/18/school-honoring-confederate-general-renamed-barack-obama-elementary/ . June 25, 2020.
518. News: Portsmouth Mayor: Move Confederate monument to cemetery. August 17, 2017. WVEC. September 1, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170821212557/http://www.13newsnow.com/news/local/mycity/portsmouth/portsmouth-mayor-move-confederate-monument-to-cemetery-1/465200326. August 21, 2017. live.
519. News: Confederate statues: In 2020, a renewed battle in America's enduring Civil War. Marc. Fisher. June 11, 2020. The Washington Post. June 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200624185420/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/11/confederate-statues-attacked-protesters-george-floyd/. June 24, 2020. live.
520. News: Confederate monument in Virginia covered with trash bags. June 11, 2020. ABC News. https://web.archive.org/web/20200611121658/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/confederate-monument-virginia-covered-trash-bags-71171106. June 11, 2020. live.
521. Book: Brundidge, W. Fitzhugh . The Southern Past: A Clash of Race and Memory . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . 2005 . 0674018761 . Quoted at https://civilwartalk.com/threads/after-the-war-memorials-to-forrest-went-up-while-ft-pillow-victims-were-ignored.134174/, retrieved March 6, 2018.
522. News: Hauser . Christine . June 19, 2018 . Virginia School Drops Confederate General's Name in Favor of Obama's . . live . June 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190909181248/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/19/us/barack-obama-elementary-school.html . September 9, 2019.
523. News: Statue of Jefferson Davis torn down on Monument Avenue . Zach. Joachim. Johanna. Alonso. Richmond Times-Dispatch. June 10, 2020.
524. News: Jefferson Davis statue torn down in Richmond . June 11, 2020 . Associated Press . June 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200623062720/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/06/11/jefferson-davis-statue-torn-down-in-richmond-312774 . June 23, 2020 . live .
525. News: The Guardian. Confederate monuments tagged with anti-racist messages – in pictures. June 26, 2015.
526. News: Stonewall Jackson statue, other Confederate monuments come down along Richmond's Monument Avenue . USA Today . July 2, 2020 . July 5, 2020 .
527. News: July 7, 2020. Richmond removes statue of Confederate Gen. J.E.B. Stuart. ABC News. July 8, 2020.
528. Web site: Rankin . Sarah . September 8, 2021 . Statue of Gen. Robert E. Lee comes down in Virginia capital . September 8, 2021 . apnews.com.
529. News: UPDATE: Protesters pull down Confederate statue in Richmond's Monroe Park. Sabrina. Moreno. Richmond Times-Dispatch. June 6, 2020. June 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622033919/https://www.richmond.com/news/local/update-protesters-pull-down-confederate-statue-in-richmonds-monroe-park/article_8e071910-e47f-5114-bb05-325e39fc20fd.html. June 22, 2020. live.
530. News: Protesters tear down another Confederate statue in Richmond. Holly. Prestidge. Johanna. Alonso. Richmond Times-Dispatch. June 16, 2020. June 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200617135550/https://www.richmond.com/news/local/update-protesters-tear-down-another-confederate-statue-in-richmond/article_c3cc28ee-3018-58e4-9530-10f7ed5372d9.html. June 17, 2020. live.
531. News: Crews removing Confederate Soldiers and Sailors statue in Richmond's Libby Hill Park. Richmond Times-Dispatch. July 8, 2020.
532. Web site: Watson. Michelle. Chavez. Nicole. Richmond is removing its last remaining Confederate statue. CNN. December 12, 2022. December 15, 2022.
533. News: Virginia school named for Confederate general to be renamed. July 16, 2018. The Seattle Times. Associated Press.
534. News: Roanoke school board decides on name change for Stonewall Jackson Middle. Alison Wickline, Heather. Butterworth. July 16, 2018. WSLS-TV. June 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200620123554/https://www.wsls.com/news/2018/07/16/roanoke-school-board-decides-on-name-change-for-stonewall-jackson-middle/. June 20, 2020. live.
535. News: Staunton School Board votes on new name for R.E. Lee High School. Stewart. Caleb. November 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181113031729/https://www.whsv.com/content/news/Staunton-School-Board-reveals-decision-new-name-for-RE-Lee-High-School-500318491.html. November 13, 2018. live.
536. News: Pratt . Denver . August 18, 2017 . Bellingham removes signs on bridge named for Confederate general . .
537. News: Pratt . Denver . September 11, 2017 . Commission to research Pickett Bridge history; Pickett House directional signs go back up . .
538. News: Confederate symbols also blight the Northwest . Berger . Knute . June 22, 2015 . . August 20, 2017 .
539. News: Jefferson Davis Park . June 27, 2014 . Sons of Confederate Veterans Pacific NW Division . August 20, 2017 .
540. News: Julie. Muhlstein. https://web.archive.org/web/20160920203319/https://www.heraldnet.com/news/highway-99-renamed-in-honor-of-snohomish-settler-william-p-stewart/. September 20, 2016. Highway 99 renamed in honor of Snohomish settler William P. Stewart. May 21, 2016. The Everett Herald. Everett, Washington. Everett Herald and Sound Publishing, Inc.. September 20, 2016.
541. News: Road Named for Jefferson Davis Stirs Spirited Debate . The New York Times . Verhovek . Sam Howe . February 14, 2002 . October 13, 2013.
542. News: Senate Committee Kills Plan To Rename Jefferson Davis Highway . KOMOnews.com . Sinclair Interactive Media . Seattle, Washington . August 30, 2006 . November 8, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131109012226/https://www.komonews.com/news/archive/4035226.html . November 9, 2013 .
543. (1) Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160920194149/https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2015-16/Pdf/Bills/House%20Passed%20Legislature/4010.PL-WP%20Stewart%20mem%20highway-SR-99.pdf. September 20, 2016. House Joint Memorial 4010: As Amended by the Senate. 64th Legislature: 2016 Regular Session. Washington State Legislature. March 8, 2016. September 20, 2016.
     (2) Web site: History of the Bill as of Tuesday, September 20, 2016. HJM 4010 – 2015–16: Requesting that state route number 99 be named the "William P. Stewart Memorial Highway". Washington State Legislature. September 20, 2016.
     (3) Encyclopedia: https://web.archive.org/web/20160404231151/https://www.blackpast.org/aaw/stewart-william-p-1839-1907. April 4, 2016. Stewart, William P. (1839–1907). African American History in the American West: Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places. 2015. BlackPast.org. September 20, 2016.
544. News: Cornfield . Jerry . May 17, 2016 . SR 99 to be renamed for Snohomish black Civil War soldier . https://web.archive.org/web/20160609220442/https://www.heraldnet.com/article/20160518/NEWS01/160519114/SR-99-to-be-renamed-for-Snohomish-black-Civil-War-soldier. June 9, 2016. The Everett Herald. Everett, Washington. Everett Herald and Sound Publishing, Inc.. September 20, 2016.
545. News: Road Named for Jefferson Davis Stirs Spirited Debate. May 8, 2009 . The New York Times . February 14, 2002. Another granite marker proclaiming the road's designation as the Jefferson Davis Highway was erected at the time in Vancouver, Wash., at the highway's southern terminus. It was quietly removed by city officials four years ago and now rests in a cemetery shed there, but publicity over the bill has brought its mothballing to light and stirred a contentious debate there about whether it should be restored..
546. Web site: History of the Jefferson Davis Park. October 30, 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080828062427/https://www.scvportland.org/jdp_park.html. August 28, 2008.
547. Web site: Jefferson Davis Park. October 30, 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080723181731/https://www.scvportland.org/jdp_index.html. July 23, 2008.
548. Web site: Wrestling with the ghosts of Confederate monuments. Banel. Feliks. May 19, 2017. MYNorthwest. May 19, 2017.
549. News: Horcher. Gary . August 19, 2017 . Washington State Confederate monuments face controversy, again. Kiro 7 News. August 19, 2017.
550. News: Carder . Justin . Confederate memorial in Capitol Hill's Lake View Cemetery toppled . CHS Capitol Hill Seattle News . July 5, 2020 . July 6, 2020.
551. Web site: Eastmont School Board Receives Input on Robert E Lee School Name Change. Steve. Hair. August 22, 2017. ncwlife.com. August 23, 2017.
552. Web site: Why East Wenatchee has a "Robert E. Lee Elementary School" – and why it won't be changing its name. Walters. Daniel. August 15, 2017. Inlander. August 17, 2017.
553. Web site: Robert E. Lee Elementary changed to Lee Elementary. Meyer. Madison. January 9, 2018. ifiberone.com. January 9, 2018.
554. News: Civil War's legacy hangs over a plaque honoring Confederate soldiers. Heim. Joe. The Washington Post. October 16, 2017.
555. News: Plaque activist: Linda Ballard: Tribute to Confederates wrong for courthouse entrance. Christine. Snyder. Spirit of Jefferson. September 17–23, 2017.
556. News: Courthouse plaque turnaround. Christine. Snyder. Spirit of Jefferson. October 12, 2017.
557. News: Confronting the Confederacy, Again. And Again. The Observer. 10–11. Katie. Quinnelly. November 2018. December 12, 2018. November 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181114060236/https://wearetheobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1811_Observer_FINAL_48.o..pdf. dead.
558. News: JCC votes 3–2 to boot the plaque. Christine. Snyder. Spirit of Jefferson. December 12, 2018.
559. News: OPINION: Finally righting a wrong at our historic courthouse. Spirit of Jefferson. December 12, 2018.
560. Web site: Soglin orders removal of Confederate monuments from Forest Hill Cemetery . Dan . Plutchak . Wkow.com . August 20, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170820080546/http://www.wkow.com/story/36158682/2017/08/17/madison-to-remove-confederate-monuments-from-cemetery . August 20, 2017 . dead .
561. Web site: Battle over Confederate history hits Madison . August 16, 2017 . Isthmus.com . August 20, 2017.
562. News: Madison City Council overturns Confederate monument decision, supports removal. Logan. Wroge. October 3, 2018. Wisconsin State Journal.
563. News: Madison mayor orders removal of two Confederate memorials from cemetery. Nelson. James B.. August 17, 2017. USA Today. September 5, 2017.
564. Web site: Confederate Rest. wisconsinhistoricalmarkers.com. November 1, 2018. December 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181215121816/http://www.wisconsinhistoricalmarkers.com/2015/08/confederate-rest.html. dead.
565. News: Madison Mayor Paul Soglin orders removal of Confederate monuments at Forest Hill Cemetery . Wroge . Logan . August 18, 2017 . . August 20, 2017.
566. Web site: Statement of Madison Mayor Paul Soglin on Removal of Confederate Memorials . Cityofmadison.com . City of Madison, Wisconsin . August 20, 2017.
567. News: Petrovic . Phoebe . Confederate Monument In Madison Cemetery Removed . May 28, 2019 . Wisconsin Public Radio . January 11, 2019.
568. Web site: Símbolos do Município. Prefeitura de Americana. May 15, 2019. 2012. https://archive.today/20120709053601/http://devel.americana.sp.gov.br/americanaV5/americanaEsmv5_Index.php?it=6&a=simbolos&i=1&. dead. July 9, 2012.
569. News: Plaque honouring Confederate leader Jefferson Davis removed from Montreal building . . August 17, 2017.
570. News: Confederate plaque on Montreal Hudson's Bay store removed . Leavitt . Sarah . August 15, 2017 . . August 20, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201221165127/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada-1.4248206 . December 21, 2020 . live.
571. News: Lau . Rebecca . Two Halifax-area schools unveil new names after efforts to lose controversial namesakes . . March 31, 2021 . October 17, 2022.