Religious affiliation in the United States Senate explained

The religious affiliation in the United States Senate reflects the variety of religion in the United States, despite not being in line with the religious affiliation of the general population.

While the religious preference of elected officials is by no means an indication of their allegiance nor necessarily reflective of their voting record, the religious affiliation of prominent members of all three branches of government is a source of commentary and discussion among the media and public. The topic is also of interest to religious groups and the general public who may appeal to senators of their denomination on religious or moral issues facing the United States Senate.

This list reports the religious affiliation of the members of the United States Senate in the 118th United States Congress. In most cases, in addition to specific sources, the senators' religious affiliations are those mentioned by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life at the Pew Research Center, which publishes a report at the beginning of each Congress.^{[1] [2]}

Christians (85)

Protestants (55)

Presbyterians (11)

Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
align=left nowrap	John Barrasso		Republican	Wyoming	Presbyterian^[3] ^[4]	Denomination: PCUSA; former Catholic.
align=left nowrap	Marsha Blackburn		Republican	Tennessee	Presbyterian^[5]	Denomination: PCA.
align=left nowrap	Shelley Moore Capito		Republican	West Virginia	Presbyterian^[6]	Denomination: PCUSA.
align=left nowrap	Tom Carper		Democrat	Delaware	Presbyterian^[7] ^[8]	Denomination: PCUSA.
align=left nowrap	Chris Coons		Democrat	Delaware	Presbyterian^[9] ^[10]	Attends a Catholic church.^[11]
align=left nowrap	Steve Daines		Republican	Montana	Presbyterian^[12]	Denomination: EPC.^[13] ^[14]
align=left nowrap	Deb Fischer		Republican	Nebraska	Presbyterian^[15] ^[16]
align=left nowrap	Josh Hawley		Republican	Missouri	Presbyterian^[17]	Raised as a Methodist;^[18] denomination: EPC.^[19]
align=left nowrap	Rand Paul		Republican	Kentucky	Presbyterian^[20] ^[21]	Raised as an Episcopalian.^[22] ^[23]
align=left nowrap	Tina Smith		Democrat	Minnesota	Presbyterian	Swore by an old Heilige Bibel, a family Bible.^[24]
align=left nowrap	Mark Warner		Democrat	Virginia	Presbyterian^[25] ^[26]

Baptists (10)

Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
align=left nowrap	Cory Booker		Democrat	New Jersey	Baptist^[27]	Denomination: NBC.^[28] Raised as a Methodist.^[29]
align=left nowrap	John Boozman		Republican	Arkansas	Baptist^[30] ^[31]	Denomination: SBC.
align=left nowrap	Ted Cruz		Republican	Texas	Baptist^[32] ^[33]	Denomination: SBC.
align=left nowrap	Lindsey Graham		Republican	South Carolina	Baptist^[34] ^[35]	Denomination: SBC.
align=left nowrap	Chuck Grassley		Republican	Iowa	Baptist^[36] ^[37]	Denomination: BGC; attends a non-denominational church.^[38]
align=left nowrap	Cindy Hyde-Smith		Republican	Mississippi	Baptist^[39]	Denomination: SBC.
align=left nowrap	James Lankford		Republican	Oklahoma	Baptist^[40] ^[41]

Notes and References

1. Web site: Diamant . Jeff . Faith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 118th Congress . Pew Research Center . January 3, 2023.
2. Web site: Religious affiliation of members of 118th Congress. Pew Research Center. January 3, 2023.
3. Web site: Sen. John Barrasso (R-Wyo.) . rollcall.com . March 21, 2013.
4. Web site: Sen. John Barrasso (R-WY) 2nd term Republican from Wyoming. Appt. June 22, 2007. . University of California, Santa Cruz . ucforcalifornia.org . March 21, 2013. University of California, Santa Cruz .
5. News: Barnette . Amy . Marsha Blackburn – 7th Congressional District . . June 30, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121018000422/http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2010/jun/30/marsha-blackburn----7th-congressional-district/ . October 18, 2012.
6. Web site: Shelley Moore Capito.
7. Web site: Thomas R. Carper Congressional Papers Biographical Note . University of Delaware . lib.udel.edu . January 19, 2011. University of Delaware .
8. Web site: Tom Carper . businessinsider.com . March 21, 2013.
9. Web site: Senator Coons talks about faith and poverty . coons.senate.gov . March 9, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130225110942/http://www.coons.senate.gov/blog/?tag=Religion . February 25, 2013 .
10. News: With O'Donnell as Foil, Democrat Plays It Safe . Frank Bruni . New York Times . October 11, 2010.
11. Web site: Sen. Christopher A. Coons, Democrat . https://web.archive.org/web/20190110184056/https://thehill.com/extra-site/congress/293150-sen-christopher-a-coons-democrat . dead . January 10, 2019 . June 29, 2016.
12. Web site: Steve Daines.
13. Web site: Steve Daines. Ballotpedia.
14. Web site: Welcome to Springville Church!. Springville Presbyterian Church.
15. Web site: Roll Call New Member Profiles: 113th Congress Deb Fischer, R-Nebraska Senate . rollcall.com . March 24, 2013.
16. Web site: Fischer: Don't count me out . Leslie Reed . . April 22, 2012 . dead . https://archive.today/20130131064801/http://www.omaha.com/article/20120421/NEWS01/704219916 . January 31, 2013 .
17. Web site: Josh Hawley Didn't Call for Christian Revolution . 17 September 2022 .
18. Web site: Christian Nationalist sentiments of eight senators voting not to certify - Freedom from Religion Foundation .
19. Web site: Josh Hawley Didn't Call for Christian Revolution . 17 September 2022 .
20. Web site: Rand Paul, Jack Conway Senate race turns bitter over religious accusations . Associated Press . Bruce Schreiner . Roger Alford . . October 18, 2010 .
21. Web site: Will Rand Paul run for president in 2012? . Steve Kornaki . salon.com . May 17, 2010.
22. Web site: 5 faith facts about Rand Paul: 'My faith has never been easy for me'. February 2016.
23. News: Ron Paul - Presidential Election of 2008 - Elections - Candidates - Republicans. The New York Times. February 22, 2007. Caldwell. Christopher.
24. News: There's a story behind that old Bible Tina Smith took the Senate oath on [sic] ]. January 3, 2018 . Pioneer Press.
25. News: The Fallback . Matt Bai . New York Times . March 12, 2006.
26. News: 2008 Democratic Hopefuls OFF THE TRAIL - Mark Warner . CBS News . March 22, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101203034805/http://www.cbsnews.com/2316-100_162-1876466-14.html . December 3, 2010 .
27. Web site: Dan Gilgoff. Newark Mayor Cory Booker's Course on World Religions. U.S. News & World Report. August 7, 2009. May 21, 2012.
28. News: Cory Booker's Pastor Literally Anointed Him Ahead of His Big Campaign Announcement. January 6, 2023. Relevant. February 1, 2019.
29. Web site: Newark Mayor Cory Booker's Course on World Religions (In Hebrew and English) - God & Country. https://web.archive.org/web/20130617175931/http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/god-and-country/2009/08/07/newark-mayor-cory-bookers-course-on-world-religions-in-hebrew-and-english. August 7, 2009. June 17, 2013. U.S. News & World Report.
30. News: John Boozman (R) . Washington Post . March 22, 2013.
31. Web site: What Is John Boozman's Religion? . James O'Bryan . politicsdaily.com . March 22, 2013.
32. Web site: Profile: A man of many contrasts, Ted Cruz defies easy stereotypes . Lisa Olson . Houston Chronicle . chron.com . October 15, 2012. Houston Chronicle .
33. Web site: Ted Cruz Wins In Texas GOP Senate Runoff . Elizabeth Hartfield . abcnews.go.com . July 31, 2012.
34. Web site: NationalJournal Sen. Lindsey Graham (R) South Carolina . National Journal . March 22, 2013.
35. Web site: Senator Lindsey Graham to Deliver Spring Commencement Address . Rebecca Eidson . Tri-County Technical College . tctc.edu . April 24, 2012. Tri-County Technical College .
36. Web site: Chuck Grassley of Iowa --- United States Senator . grassley.senate.gov . March 22, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130326111850/http://www.grassley.senate.gov/about/Biography.cfm . March 26, 2013 .
37. Web site: Sen. Charles E. Grassley (R-Iowa) . rollcall.com . March 22, 2013.
38. Chuck Grassley. senatorchuckgrassley. BnELtLuFcuD. At the time of our marriage, I attended New Hartford Baptist & Barbara attended Church of the Brethren. So, on Aug 29-one wk after our wedding, we decided to seek a "neutral" place of worship. We checked out Prairie Lakes & never sought another venue. Today is our 64 yr anniversary of worshipping here.. August 29, 2018.
39. Web site: Meet Cindy.
40. Book: Barone, Michael. The Almanac of American Politics 2012. Chuck McCutcheon. National Journal Group. 2011. 978-0-226-03807-0. Washington, D.C.. 1331–1333. Michael Barone (pundit). Chuck McCutcheon.
41. Web site: Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) . rollcall.com . March 22, 2013.
42. Web site: Almanac Sen. Mitch McConnell (R) Kentucky . National Journal . November 9, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121106084002/http://www.nationaljournal.com/pubs/almanac/2000/people/ky/kys1.htm . November 6, 2012 .
43. Web site: ISSUE STATEMENT : Family Values Protecting Family Values . wicker.senate.gov . March 22, 2013.
44. Web site: U.S. Sen. Roger Wicker to Deliver Commencement Address . Edwin Smith . University of Mississippi . April 12, 2012.
45. Web site: Meet Katie Britt. Katie Britt US Senate Alabama First. January 4, 2023.
46. Web site: Cotton draws religious beliefs into Arkansas Senate fight. Arkansas News Bureau. July 2, 2014.
47. News: King Cotton. January 4, 2023. United Methodist Insight. September 9, 2020.
48. Web site: John Kennedy | United States senator [born 1951]]. Encyclopedia Britannica. 15 July 2023 .
49. News: Jerry Moran (R) . Washington Post . June 30, 2004.
50. Web site: News Archives United Methodist numbers increase in Congress . United Methodist Church . archives.umc.org . November 13, 2000. United Methodist Church .
51. Web site: Biography. United States Senator for Kansas Jerry Moran.
52. Web site: 45 United Methodists in diverse Congress . Albert J. Menendez . United Methodist Church . umc.org . November 27, 2012 . United Methodist Church . dead . https://archive.today/20130416023050/http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=5259669&ct=12508661 . April 16, 2013 .
53. Web site: Michigan Manual 2009-2010 SENATOR DEBBIE STABENOW . legislature.mi.gov . March 23, 2013.
54. Web site: Biography. Debbie Stabenow United States Senator.
55. Web site: The Case For Elizabeth Warren . Katrina vanden Heuvel . . July 20, 2010.
56. Web site: Elizabeth Warren to DNC: The 'system is rigged' against you . Chris Moody . news.yahoo.com . September 5, 2012.
57. News: Elizabeth Warren launches interfaith initiative, hopes to appeal to faith communities. January 4, 2023. The Christian Century. February 10, 2020.
58. News: Religion is constant part of Elizabeth Warren's life . September 2, 2017 . Victoria McGrane . Boston Globe.
59. Web site: Lutherans in Congress. January 5, 2015. Living Lutheran.
60. News: New Member Profile: Sen.-Elect Sherrod Brown (D—Ohio) . New York Times . November 7, 2007.
61. Web site: Sherrod Brown says 'Happy Jewish New Year.' Josh Mandel says it shows he's worried. . Stephen Koff . cleveland.com . September 21, 2011.
62. Web site: Roll Call New Member Profiles: 113th Congress Martin Heinrich, D-N.M. (Senate) . rollcall.com . March 22, 2013.
63. Web site: Senator Martin T. Heinrich's Biography . votesmart.org . March 22, 2013.
64. Web site: Republican U.S. Senator Ron Johnson, of Oshkosh, carves niche as deficit hawk . Larry Givins . Gannett Company . thenorthwestern.com . January 8, 2012. Gannett Company .
65. Web site: JUNIOR SENATOR/WISCONSIN Sen. Ron Johnson (R) Elected 2010; 1st term . Crop Science Society of America . crops.org.
66. Web site: Sen. Cynthia Lummis, R-Wyo. . Roll Call.
67. Web site: Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-Ore.) . rollcall.com . March 22, 2013.
68. Web site: Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) 1st term Democrat from Oregon. . University of California, Los Angeles. ucla.ucforcalifornia.org . March 22, 2013. University of California, Los Angeles .
69. Web site: Episcopalian Senators of the United States Senate. Civil. Services. Civil Services. July 2020 .
70. Web site: The making of a man without a party The former governor's view of the world was shaped long before be [sic] ran for public office, and will likely continue to inform his choices. . . Colin Woodard . September 23, 2012.
71. News: Independent's Day: King hopes to bridge divided D.C. . Alan Silverleib . cnn.com . February 15, 2013.
72. Web site: Sen. Gary Peters (D-Mich.) . RollCall.com . September 8, 2014.
73. News: Michigan Senate: Gary Peters (D) . https://archive.today/20150105203944/http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/2014-new-members/michigan-senate-gary-peters-d-20141104 . dead . January 5, 2015 . National Journal . 2014 .
74. Web site: 17 Episcopalians in Congress Who Oppose Gay Marriage. July 2, 2015. InsideSources.
75. Web site: Senator Sheldon Whitehouse's Biography . votesmart.org . March 23, 2012.
76. Web site: Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-R.I.) . rollcall.com . March 23, 2012.
77. News: About 60 the 138 House members who objected to the Electoral College count were evangelical Christians. January 4, 2023. Current. January 9, 2021.
78. News: Bill Cassidy . ballotpedia.org .
79. Web site: Rick Scott left Presbyterian church to help found Naples Community Church. July 31, 2010.
80. Web site: GOP's Tim Scott's star rockets to the top . mcclatchydc.com . September 26, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140322043944/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/09/26/125308/gops-tim-scotts-star-rockets-to.html . March 22, 2014 .
81. News: Santorum Gains Support from Social Conservatives . . January 15, 2012.
82. News: John Randolph Thune (R) . Washington Post . March 22, 2013.
83. News: John Thune Fast Facts . cnn.com . March 7, 2013.
84. Web site: Texas delegation in depth: John Cornyn . Houston Chronicle . chron.com . August 3, 2010. Houston Chronicle .
85. Web site: Texas: Junior Senator Sen. John Cornyn (R) . National Journal . June 22, 2005 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121107030019/http://www.nationaljournal.com/pubs/almanac/2006/people/tx/txs2.htm . November 7, 2012 .
86. Web site: The Voter's Self Defense System .
87. Web site: Great Bend Pastor gives opening prayer on Capitol Hill . 12 October 2017 .
88. Web site: What churches do U.S. senate candidates Tuberville, Jones attend? . AL.com . October 28, 2020.
89. Book: Official Congressional Directory: 110th Congress : 2007-2008 . United States Government Printing Office . United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing . March 22, 2013. Government Printing Office . 9780160788796 . United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing . United States Government Printing Office .
90. Web site: Congressional Directory for the 112th Congress (2011-2012), December 2011. . United States Government Printing Office . gpo.gov . March 22, 2013. United States Government Printing Office .
91. Web site: Congress's 'Other' Christians: The Fastest-Growing Faith on the Hill . 3 January 2019 .
92. News: Rep. Markwayne Mullin, Cherokee, Among The Hill's '50 Most Beautiful'. January 4, 2023. ICT. July 31, 2014.
93. Web site: Meet Markwayne. Mullin U.S. Senate.
94. News: Sen.-Elect Jon Tester (D—Mont.) . New York Times . November 8, 2006.
95. News: John Hickenlooper: Everything you need to know about the former 2020 presidential candidate . ABC News . August 15, 2019.
96. News: The Happy Shrewdness of John W. Hickenlooper . August 2012 . 5280.
97. Web site: NationalJournalAlmanac Connecticut District 5 Rep. Chris Murphy (D) . https://archive.today/20130411111718/http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/2010/person/chris-murphy-ct/ . dead . April 11, 2013 . National Journal . March 22, 2013 .
98. Web site: Almanac CAMPAIGN 2006: THE NEWLY ELECTED Connecticut's 5th District: Chris Murphy (D) . National Journal . November 8, 2006 . dead . https://archive.today/20130411104932/http://www3.nationaljournal.com/members/campaign/2006/profiles/ct05_murphy.htm . April 11, 2013 .
99. Web site: The Pope Addressed A Congress That's Much More Christian Than America. NPR.org. September 24, 2015.
100. News: Candidate Profile from Congressional Quarterly Jeanne Shaheen (D) of Madbury . cnn.com . 1996.
101. Web site: 111th Congress -- Religious Affiliations . Albert J. Menendez . arlinc.org . 2009.
102. Web site: Michael Braun. Indiana Legislator Database. December 28, 2018.
103. Book: Official Congressional Directory, 2005-2006, 109th Congress, Convened January 4, 2005 (Clothbound) . United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing . January 4, 2005. 9780160724671 . United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing .
104. Web site: POLITICAL ANIMAL THIS WEEK IN GOD . Steve Benen . Steve Benen . washingtonmonthly.com . February 28, 2009.
105. News: Casey, an Abortion Opponent, Praises Obama . John M. Broder . New York Times . August 8, 2008.
106. News: Casey says he's more than just the 'anti-Santorum' . James O'Toole . . September 10, 2006.
107. News: AllPolitics is presenting the freshmen of the 105th Congress every day between now and January. . cnn.com . March 21, 2013.
108. Web site: Senator Susan M. Collins's Biography . votesmart.org . March 21, 2013.
109. Book: Religion and Politics in America: Faith, Culture, and Strategic Choices. 9780429947353. Hertzke. Allen D.. Olson. Laura R.. Den Dulk. Kevin R.. Fowler. Robert Booth. August 6, 2018. Routledge.
110. Web site: 'It's About Time': 1st Latina Senator, 7 new Latinos sworn in House. NBC News. January 4, 2017.
111. Web site: As Catholics and Americans, we can't sit by while our country destroys the planet. November 30, 2017. America Magazine.
112. Web site: Senator Richard 'Dick' J. Durbin's Biography . votesmart.org . March 21, 2013.
113. News: Obama Weighed Religious Politics in Contraceptives Decision . Mike Dorning, Margaret Talev . bloomberg.com . February 8, 2012.
114. Web site: Addresses of Legislators Listed in Order of District Number . buffalodiocese.org . March 21, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195056/http://www.buffalodiocese.org/Portals/0/Parishlife/Local%20Legislators.pdf . September 23, 2015 .
115. Web site: Catholic furor over birth control rule turns Democrats on one another . Gail Russell Chaddock . . February 9, 2012.
116. News: John Hoeven (R) - Washington Post . Washington Post . March 21, 2013.
117. Web site: What Is John Hoeven's Religion? . Harry Bradford . politicsdaily.com . November 2, 2010.
118. Web site: ONE NATION: RELIGION & POLITICS Tim Kaine: Democrats and Religious Outreach . pbs.org . September 4, 2012.
119. News: For Kaine, a Faith in Service . Timothy Dwyer . Washington Post . November 3, 2005.
120. Web site: March 21, 2013. Governor of the State of West Virginia - Joe Manchin III. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130311232402/http://westvirginia.statelawyers.com/Governors/Governor_Detail.cfm/StateID:48. March 11, 2013. westvirginia.statelawyers.com.
121. Web site: Sen. Edward J. Markey (D-Mass.) . rollcall.com .
122. Web site: A drive that stunned Markey's family, and never ebbed Representative came in as a rebel, then rose . Noah Bierman . bostonglobe.com . April 21, 2013.
123. Web site: Senator Robert 'Bob' Menendez's Biography . votesmart.org . March 21, 2013.
124. Web site: Sen. Robert Menendez (D-N.J.) . rollcall.com . March 21, 2013.
125. Web site: Senator Lisa A. Murkowski's Biography . votesmart.org . March 24, 2013.
126. Web site: Alaska U.S. Senate candidates answer questions about abortion, immigration, 'gay marriage' and capital punishment . catholicanchor.org . October 30, 2010 . dead . https://archive.today/20130414100741/http://www.catholicanchor.org/wordpress/archives/1582 . April 14, 2013 .
127. News: Archbishop warns Catholic politicians on abortion . Chris McGann, Claudia Rose . Seattle Post-Intelligencer. July 19, 2004.
128. Web site: At 29 percent of 109th Congress, Catholics remain largest faith group . http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041117004844/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0406217.htm . dead . November 17, 2004 . Nancy Frazier O'Brien . . November 11, 2004 .
129. Web site: Alex Padilla's Biography. Vote Smart. January 19, 2021.
130. Web site: A Humble Path to Power . G. Wayne Miller . reed.senate.gov . March 21, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130318160228/https://www.reed.senate.gov/humble/story/ . March 18, 2013 .
131. Web site: Sen. Jack Reed (D-R.I.) . rollcall.com . March 21, 2013.
132. Book: 2016–17 Nebraska Blue Book . 418 . Nebraska Legislature.
133. Book: Same Ole Or Something New: Uprooting Power ENTRENCHMENT . Carolyn LaDelle Bennett . May 12, 2010. Xlibris Corporation . 9781450086905 .
134. Web site: 112th Congress -- Religious Affiliations . Albert J. Menendez . arlinc.org . 2011.
135. Web site: Rounds for Senate. roundsforsenate.com.
136. Web site: Mike Rounds | United States senator. Encyclopedia Britannica.
137. News: Marco Rubio: Catholic or Protestant? . Mark Oppenheimer . New York Times . November 26, 2010.
138. Web site: Whether Mormon, Catholic or Protestant, faith a major theme in Rubio memoir . Chris Moody . abcnews.go.com . June 19, 2012.
139. Web site: Marco Rubio's book explains why he left Mormonism. The Salt Lake Tribune. June 20, 2012.
140. Web site: Sen. Eric Schmitt. Legistorm.
141. Web site: How the Catholic vote could sway Alaska's crucial Senate race. Matt. Hadro. Catholic News Agency. November 3, 2014.
142. Web site: Thom Tillis on Principles & Values. OnTheIssues.
143. Web site: Best-Selling 'Hillbilly Elegy' Author J.D. Vance Becomes Catholic. January 4, 2023. National Catholic Register. August 13, 2019.
144. Web site: J.D. Vance Becomes Catholic. Vance. J. D.. Rod Dreher. January 4, 2023. The American Conservative. August 11, 2019.
145. Web site: Sen. Peter Welch (D-VT). e-Advocacy.
146. Web site: Sen. Mike Crapo (R) Idaho . National Journal . March 24, 2013.
147. Web site: Mormons on cusp of new powerful era . thehill.com . Cameron Joseph . July 23, 2012.
148. Web site: Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah) . rollcall.com . March 24, 2013.
149. Web site: Sen. Mike Lee: Mormons have 'added dose of a belief in American exceptionalism' . Cameron Joseph . thehill.com . June 12, 2012.
150. News: The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 2: Centered in faith, a family emerges . Kranish, Michael . Paulson, Michael . . June 25, 2007 . Michael Kranish . Michael Paulson . https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part2_main/?page=full . June 25, 2007. Also available as News: Mitt's LDS roots run deep . Deseret Morning News . July 2, 2007.
151. News: Mitt Romney Holds Mormon Faith Close Through Political Rise . Jaweed . Kaleem . The Huffington Post . August 29, 2012.
152. Web site: Richard Blumenthal He was supposed to be president. So why is he only Connecticut's attorney general? . David Plotz . slate.com . September 15, 2000.
153. Web site: Why Richard Blumenthal is Popular . Nick Baumann . motherjones.com . January 7, 2010.
154. Web site: A Jewish candidate gives Democrats hope in Atlanta's suburbs. Kampeas. Ron. March 21, 2017. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. March 28, 2017.
155. Web site: NationalJournalAlmanac Maryland Sen. Ben Cardin (D) . https://archive.today/20130411105023/http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/2010/person/ben-cardin-md/ . dead . April 11, 2013 . National Journal . March 24, 2013 .
156. Web site: Senator Benjamin 'Ben' L. Cardin's Biography . votesmart.org . March 24, 2013.
157. Web site: SENATOR BERNIE SANDERS United States Senator for Vermont . sanders.senate.gov . March 24, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130216064717/http://www.sanders.senate.gov/files/press-package.pdf . February 16, 2013 .
158. News: Exceedingly Social, But Doesn't Like Parties . Michael Powell . Washington Post . November 5, 2006.
159. Web site: Congressional candidate Jacky Rosen a newcomer, unknown to most Southern Nevadans. Colton. Lochhead. Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 4, 2016. December 28, 2018.
160. Web site: Congressional candidate Jacky Rosen talks issues from health care to national security. April 20, 2016. Las Vegas Sun. December 28, 2018.
161. News: Who is Brian Schatz? . Sean Sullivan . Washington Post . December 27, 2012.
162. Web site: Why Neil Abercrombie bucked Daniel Inouye pick . Seung Min Kim . politico.com .
163. Web site: What Is Charles Schumer's Religion? . Jqanette Friedman . politicsdaily.com . March 24, 2013.
164. Web site: See Chuck Run. And Run. And Run. And Run. But where is he going? . Jennifer Senior . nymag.com . November 8, 2004.
165. Web site: Senator Ron Wyden's Biography . votesmart.org . March 24, 2013.
166. Book: Jewish Faith in America Prominent Jewish Politicians . Shelley M. Buxbaum, Sara E. Karesh . November 2002. Infobase . 9781438102559 .
167. News: Hirono Becomes First U.S. Senator Born in Japan . . Yoree Koh . November 6, 2012.
168. News: In 113th Congress: First Hindu, first Buddhist in Senate, and (maybe) first 'none' . https://web.archive.org/web/20130104051200/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/under-god/post/in-113th-congress-first-hindu-first-buddhist-in-senate-and-maybe-first-none/2013/01/03/1ceea0e0-55bc-11e2-8b9e-dd8773594efc_blog.html . dead . January 4, 2013 . Elizabeth Tenety . Washington Post . January 3, 2013.
169. News: Politicians Who Reject Labels Based on Religion . Mark Oppenheimer . New York Times . November 9, 2012.
170. Web site: BIO: Who Is Tammy Baldwin? . foxnewsinsider.com . November 6, 2012 . dead . http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20121107030135/http%3A//foxnewsinsider.com/2012/11/06/bio%2Dwho%2Dis%2Dtammy%2Dbaldwin/ . November 7, 2012 .
171. Web site: In the Spirit: When it comes to religious affiliation, Baldwin, Pocan 'unspecified' . Doug Erickson . . November 20, 2012.
172. Web site: Sen. Michael Bennet (D-Colo.) . rollcall.com . March 24, 2013.
173. Web site: Sen. Michael Bennet (D) Colorado . National Journal . March 24, 2013.
174. Book: The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members . Kurt F. Stone . December 29, 2010. Scarecrow Press . 9780810877382 .
175. Web site: Faith on the Hill: The Religious Composition of the 113th Congress. November 16, 2012.
176. Web site: Roig-Franzia. Manuel. Congress' first openly bisexual member grew up Mormon, graduated from BYU. Standard Examiner. January 3, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20151122194752/http://www.standard.net/Lifestyle/2013/01/03/Congress-first-openly-bisexual-member-grew-up-Mormon-graduated-from-BYU.html. November 22, 2015. live. mdy-all.
177. Web site: About Three-in-Ten U.S. Adults Are Now Religiously Unaffiliated. January 4, 2023. Pew Research Center. December 14, 2020.
178. Web site: About | James Lankford |work=JamesLankford.com |access-date=February 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312083945/http://www.jameslankford.com/about/biography |archive-date=March 12, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}| | Denomination: SBC; former student ministries and evangelism specialist for the BGCO].|-| align=left nowrap | Mitch McConnell| | Republican| Kentucky| Baptist^{[41] [42]} | Denomination: SBC.|-| align=left nowrap | Raphael Warnock| | Democrat| Georgia| Baptist| Former associated pastor of Abyssinian Baptist Church, affiliated to NBC;
     senior pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church, affiliated to PNBC and ABC.|-| align=left nowrap | Roger Wicker| | Republican| Mississippi| Baptist^{[43] [44]} | Denomination: SBC.|}

     Methodists (6)

     Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
     align=left nowrap	Katie Britt		Republican	Alabama	Methodist^[45]	Denomination: UMC
     align=left nowrap	Tom Cotton		Republican	Arkansas	Methodist^[46]	Denomination: UMC.^[47]
     align=left nowrap	John Kennedy		Republican	Louisiana	Methodist^[48]	Denomination: UMC.
     align=left nowrap	Jerry Moran		Republican	Kansas	Methodist^[49] ^[50]	Attends a Presbyterian church.^[51]
     align=left nowrap	Debbie Stabenow		Democrat	Michigan	Methodist^[52] ^[53]	Denomination: UMC.^[54]
     align=left nowrap	Elizabeth Warren		Democrat	Massachusetts	Methodist^[55] ^[56]	Denomination: UMC.^[57] Attends various churches.^[58]

     Lutherans (6)

     Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
     align=left nowrap	Sherrod Brown		Democrat	Ohio	Lutheran^[59] ^[60] ^[61]	Denomination: ELCA.
     align=left nowrap	Joni Ernst		Republican	Iowa	Lutheran	Denomination: ELCA.
     align=left nowrap	Martin Heinrich		Democrat	New Mexico	Lutheran^[62] ^[63]	Denomination: ELCA.
     align=left nowrap	Ron Johnson		Republican	Wisconsin	Lutheran^[64] ^[65]	Denomination: WELS.
     align=left nowrap	Cynthia Lummis		Republican	Wyoming	Lutheran^[66]	Denomination: LCMS.
     align=left nowrap	Jeff Merkley		Democrat	Oregon	Lutheran^[67] ^[68]	Denomination: ELCA.

     Episcopalians (5)

     Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
     align=left nowrap	Bill Hagerty		Republican	Tennessee	Episcopalian
     align=left nowrap	Angus King		Independent	Maine	Episcopalian^[69] ^[70] ^[71]
     align=left nowrap	Gary Peters		Democrat	Michigan	Episcopalian^[72] ^[73]
     align=left nowrap	Chris Van Hollen		Democrat	Maryland	Episcopalian^[74]
     align=left nowrap	Sheldon Whitehouse		Democrat	Rhode Island	Episcopalian^[75] ^[76]

     Nondenominational Evangelicals (5)

     Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
     align=left nowrap	Ted Budd		Republican	North Carolina	Nondenominational Evangelical^[77]
     align=left nowrap	Bill Cassidy		Republican	Louisiana	Nondenominational Evangelical^[78]
     align=left nowrap	Rick Scott		Republican	Florida	Nondenominational Evangelical^[79]	Former Presbyterian.
     align=left nowrap	Tim Scott		Republican	South Carolina	Nondenominational Evangelical^[80] ^[81]
     align=left nowrap	John Thune		Republican	South Dakota	Nondenominational Evangelical^[82] ^[83]

     Restorationists (3)

     Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
     align=left nowrap	John Cornyn		Republican	Texas	Restorationist^[84] ^[85]	Denomination: Churches of Christ.
     align=left nowrap	Roger Marshall		Republican	Kansas	Restorationist	Denomination: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).^[86] ^[87]
     align=left nowrap	Tommy Tuberville		Republican	Alabama	Restorationist^[88]	Denomination: Churches of Christ.

     Congregationalists (2)

     Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
     align=left nowrap	Maggie Hassan		Democrat	New Hampshire	Congregationalist	Denomination: UCC.
     align=left nowrap	Amy Klobuchar		Democrat	Minnesota	Congregationalist^[89] ^[90]	Denomination: UCC.

     Pentecostals (2)

     Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
     align=left nowrap	Kevin Cramer		Republican	North Dakota	Pentecostal	Former Lutheran; denomination: ICFG.^[91]
     align=left nowrap	Markwayne Mullin		Republican	Oklahoma	Pentecostal^[92]	Denomination: Assemblies of God^[93]

     Unspecified Protestants (3)

     Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
     align=left nowrap	Chris Murphy		Democrat	Connecticut	Protestant^[97] ^[98]	Raised as a Congregationalist.^[99]
     align=left nowrap	Jeanne Shaheen		Democrat	New Hampshire	Protestant^[100] ^[101]
     align=left nowrap	Todd Young		Republican	Indiana	Protestant

     Catholics (27)

     Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
     align=left nowrap	Mike Braun		Republican	Indiana	Catholic^[102]
     align=left nowrap	Maria Cantwell		Democrat	Washington	Catholic^[103] ^[104]
     align=left nowrap	Bob Casey		Democrat	Pennsylvania	Catholic^[105] ^[106]
     align=left nowrap	Susan Collins		Republican	Maine	Catholic^[107] ^[108]
     align=left nowrap	Catherine Cortez Masto		Democrat	Nevada	Catholic^[109] ^[110] ^[111]
     align=left nowrap	Dick Durbin		Democrat	Illinois	Catholic^[112] ^[113]
     align=left nowrap	Kirsten Gillibrand		Democrat	New York	Catholic^[114] ^[115]
     align=left nowrap	John Hoeven		Republican	North Dakota	Catholic^[116] ^[117]
     align=left nowrap	Tim Kaine		Democrat	Virginia	Catholic^[118] ^[119]
     align=left nowrap	Mark Kelly		Democrat	Arizona	Catholic	His wife, former Rep. Gabby Giffords, is Jewish.
     align=left nowrap	Ben Ray Luján		Democrat	New Mexico	Catholic
     align=left nowrap	Joe Manchin		Democrat	West Virginia	Catholic^[120]
     align=left nowrap	Ed Markey		Democrat	Massachusetts	Catholic^[121] ^[122]
     align=left nowrap	Bob Menendez		Democrat	New Jersey	Catholic^[123] ^[124]
     align=left nowrap	Lisa Murkowski		Republican	Alaska	Catholic^[125] ^[126]
     align=left nowrap	Patty Murray		Democrat	Washington	Catholic^[127] ^[128]
     align=left nowrap	Alex Padilla		Democrat	California	Catholic^[129]
     align=left nowrap	Jack Reed		Democrat	Rhode Island	Catholic^[130] ^[131]
     align=left nowrap	Pete Ricketts		Republican	Nebraska	Catholic^[132]
     align=left nowrap	Jim Risch		Republican	Idaho	Catholic^[133] ^[134]
     align=left nowrap	Mike Rounds		Republican	South Dakota	Catholic^[135] ^[136]
     align=left nowrap	Marco Rubio		Republican	Florida	Catholic^[137] ^[138]	Former Latter-day Saint.^[139]
     align=left nowrap	Eric Schmitt		Republican	Missouri	Catholic^[140]
     align=left nowrap	Dan Sullivan		Republican	Alaska	Catholic^[141]
     align=left nowrap	Thom Tillis		Republican	North Carolina	Catholic^[142]
     align=left nowrap	J. D. Vance		Republican	Ohio	Catholic^[143] ^[144]	Former Non-denominational Evangelical.
     align=left nowrap	Peter Welch		Democrat	Vermont	Catholic^[145]

     Latter-day Saints (3)

     Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
     align=left nowrap	Mike Crapo		Republican	Idaho	Latter-day Saint^[146] ^[147]
     align=left nowrap	Mike Lee		Republican	Utah	Latter-day Saint^[148] ^[149]
     align=left nowrap	Mitt Romney		Republican	Utah	Latter-day Saint^[150] ^[151]

     Jewish (8)

     Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
     align=left nowrap	Richard Blumenthal		Democrat	Connecticut	Jewish^[152] ^[153]
     align=left nowrap	Jon Ossoff		Democrat	Georgia	Jewish^[154]
     align=left nowrap	Ben Cardin		Democrat	Maryland	Jewish^[155] ^[156]
     align=left nowrap	Bernie Sanders		Independent	Vermont	Jewish^[157] ^[158]	Non-practicing.
     align=left nowrap	Jacky Rosen		Democrat	Nevada	Jewish^[159] ^[160]
     align=left nowrap	Brian Schatz		Democrat	Hawaii	Jewish^[161] ^[162]
     align=left nowrap	Chuck Schumer		Democrat	New York	Jewish^[163] ^[164]
     align=left nowrap	Ron Wyden		Democrat	Oregon	Jewish^[165] ^[166]

     Unknown or refused to specify (5)

     Senator	Party	State	Religion	Notes
     align=left nowrap	Tammy Baldwin		Democrat	Wisconsin	Unknown or refused to specify^[169] ^[170]	Baptized as an Episcopalian.^[171]
     align=left nowrap	Michael Bennet		Democrat	Colorado	Unknown or refused to specify^[172] ^[173]	Raised in both Jewish and Christian traditions.^[174]
     align=left nowrap	Laphonza Butler		Democrat	California	Unknown or refused to specify
     align=left nowrap	Tammy Duckworth		Democrat	Illinois	Unknown or refused to specify	Sometimes acknowledged as Deist.^[175]
     align=left nowrap	John Fetterman		Democrat	Pennsylvania	Unknown or refused to specify

     Comparison with general population

     In conjunction with figures derived from the Pew Research Center's 2021 "survey of the religious composition of the United States",^[177] the most basic breakdown of the above data indicates that 85% of the Senate identify as Christian (compared with 63% of the population), 8% identify as Jewish (compared with 2% of the population), 5% have unknown religious affiliation or refused to specify it (compared with 2% of the population), 1% identifies with other religions (compared with 5% of the population), and another 1% identifies as unaffiliated (compared with 29% of the population). The unaffiliated are extremely under-represented, while Jews, Presbyterians, Lutherans, and Episcopalians are particularly over-represented.

     The following table compares reported religious affiliations of senators to religious statistics of the demographics of the United States:

     Religion	Group	No. of sens	% of sens	% of population
     Jews
     Unknown or refused to specify
     Unaffiliated

     See also

     • Religion in the United States
     • Demographics of the United States
     • Chaplain of the United States Senate
     • Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives
     • Religious affiliation in the United States House of Representatives
     • Religious affiliations of presidents of the United States
     • Religious affiliations of vice presidents of the United States

     External links

     • Catholics in the Public Square
     • Jewish Members of Congress National Jewish Democratic Committee (List of Jewish Americans who are Democrats or Independents)
     • Episcopalians in the Senate and the Federal Marriage Amendment

     ]

     .