Religion in Nepal encompasses a wide diversity of groups and beliefs.[1] Nepal is a secular nation and secularism in Nepal under the Interim constitution (Part 1, Article 4) is defined as "Religious and cultural freedom along with the protection of religion and culture handed down from time immemorial." That is, "The state government is bound for protecting and fostering Hindu religion while maintaining "Religious" and "Cultural" freedom throughout the nation as fundamental rights.[2] [3] [4]
Hinduism is the majority religion in Nepal and profoundly influences its social structure and politics, while Buddhism (Tibetan Buddhism) is practiced by some ethnic groups (such as the Newar people) in forms that are strongly influenced by Hinduism. Kiratism is the indigenous religion of the population belonging to the Kirati ethnicity. Small populations, especially in eastern Nepal, adhere to Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Jainism, Bön, and the Bahá’í Faith.
Nepal is home to one of the largest Hindu populations in the world.[5] A number of prominent Hindu pilgrimage sites are located in Nepal, such as Pashupatinath Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. According to the Hindu epic Ramayana, the goddess Sita was born in the Mithila Kingdom of King Janaka.[6] The national animal of Nepal is the cow,[7] which is considered a sacred animal in Hinduism,[8] and the slaughter of cows is illegal in Nepal.[9]
Nepal is considered the birthplace of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha). As such, Buddhism has a special place in the country and is intertwined with Hinduism in some communities.[10] [11] [12]
The Nepali constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Forced conversion from Hinduism to other religions is against the law, especially when money is used as a direct or indirect incentive to convert. Prior to the movement for democracy in early 2006 and the sacking of King Gyanendra in 2008, the country was officially a Hindu kingdom, and the constitution still protects and fosters the Hindu religion. Nationalists have sometimes protested against secularism, and some wish to see Nepal become a Hindu-Democratic state.[13] Senior minister Prem Ale has advocated for constitutionally declaring Nepal a Hindu state.[14]
Hinduism has been present in Nepal since the beginning of recorded history in the area. Muslims came to the country around the 11th century and brought Islam with them. Sikhism came to Nepal during the 18th century and spread throughout Nepal, and Jainism came to Nepal during the 19th century but spread only to Kathmandu and some districts of Nepal.
Religious tolerance can be found in royal orders dated Falgun Sudi 12, 1884 V.S. issued by the Hindu Shah monarch Rajendra Bikram Shah under the premiership of Bhimsen Thapa to Buddhist monks in the Kingdom of Nepal:According to the 2021 census, 81.19% of the Nepalese population is Hindu, 8.21% are Buddhist, 4.39% are Muslim, 3.17% are Kiratist (indigenous ethnic religion), 1.76% are Christian, 0.01% are Sikhs, and 0.01% are Jains. This varies from the 2001 census, where 80.62% of Nepalese were Hindu, 10.74% were Buddhist, 4.20% were Muslim,[15] 3.60% were Kirant (an indigenous religion), 0.45% were Christian, and 0.4% were classified as other groups such as Bön. Nepal is home to the most Quakers of any country in Asia. As of 2017, there were 7,600 Quakers, most belonging to Evangelical Quakerism (Gurneyite).[16]
In 1971, Hindus made up 89.4% of the population, Buddhists 7.5%, and Kirants statistically, 0%. The prevalence of dual-faith practices – particularly among Hindus and Buddhists – complicates statistics on religious groups.
At the beginning of the 1990s, Hindus made up at least 87% of the population in every region of Tibet. The largest concentrations of Buddhists were found in the eastern hills, the Kathmandu Valley, and the central Tarai; in each area, about 10% of the people were Buddhist. Buddhism was more common among the Newar and Tibeto-Nepalese groups. Among the Tibeto-Nepalese, those most influenced by Hinduism were the Magar, Sunuwar, and Rai peoples. Hindu influence was less prominent among the Gurung, Limbu, Yakkha, Tamang, and Thakali groups, who continued to employ Buddhist monks for their religious ceremonies. Since Hinduism and Buddhism are both Indian religions, their practices usually complement each other, and many people practice a combination of both. In 2015, a new constitution was adopted, and equal rights were granted to all religions in Nepal.
Nepal's constitution does not give anyone the right to evangelise or convert anyone to another religion. Nepal also passed a more stringent anti-conversion law in 2017.[17]
| Year | Hindu | Buddhist | Muslim | Kirant | Christian | Other/ Unspecified | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1952-54 | |||||||
| 1961 | |||||||
| 1971 | |||||||
| 1981 | |||||||
| 1991 | |||||||
| 2001 | |||||||
| 2011 | |||||||
| 2021 |
| Hinduism | 23,677,744 | ||
| Buddhism | 2,393,549 | ||
| Islam | 1,483,054 | ||
| Kirat | 924,204 | ||
| Christianity | 512,313 | ||
| Others | 173,702 | ||
| Total | 29,164,578 |
|---|