Relational models theory explained

Relational models theory (RMT) is a theory of interpersonal relationships, authored by anthropologist Alan Fiske and initially developed from his fieldwork in Burkina Faso.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]} RMT proposes that all human interactions can be described in terms of just four "relational models", or elementary forms of human relations: communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching and market pricing (to these are added the limiting cases of asocial and null interactions, whereby people do not coordinate with reference to any shared principle).

RMT influenced Jonathan Haidt's moral foundations theory and Steven Pinker's theory of indirect speech.

The theory

First proposed in Fiske's doctoral dissertation in 1985,^[6] relational models theory proposes four relational models which are each argued to be innate, intrinsically motivated, and culturally universal (though with culture-specific implementations) ways of cooperating and coordinating social interactions.

The four relational models

The four relational models are as follows:

• Communal sharing (CS) relationships are the most basic form of relationship where some bounded group of people are conceived as equivalent, undifferentiated and interchangeable such that distinct individual identities are disregarded and commonalities are emphasized, with intimate and kinship relations being prototypical examples of CS relationship. Common indicators of CS relationships include body markings or modifications, synchronous movement, rituals, sharing of food, or physical intimacy.^[7]
• Authority ranking (AR) relationships describe asymmetric relationships where people are linearly ordered along some hierarchical social dimension. The primary feature of an AR relationship is whether a person ranks above or below each other person. Those higher in rank hold greater authority, prestige and privileges, while subordinates are entitled to guidance and protection. Military ranks are a prototypical example of an AR relationship.
• Equality matching (EM) relationships are those characterized by various forms of one-for-one correspondence, such as turn taking, in-kind reciprocity, tit-for-tat retaliation, or eye-for-an-eye revenge. Parties in EM relationships are primarily concerned with ensuring the relationship is in a balanced state. Non-intimate acquaintances are a prototypical example.
• Market pricing (MP) relationships revolve around a model of proportionality where people attend to ratios and rates and relevant features are typically reduced to a single value or utility metric that allows the comparison (e.g., the price of a sale). Monetary transactions are a prototypical example of MP relationships.

Meta-relational models

The four elementary relationships can be combined to form more complex configurations of relationships called meta-relational models.^[8] Meta-relational models typically take the form of entailments or prohibitions, which imply certain obligations, behaviors or relationships between multiple dyads within a particular configuration (e.g., within a triad with members A, B and C, A being in a CS relationship with B prohibits B from being in a CS relationship with A's enemy, C). Examples of meta-relational models include the compadrazgo relationship, describing the entailment of relationships between the parents and godparents of a child, and the incest taboo, describing the prohibition of relationships among certain members of the same family.^[8]

Relational models as an explanation of interpersonal conflict

According to RMT, mis-matching of relational models is a common cause of interpersonal conflict, given that different relational models will often imply different behaviors in the same situation. Taking two housemates sharing dishwashing as a simple example, Fiske suggests that if housemate A assumes dishwashing is governed by a CS framework and housemate B assumes an EM framework, A will expect both of them to wash dishes whenever they can, and B will expect them to take turns. If A is busy and B is not, A will expect B to wash the dishes, but if B washed the dishes last, they'll assume it's A's turn, and conflict will ensue because of A and B's mis-matched relational models.

Correspondence between relational models and Stevens's levels of measurement

Fiske proposed that the four discrete types of relationships correspond to Stevens's four levels of measurement. CS relationships resemble the categorical (nominal) scales of measurement in that all members of the relationship are equivalent. AR resembles an ordinal scale given that members of the relationship are placed in a linear ordering. EM relationships resemble interval measurement given that they are kept in balance by addition and subtraction. Finally, MP relationships resemble a ratio scale (whose origin corresponds, for example, to a price of zero) given that they involve proportions, multiplication and division and the distributive law.

Influence

The two main, original publications on relational models theory have received over 5000 citations combined.

In moral psychology

Relational models theory has had wide-ranging influence throughout the field of moral psychology. This influence includes an extension of the original theory to explain moral judgments in the context of interpersonal relationships in the form of relationship regulation theory,^[9] which describes the way in which people will judge and react to similar actions differently, depending on the relational context in which the act occurs.^{[10] [11]} Relational models theory has also been used to explain interpersonal violence in the form of virtuous violence theory,^{[12] [13]} describing the moral motivations behind phenomena such as honor killing and blood feuds. The theory has also been used as a building block of one of the more prominent theories in moral psychology, moral foundations theory,^[14] and to provide insights into phenomena such as moral emotions,^[15] trust^[16] and ethical leadership.^[17]

In other areas

RMT has been influential in the development of Steven Pinker's theory of indirect speech,^[18] and folk-psychological studies of groups.^{[19] [20]} Additionally, RMT has also been used to help explain the positive social emotion of "Kama Muta", typically described as the experience of "being moved" (also related to the emotion elevation, and the concept of empathic concern). According to this view, "Kama Muta" is triggered by witnessing the sudden intensification of a communal sharing relationship.^{[21] [22] [23] [24]}

External links

• Alan Page Fiske: Overview of Relational Models Theory. A lecture by Alan Fiske in 2015.
• Relational Models Theory. An overview and bibliography of Relational Models Theory.
• as a Window into Human Nature. A video explaining Steven Pinker's theory of indirect speech, drawing on Relational Models Theory.

Notes and References

1. Fiske . Alan Page . Relativity within Moose ("Mossi") Culture: Four Incommensurable Models for Social Relationships . Ethos . June 1990 . 18 . 2 . 180–204 . 10.1525/eth.1990.18.2.02a00040 .
2. Fiske . Alan P. . The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. . Psychological Review . 1992 . 99 . 4 . 689–723 . 10.1037/0033-295X.99.4.689 . 1454904 .
3. Book: Fiske . Alan Page . Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations: Communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, market pricing. . 1991 . Free Press . New York . 0029103452 .
4. Book: Fiske . Alan Page . Baumeister . Roy F . Vohs . Kathleen D . Encyclopedia of Social Psychology . 2007 . SAGE Publications, Inc. . 9781412956253 . 743–745 . Relational Models Theory. 10.4135/9781412956253.n445 .
5. Book: Haslam . Nicholas . Relational models theory : a contemporary overview . 2004 . Lawrence Erlbaum . 0805853561.
6. Book: Fiske . Alan Page . Making Up Society: Four Models for Constructing Social Relations Among the Moose of Burkina Faso . 1985 . Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, Department of Behavioral Sciences.
7. Miller . Lisa . Rozin . Paul . Fiske . Alan Page . Food sharing and feeding another person suggest intimacy; two studies of American college students . European Journal of Social Psychology . May 1998 . 28 . 3 . 423–436 . 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199805/06)28:3<423::AID-EJSP874>3.0.CO;2-V .
8. Fiske . Alan Page . Metarelational models: Configurations of social relationships . European Journal of Social Psychology . February 2012 . 42 . 1 . 2–18 . 10.1002/ejsp.847 .
9. Rai . Tage Shakti . Fiske . Alan Page . Moral psychology is relationship regulation: Moral motives for unity, hierarchy, equality, and proportionality . Psychological Review . 2011 . 118 . 1 . 57–75 . 10.1037/a0021867 . 21244187.
10. Simpson . Ain . Laham . Simon M. . Fiske . Alan Page . Wrongness in different relationships: Relational context effects on moral judgment . The Journal of Social Psychology . 11 January 2016 . 156 . 6 . 594–609 . 10.1080/00224545.2016.1140118. 26751010 . 21604117 .
11. Sunar . Diane . Cesur . Sevim . Piyale . Zeynep Ecem . Tepe . Beyza . Biten . Ali Furkan . Hill . Charles T. . Koç . Yasin . People respond with different moral emotions to violations in different relational models: A cross-cultural comparison. . Emotion . 19 March 2020 . 21 . 4 . 693–706 . 10.1037/emo0000736. 32191085 . 214583668 .
12. Book: Fiske . Alan Page . Rai . Tage Shakti . Virtuous Violence: Hurting and Killing to Create, Sustain, End, and Honor Social Relationships . 2014 . Cambridge University Press . 9781316104668 .
13. Slovic . Paul . Mertz . C. K. . Markowitz . David M. . Quist . Andrew . Västfjäll . Daniel . Virtuous violence from the war room to death row . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 25 August 2020 . 117 . 34 . 20474–20482 . 10.1073/pnas.2001583117 . 32778580 . 7456115 . free .
14. Haidt . Jonathan . Joseph . Craig . Intuitive ethics: how innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues . Daedalus . September 2004 . 133 . 4 . 55–66 . 10.1162/0011526042365555. 1574243 . free .
15. Fiske . Alan Page . Socio-Moral Emotions Motivate Action to Sustain Relationships . Self and Identity . April 2002 . 1 . 2 . 169–175 . 10.1080/152988602317319357. 145361814 .
16. Giessner . Steffen . van Quaquebeke . Niels . Using a Relational Models Perspective to Understand Normatively Appropriate Conduct in Ethical Leadership . Journal of Business Ethics . September 2010 . 95 . S1 . 43–55 . 10.1007/s10551-011-0790-4. 1765/22721 . 55954959 . free .
17. Sheppard . Blair H. . Sherman . Dana M. . The Grammars of Trust: A Model and General Implications . Academy of Management Review . July 1998 . 23 . 3 . 422–437 . 10.5465/amr.1998.926619.
18. Pinker . S. . Nowak . M. A. . Lee . J. J. . The logic of indirect speech . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 16 January 2008 . 105 . 3 . 833–838 . 10.1073/pnas.0707192105. 18199841 . 2242675 . 2008PNAS..105..833P . free .
19. Lickel . Brian . Hamilton . David L. . Sherman . Steven J. . Elements of a Lay Theory of Groups: Types of Groups, Relational Styles, and the Perception of Group Entitativity . Personality and Social Psychology Review . 2001 . 5 . 2 . 129–140 . 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0502_4. 3899125 .
20. Lickel . Brian . Rutchick . Abraham M. . Hamilton . David L. . Sherman . Steven J. . Intuitive theories of group types and relational principles . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology . January 2006 . 42 . 1 . 28–39 . 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.01.007.
21. Zickfeld . Janis H. . Schubert . Thomas W. . Seibt . Beate . Blomster . Johanna K. . Arriaga . Patrícia . Basabe . Nekane . Blaut . Agata . Caballero . Amparo . Carrera . Pilar . Dalgar . Ilker . Ding . Yi . Dumont . Kitty . Gaulhofer . Valerie . Gračanin . Asmir . Gyenis . Réka . Hu . Chuan-Peng . Kardum . Igor . Lazarević . Ljiljana B. . Mathew . Leemamol . Mentser . Sari . Nussinson . Ravit . Onuki . Mayuko . Páez . Darío . Pásztor . Anna . Peng . Kaiping . Petrović . Boban . Pizarro . José J. . Schönefeld . Victoria . Śmieja . Magdalena . Tokaji . Akihiko . Vingerhoets . Ad . Vorster . Anja . Vuoskoski . Jonna . Zhu . Lei . Fiske . Alan Page . Kama muta: Conceptualizing and measuring the experience often labelled being moved across 19 nations and 15 languages. . Emotion . April 2019 . 19 . 3 . 402–424 . 10.1037/emo0000450 . 29888936 . 10071/16718 . 47006273 . free .
22. Seibt . Beate . Schubert . Thomas W. . Zickfeld . Janis H. . Zhu . Lei . Arriaga . Patrícia . Simão . Cláudia . Nussinson . Ravit . Fiske . Alan Page . Kama Muta: Similar Emotional Responses to Touching Videos Across the United States, Norway, China, Israel, and Portugal . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology . 20 December 2017 . 49 . 3 . 418–435 . 10.1177/0022022117746240 . 53447142 .
23. Zickfeld . Janis H. . Schubert . Thomas W. . Seibt . Beate . Fiske . Alan P. . Moving Through the Literature: What Is the Emotion Often Denoted . Emotion Review . 15 February 2019 . 11 . 2 . 123–139 . 10.1177/1754073918820126. 10852/71491 . 149917953 . free .
24. Zickfeld . Janis H. . Schubert . Thomas W. . Seibt . Beate . Fiske . Alan P. . Empathic Concern Is Part of a More General Communal Emotion . Frontiers in Psychology . 10 May 2017 . 8 . 723 . 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00723 . 28539901 . 5423947 . 5529639 . free .